maximus, had general charge of the worship of Vesta, but there were especial priestesses, the Vestal virgins, whose duty it was to keep the fires of Vesta ever burning. If, by any mischance, they were extinguished, it was regarded as a great misfortune to the state and special ceremonies had to be performed.

780. iacit: throws out, utters with force. they.

781. ferrea: iron-bound, because unchangeable.

the Parcae, the Fates.

782. luctus: Genitive.

qui quamquam: although

sororum: that is,

783. ferunt arma crepitantia praemonuisse: they say that clashing arms

foretold.

crepitantia exceptional position.

warning in advance.

784. caelo in the sky; Ablative of Place Where.

785. Solis from sol.

praemonuisse: gave

786. lurida: pale, faint, wan.

787. faces: torches, referring to meteoric phenomena.

mediis sub

astris: under the middle of the stars; that is, in the sky beneath the stars. 788. inter nimbos: among the rain-drops.

of blood.

guttae cruentae: drops

789. Caerulus... erat: the Morning Star was dark and his face was covered with a black rust-color. vultum: Accusative of Respect.

790. Lunares currus: the chariot of the Moon. 791. Stygius bubo: the owl, foreboding death. pertaining to the Styx, a stream in the Lower World.

792. ebur: (statues of) ivory.

been heard.

794. litat: gives favorable omens.

Stygius: Stygian,

feruntur auditi: are said to have

795. fibra: the entrails, of the victim. liver, heart, lungs, etc.

liver) is found cut.

exta: the vitals, including

caesum caput reperitur: the head (of the caput (iecoris): a protuberance on the upper part

of the liver. It was a bad omen if the liver was found injured in any

way.

Here caesum caput forebodes the violent death of Caesar.

797. nocturnos: at night; in predicative attribution.

798. tremoribus: by earthquakes.

799. vincere: overcome, prevent.

800. praemonitus deum: the forewarnings of the gods; subject.

801. templum: a temple, a holy place; here used of the senate-house built by Pompey (curia Pompeii), which was a consecrated building. 803. Cytherea: that is, Venus.

804. Aeneaden: the descendant of Aeneas; that is, Caesar.

condere

nube to hide in a cloud; a favorite device of the gods when they wish to protect mortals.

Atridae: from

805. qua: by which means; the antecedent is nube. the son of Atreus, that is, Menelaus; Dative of Separation. Paris and

Menelaus were engaged in single combat, when Paris, getting the worst of it, was rescued by Venus.

806. Diomedeos enses: the sword of Diomede; poetic Plural. Venus had just rescued her son Aeneas, when she was wounded on the hand by Diomede. See 1. 769.

007. Talibus hanc genitor: her father (Jupiter) addresses her as follows. 808. movere to move, to shake. Intres licet ipsa: you may your

803. molimine vasto: of vast structure; Ablative of Quality, limiting tabularia.

810. rerum tabularia: the archives of fate; a history of all time, as it

were.

811. concussum caeli: the shaking of heaven; that is, thunder.

812. tuta atque aeterna: being secure a d eternal; agree with quae. ruinas downfall.

813. adamante perenni: in everlasting steel.

816. Hic: he; that is, Caesar.

sua tempora: his (allotted) time.

818. Ut deus accedat caelo, facies: you will cause him to come to heaven as a god.

820. Arrange fortissimus ultor (as the avenger) caedis parentis nos suos (as his allies) in bella habebit.

822. Illius auspiciis: under his leadership; notice the quantity of illius, permissible in poetry. It was the privilege of the generals to consult the gods for omens (auspicia).

823. Mutinae: Genitive depending on moenia. In the year 43 B.C. Decimus Brutus was besieged in Mutina by Mark Antony. Octavian (afterwards called Augustus) marched against Antony and defeated him. Pharsalia: a district in Thessaly, famous for the battle between Caesar and Pompey (48 B.C.). Afterwards at Philippi, in this same region, Octavian and Antony defeated M. Brutus and Cassius (42 B.C.) 824. Emathii: properly of a district in Macedonia, here Thessalian. 825. magnum nomen: that is, Pompey. Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey the Great (Magnus), was defeated near Mylae in Sicilian waters (Siculis undis) by Agrippa, Octavian's admiral (36 B.C.)

