nullum gessit, sed non minus civitāti quam Romulus profuit. Nam et lēges Rōmānis mōresque constituit, qui consuetudine proeliōrum iam latrōnēs ac semibarbari putabantur, et annum 5 descripsit in decem mēnsēs prius sine aliqua supputatione confūsum, et infinita Romae sacra ac templa constituit. Morbō dēcessit quadragēsimō et tertiō imperii annō.

16. TULLUS HOSTILIUS

Tullus Hostilius pushed still further Rome's conquest of her neighbors, and enlarged the boundaries of the city itself by extending its original walls to include the Caelian Hill.

Huic successit Tullus Hostilius. Hic bella reparavit, Albānōs vicit, qui ab urbe Rōmă duodecimo mīliāriō sunt, Veientés et Fidēnātēs, quorum alii sextō miliariō absunt ab urbe Rōmā, alii octavo decimo, bellō superavit, urbem ampliavit adiectō Caelio monte. Cum triginta et duōs annōs rēgnāsset, fulmine 5 ictus cum domō suā ārsit.

1. succedō,-ere,-cessi, -cessum, intr.
[sub+cēdō], to go under, enter, go or
come up from beneath; come close to,
come up to, advance; succeed to, take
the place of, follow.

Tullus, -i, m., a Roman praenomen.
Hostilius, -iī, m., gentile name of Tullus
Hostilius, third king of Rome.
Te-parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, tr., to get
again, replace; renew, restore.

2. duodecimus, -a, -um, num. adj.
[duodecim], twelfth.

miliārium, -i, n. [mille], a mile-
stone.

3. ab-sum, abesse, äfui, —, intr., to
be away from, be lacking, be absent,
be distant from; take no part in.
4. octavus, -a, -um, num. adj. [octō],
eighth; octāvus decimus, eighteenth.
decimus, -a, -um, num. adj. [decem],
tenth.

superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, tr. and intr.
[superus], to rise above, overtop; be

1. huic successit Tullus: "he was succeeded by Tullus." We use the passive more freely than the Latin, and a change to the passive construction in translating is often the best way to retain the emphasis of the Latin order.

bella reparāvit: i.e. he renewed the wars that had been interrupted by Numa's reign.

2. duodecimō mīliāriō : abl. of place with the preposition omitted; cf. $151, b. The Romans set up mile

superior, surpass; survive; to overrule, overmatch; subdue, conquer. ampliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, tr. [amplus), to increase, extend, enlarge. adiciō, -ere, -iēcī, -iectum, tr. [ad+ iacio), to throw to, join to, annex, add; w. aggerem, throw up; pf. part. as adj., adjacent.

5. Caelius, -a, -um, adj., Caelian;
mōns Caelius, the Caelian Hill at
Rome. Map III, F, 4.

triginta, indecl. num. adj., thirty.
duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two.
fulmen, -inis, n. [fulgeō], a flash of
lightning, thunderbolt; fire.

6. icō, -ere, ici, ictum, tr. (only the
pf. tenses in classical prose), to strike,
smite; w. foedus, make, conclude.
domus, -ūs, f., a house, home; house-
hold, family; loc., domi, at home.
ārdeō, -ēre, ārsī, ārsūrus, intr., to
burn, be burned, be consumed; be in-
flamed with emotion or passion.

stones along their military roads to indicate the distance from the city. We should say "twelve miles from Rome."

3. alii. . . alii: alterī . . . alteri is the regular expression where only two parties are in question.

4. octavo decimo: what is the commoner form? See § 47.

bello: abl. of means.

adiecto...monte: abl. abs. denoting means; "by annexing the Caelian Hill." 5. rēgnāsset=rēgnāvisset.

17. STORY OF THE HORATII AND THE CURIATII (Viri Romae)

It was in this king's reign, while he was fighting the Albans, that the remarkable test conflict between the Horatii and the Curiatii took place. The story is told as follows:

Tullō Hostiliō rēgnante bellum inter Albānōs et Rōmānōs exortum est. Ducibus Hostilio et Füfetio placuit, rem paucōrum certamine finiri. Erant apud Rōmānōs trigeminī frātrēs Horatii, trēs apud Albānōs Cūriātiī. Cum iis agunt rēgēs, ut 5 pro sua quisque patria dimicent ferro. Foedus ictum est eå lēge, ut, unde victoria, ibi imperium esset.