826. Romani ducis: that is, Antony; the Genitive depends on taedae, which in turn is Dative, depending on fisa. coniunx Aegyptia: that

is, Cleopatra.

taedae: marriage-torch, marriage.

827. non bene fisa: unwisely trusting.

828. Capitolia: the Capitol, the Capitoline hill, in Rome, here used for Rome; the Plural is poetic.

Canopo: Canopus, a city in lower Egypt,

here used for Egypt. The Dative depends on servitura.

829. barbariam: the lands of the barbarians, conquered by Au

gustus.

ab on; in the east and in the west.

830. Quodcumque habitabile: all the habitable land that. 833. suum: agrees with animum.

834. mores reget: will regulate the morals. Augustus was not very successful in this attempt.

836. prolem: refers to Tiberius, stepson of Augustus. He was adopted by Augustus and succeeded him. sancta: chaste; Livia, however,

was not better than her age.

838. nisi cum: until.

senior as an old man.

Pylios annos:

the years of the Pylian, that is, of Nestor, who dwelt in Pylus and was

famous for his great age.

839. cognata sidera: kindred stars; referring to Caesar. 840. Hanc animam: this soul; that is, Caesar's.

Capitolia nostra: the

841. fac iubar: turn into a radiant star. speaker, Jupiter, possessed a famous temple on the Capitoline. 842. aede: his temple was situated on the Forum.

843. media sede senatus: in the middle of the senate-chamber. 844. alma: nourishing, gracious.

nulli cernenda: visible to none.

845. Arrange: animam recentem sui Caesaris eripuit membris (from the body) nec in aëra solvi passa (and did not suffer it...but).

translate as soon as he was killed.

846. astris: to the stars.

847. lumen capere sensit: she perceived it light up.

848. illa subject.

849. crinem: that is, the tail of the comet.

850. nati: that is, Augustus.

851. suis: than his own.

852. Hic: that is, Augustus.

853. libera: being free.

854. invitum: against his will.

in this one particular.

recentem:

paternis: to those of his father.

obnoxia: subject.

una in parte repugnat: opposes him

855. cedit titulis: yields to the titles of honor, is inferior in fame.

Atreus, etc. instances of the inferiority of father to son.

857. ut... utar: to use an illustration befitting their rank; Augustus and Caesar are so great that none but Jupiter and Saturn deserve to be compared with them.

873. cum volet... aevi : let that day (i.c. death), which has no power except over this body, end my uncertain life period when it pleases.

877. qua patet Romana potentia: as far as the Roman power extends. terris domitis: over the conquered lands.

878. fama: by reputation,

II. FROM THE MINOR WORKS.

1. PENELOPE TO ULYSSES.

HER. I.-1. Hanc : sc. epistulam.

lento: who art so slow to return.

A shade of reproach is conveyed by the word, which in Ovid and Propertius often connotes coldness, indifference. The reference is to the twenty years' absence of Ulysses. Ulixe: for the declension of Greek proper

names, so common in Ovid, see 65; A. & G. 37, 43, 63, 64; B. 22, 27, 47; II. 50, 54, 68.

2. nil... veni: answer me naught, but come thyself. rescribas : Subjunctive in Prohibition : 263; A. & G. 266, a and b; B. 276; II. 484, IV.

3. iacet has fallen. puellis brides. The word is often used of married women. The case was originally Dat. of Agent, as invisa was Participle of invideo, and meant hated rather than hateful. Compare HOR. O. 1. 1, 24: bellaque matribus Detestata.

4. tanti: worth so much, that is, what they have cost us; Gen. of Price: 380; A. & G. 252, a ; B. 203, 3; H. 404.

5. 0 permissible Hiatus, after monosyllabic interjections. classe: Ablative of Accompaniment.

6. obrutus esset: Unreal Wish: see 261; A. & G. 267; B. 279, 2; H. 483, 2. insanis aquis: mad waters, wild waves; would imply a storm. adulter: that is, Paris, who carried off Helen, the wife of Menelaus, from Greece to Troy, and so caused the Trojan war.

7. non iacuissem: I should not have lain; the condition is implied in the wish. frigida: in cold neglect. lecto: Abl. of Place Where,

poetical omission of the preposition.

8. tardos: slowly; predicate adjective, agreeing with dies. licta in my abandonment; take with subject of quererer.

re

9. mihi: my, with manus: 350; A. & G. 235; B. 188, 1; H. 384, 4, fallere deceive, beguile, while away. So decipere. The Infini

n. 2.

tive with quaero is poetic, or post-Augustan.

10. pendula tela: the hanging web. According to Homer, Penelope spent much of her time in spinning and weaving. Compare Od. xv. 516: οὐ μὲν γάρ τι θαμὰ μνηστῆρσ ̓ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ

φαίνεται, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπερωίῳ ἱστὸν ὑφαίνει:

'for not often does she show herself to the suitors in the house, but far from them, in an upper chamber, she weaves her web.'

11. veris: than the real. So Laodamia writes to her husband in Troy, Her. XIII. 149:

Nos sumus incertae, nos anxius omnia cogit,

13. in te against thee.

14. in: at.

quae possunt fieri, facta putare timor.

ituros (sc. esse): were about to advance.

Antilochus was slain by Memnon.

15. Antilochum victum: that Antilochus had been vanquished. ab Hectore: an inaccuracy in Ovid.

Compare HOMER, Od. IV. 187 f. See Appendix.

16. nostri: my, as often in OVID.

17. Menoetiaden: Patroclus, the son of Menoetius.

not his own, but those of Achilles.

falsis: that is,

19. sanguine with his blood. Tlepolemus was killed by Sarpedon, the leader of the Lycians. Compare HOMER, II. v. 657.

21. castris: Abl. of Place Where. See note on Met. 1. 95.

22. frigidius glacie: the chill of fear is often mentioned in the poets. pectus amantis: the heart of thy fond wife. Pectus was the seat of the affections.

23. consuluit has cared for, looked to the interest of. with Accusative means to consult.

consulere

24. sospite viro: and my husband's life has been spared; Abl. Absolute. 25. Argolici: Grecian. safe return.

altaria fumant: i.e. from offerings for their

For Argolici rediere duces, compare HOMER, Od. 1. 11 :

Ενθ' ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες, ὅσοι φύγον αἰπὸν ὄλεθρον,

οἴκοι ἔσαν πόλεμόν τε πεφευγότες ἠδὲ θάλασσαν:

'then all the rest, as many as escaped dire destruction, were at home, having escaped both war and sea.'

26. ad in the temples of, before.

ponitur ad is offered to.

barbara praeda: booty taken from the barbarians.

27. nymphae (from the Greek vúμpŋ): in Latin usually means nymphs; pro salvis maritis: for the safety of their hus

here

=

bands.

= puellae, 1. 3.

28. illi refers to maritis.

Troy.

victa Troica fata: the conquered fates of

suis: to their families; or, as many commentators take it, the

fates of Troy conquered by their own. Compare the tales of Ulysses, HOMER, Od. IX.-XII., and VERG. Aen. 1. 748 ff.

29. iusti: grave.

30. pendet ab ore: hangs on the words. Compare VERG. Aen. IV. 79: Iliacos iterum demens audire labores

exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore.

31. iamque, etc.: cf. TIB. I. 10, 32: et in mensa pingere castra

mero.

32. Pergama tota: the whole of Troy, here including its surroundings. The word properly denotes the citadel of Troy. mero: that is, vino.