2. ex-orior,-īrī, -ortus, intr., to arise, begin.

dux, ducis, m. [dücō], a leader, guide; general; chief.

Füfetius, -I, m., gentile name of a leader

of the Albans, Mettius Fufetius. paucus, -a, -um, adj., few; as subst., m. pl., a few, only a few; n. pl., a few things, few words, briefly.

3. finiō, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr. [fīnis], to bound, mark off, limit, define, measure; end, finish, decide.

apud, prep. with acc., at, at the house of, with; near, among, in; in the possession of, in the opinion of, in the writings of.

trigeminus, -a, -um [trēs+geminus],

adj., born three at a birth; as subst., m. pl., triplets.

4. Horatius, -1, m., name of a Roman gens.

Note the uses of the tenses in this selection; see § § 197, 198.

1. Tullō Hostiliō rēgnante: "during the reign of Tullus," etc.

trēs, tria, num. adj., three.

Cūriātius, -I, m., name of three Alban brothers.

5. prō, prep. with abl., before, in front of; for, in behalf of; in return or exchange for, instead of; in the character of, as; in accordance with, in proportion to, in view of, considering.

quis-que, quaeque, quidque or quodque, indef. pron., each one, every one; as adj., each, every.

patria, -ae, f. [patrius), fatherland, native country.

di-mico, -are, -āvī, -ātum, intr., to fight, contend, battle.

ferrum, -1, n., iron; a weapon of iron or steel, spearhead, spear, sword. foedus, -eris, n., an agreement, treaty, stipulation.

6. victoria, -ae, f. [victor], victory.

these two. Quisque sometimes takes a plural verb by a construction according to sense.

foedus ictum: in early times in making a treaty the Romans "struck" i.e. slew, a victim at the altar to bind the agreement.

ea lege: "on these terms," explained by the purpose cl. in apposition.

6. unde qua ex parte, "on which side" (lit. "from which side"). The Latin often looks at the place from which the act or impression arises, whereas the English idiom prefers the locative idea.

victoria: sc. fuisset.

Ictō foedere trigemini arma capiunt et in medium inter duas acies procedunt. Cōnsēderant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum infestisque armis terni iuvenēs, magnōrum exercituum animōs gerentes, concurrunt. Ut primo concursū increpuēre 10 arma micantesque fulsēre gladii, horror ingēns spectantēs perstringit. Consertis deinde manibus statim duo Rōmānī alius super alium expirantes ceciderunt; trēs Albāni vulnerāti.

7. arma, -ōrum, n., tools; arms,
weapons, equipment; fig., war.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, the mid-
dle of, the midst of; in the middle or
midst; of time, intervening; as subst.,
n., medium, -1, the middle, midst.
8. aciēs, -ēī, ƒ., a sharp edge; line of
battle, battle-line; battle, engagement.
prō-cédō, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, intr.,

to go or come forward, advance. considō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessum, intr. [com-+sido, sit], to sit down together, sit down, hold a sitting; halt, encamp; settle.

utrimque, adv. [uterquel, on both sides; from each side, from each. exercitus, -ūs, m. [exerceō], an army. 9. signum, -ī, n., a sign, token, emblem; trace, track; a military standard, ensign; signal; image, statue, picture. infestus, -a, -um, adj., unsafe; hostile. terni, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj. [ter], three each or apiece; three on each side; three by three.

iuvenis, -is, adj., young; as subst., m.

and f., a young person, youth, esp. one between the ages of twenty and forty years; comp., iunior, younger. 10. concurrō, -ere, -curri or -cucurri, -cursum, intr. [com-+ currō], to

8. acies is used of an army in battle array; exercitus is the general word, used to refer to an army as a trained and organized body of men; agmen is the army in line of march.

9. infestis... armis: abl. of manner. 10. concurrunt: note the force of the prep. con-.

increpuĕre (=increpuerunt) arma: this refers to the crash of the spears against the shields.

run or rush together, encounter; rush, hasten; assemble, flock together. concursus, -ūs, m. [concurrō], running together, dashing together, collision; attack, onset; running about. 11. micō, -āre, -uï, — intr., to move quickly, vibrate; flash, gleam. Nfulgeō, -ere, fulsī, -, intr., to flash, gleam.

gladius, -I, m., a sword.

horror, -ōris, m. [horreō], a trembling, dread, horror.

per-stringō, -ere, -strinxi,-strictum,
tr., to touch closely; thrill, run
through, move deeply.

12. cōnserō, -ere, -serui, -sertum, tr.
[com-+serō, join], to bind together;
manus cōnserere, fight hand to
hand, come to close quarters.
manus, -ūs, f., a hand; a blow of the
hand, blow, cast; a force, band of
troops, number, company; ferrea
manus, grappling-iron.

13. expirō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, intr.
[ex+spirō], to breathe out, breathe
one's last, expire.

cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsūrus, intr., to
fall; fall dead, be slain.
vulnerō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, tr. [vul-
nus], to wound.

11. micantēs... gladii: a handto-hand contest with swords followed. perstringit: note the intensive force of per, "thoroughly," "completely." 12. alius.. alium: "one . . . the other.' We should have expected alter alterum. Why? See on ali.

alii, 16. 3.

13. ceciderunt: how distinguished from the similar form of caedō? vulnerāti: sc. sunt.

Ad casum Rōmānōrum conclamavit gaudio exercitus Albānus. 15 Rōmānōs iam spēs tōta deserēbat. Unum Horātium trēs Curiatii circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit; sed quia tribus impār erat, ut distraheret hostes, fugam capessivit, singulōs per intervalla secuturos esse ratus. Iam aliquantum spatii ex eō loco, ubi pugnātum est, aufūgerat, cum respiciens videt 20 ūnum ē Cūriātiīs haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In eum magnò impetu redit, et dum Albānus exercitus inclamat Cūriātiis, ut

14. conclāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, tr. and intr. [com-+clāmō], to cry out together, cry out loudly, exclaim. gaudium, -1, n. [gaudeō], joy, glad

ness.

15. spēs, spei, f., hope, expectation. dē-serō, -ere, -serui, -sertum, tr. [serō, join), to leave, abandon, desert. 16. circum-stō, -āre, -steti, -, tr. and intr., to stand around, surround. integer, -gra, -grum, adj., untouched; whole, unwounded, unimpaired, uninjured; fresh; full.

17. impår, -aris, adj. [in-+pār], unequal, uneven, not a match for, unable to cope with.

dis-trahō, -ere, -āxi, -actum, tr., to
pull asunder; separate.

hostis, -is, m. and ƒ., an enemy, public
enemy, foe; pl., the enemy.
fuga, -ae, f. [fugiō], flight.
capessō, -ere, -īvi, -ītum, tr. [capiō],
to seize eagerly; fugam capessere,
take to flight, begin to run.

18. inter-vāllum, -ī, n., a space be tween; interval, distance.

reor, rērī, ratus, tr., to believe, think, suppose.

aliquantus, -a, -um, adj., some, a little, considerable; as subst., n., a good deal, some.

spatium, -ī, n., space, distance; inter

val; period of time, time; opportunity. 19. pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, intr. [pugna), to fight, contend, struggle. aufugio, -ere, -fügi, - intr. (ab+ fugiō], to flee, escape, run away. respicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, tr. and intr. [re-+speciō, look], to look back, look at, regard; contemplate, be mindful of.

21. impetus, -ûs, m., an attack, onset,
charge; force, impetuosity, fury.
red-eō, -ire, -ii or -īvi, -itum, intr..
to turn back, return, turn; recur,
come around, be brought; slope down.
in-clāmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum, tr. and
intr., to shout to, call upon, shout.

15. iam... déserēbat: for iam with the impf. see on iam, 7. 3, and cf. iam .. putabantur, 15. 4.

16. tribus: dat. with adj.; cf. mātrī, 14. 25.

17. singulos. . . ratus: "thinking they would follow him one by one at intervals"; the pf. part. of some deponent verbs is used with almost the force of a present.

18. aliquantum spatii: "some distance"; for the acc. of extent see § 130;

for the gen. cf. quantum decōris, 9. 17. 19. pugnatum est: "the fight had taken place."

cum...videt does not describe the situation but contains the main idea in the sentence, while the main clause (iam... aufügerat) is logically the subordinate clause, hence the indicative; see § 241, c. 20. in eum. . . redit: "he turned upon him."

21. ut... ferant: "to help their brother "; how literally?