from the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted." This proviso was carried in Committee, by the strong vote of eighty-three to sixtyfour-only three Members (Democrats) from the Free States, it was said, opposing it. [No record is made of individual votes in Committee of the Whole.] The bill was then reported to the House, and Mr. Rathbun of N. Y. moved the previous question on its engrossment.

Mr. Tibbatts of Ky. moved that it do lie on the table Defeated-Yeas 79; [Stephen A. Douglas, John A. McClernand, John Pettit, and Robert C. Schenck, voting with the South to lay on the table]; Nays 93; [Henry Grider and William P. Thomasson of Ky. (Whigs) voting with the North against it].

Mr. R. Brodhead of Penn. moved that this resolution lie on the table. Carried; Yeas, 105; Nays, 93.

[Yeas all the members from Slave States, but John W. Houston (Whig), of Delaware, with the following from Free States (all Democrats but Levin):

MAINE. Asa W. H. Clapp, Franklin Clark, Jas. s. Wiley, Hezekiah Williams-4.

NEW-YORK.-Ausburn Birdsall, David S. Jack

son, Frederick W. Lord, William B. Maclay-4. Brown, Lewis C. Levin, Job Mann-4. PENNSYLVANIA.-Richard Brodhead, Charles

OHIO.-William Kennon, jr., John K. Miller, Thomas Richey, William Sawyer-4.

INDIANA. Charles W. Cathcart, Thomas J. Henley, John Petitt, John L. Robinson, William ILLINIOS.-Orlando B. Ficklin, John A. Mc

W. Wick-5.

Clernand, William A. Richardson, Robert Smith,
Thomas J. Turner-5.

of the Democrats from Free States, with
Nays all the Whigs and a large majority
John W. Houston aforesaid.

This vote terminated all direct action in favor of the Wilmot proviso for that Ses

sion.

The bill was then engrossed for its third reading by Yeas 85, Nays 80; and thus passed without further division. A motion to reconsider was laid on the table-Yeas Del., from the Select Committee to which July 18th.-In Senate, Mr. Clayton of 71; Nays 83. So the bill was passed and was referred, on the 12th inst., the bill prosent to the Senate, where Mr. Dixon H. viding a territorial government for Oregon, Lewis of Ala. moved that the Proviso reported a bill to establish Territorial govabove cited be stricken out; on which de- ernments for Oregon, New Mexico, and Calibate arose, and Mr. John Davis of Mass.fornia, which was read. [It proposed to was speaking when, at noon of August 10th, the time fixed for adjournment having arrived, both Houses adjourned without day.

[NOTE. We do not give the Yeas and Nays on the divisions just above, the House having been quite thin when they were taken, and some Northern Members voting with the South from hostility to the whole project of buying either peace or territory. Generally, however, the vote ran much as former divisions would lead one to expect. Mr. Stephen A. Douglas, and some other friends of the original bill, voted against it at every stage after the Proviso was added.]

The XXXth Congress assembled Dec. 6, 1847.

Feb. 28th, 1848, Mr. Putnam of N. York moved the following:

"Whereas, In the settlement of the difficulties pending between this country and Mexico, territory may be acquired in which Slavery does not

now exist:

"And whereas, Congress, in the organization of a territorial government, at an early period of our political history, established a principle worthy of imitation in all future time, forbidding the existence of Slavery in free territory; Therefore,

submit all questions as to the rightful exist ence or extent of Slavery in the Territories to the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States.]

win of Conn. moved to strike out so much
July 24th.-Second reading. Mr. Bald-
of said bill as relates to California and New
Mexico.

Free Soil men of both parties); Nays, 37.
Rejected; Yeas, 17 (Northern

The bill was discussed through several succeeding days. On the 26th, Mr. Clarke of R. I. moved to add to the 6th section:

"Provided, however, That no law, regulation, or act of the provisional government of said Territory permitting Slavery or involuntary servitude therein shall be valid, until the same shall be approved by Congress."

Rejected; Yeas, 19 [Col. Benton, and 18 Northern Freesoilers of both parties]; Nays, 33.

Mr. Reverdy Johnson of Md. moved to amend the bill by inserting—

"Except only, that in all cases of title to Slaves, the said writs of error or appeals shall be allowed and decided by the said Supreme Court without regard to the value of the matter, property, or title in controversy; and except, also, that a writ "Resolved, That in any territory, that may be of error or appeal shall also be allowed to the Suacquired from Mexico, over which shall be estab-preme Court of the United States from the decision lished territorial governments, Slavery, or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall be forever prohibited; and that in any act or resolution establishing such governments, a fundamental provision ought to be inserted to that effect."

of the said Supreme Court created by this act, or of any judge thereof, or of the district Courts created by this act, or of any judge upon any writ of habeas corpus involving the question of personal freedom."

Carried Yeas, 31 (all sorts); Nays, 19

66

it. It should be limited to the creation of proper governments for new countries, acquired or settled. and to the necessary provision for their eventual admission into the Union; leaving, in the mean time, to the people inhabiting them, to regulate their internal concerns in their own way. They are just as capable of doing so as the people of the States; and they can do so, at any rate as soon as their political independence is recognized by admission into the Union. During this temporary condition, it is hardly expedient to call into exercise a doubtful and invidious authority, which questions the intelligence of a respectable portion of our citizens, and whose limitation, whatever it may be, will be rapidly approaching its termination-an authority which would give to Congress despotic power, uncontrolled by the Constitution, over most important sections of our common country. For, if the relation of master and servant may be regulated or annihilated by its legislation, so may the regulation of husband and wife, of parent and child, and of any other condition which our institutions and the habits of our society recognize. What would be thought if Congress should undertake to prescribe the terms of marriage in New-York, or to regulate the authority of parents over their children in Pennsylvania? And yet it would be as vain to seek one justifying the interference of the national legislature in the cases referred to in the original States of the Union. I speak here of the inherent power of Congress, and do not touch the question of such contracts as may be formed with new States when admitted into the confederacy.

ernment is very imperfectly defined by the Constitution; and it will be found, upon examination, that in that instrument the only grant of power concerning them is conveyed in the phrase, Congress shall have the power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations, respecting the territory and other property belonging to the United States." Certainly this phraseology is very loose, if it were designed to include in the grant the whole power of legislation over persons, as well as things. The expression, the "territory and other property," fairly construed, relates to the public lands, as such; to arsenals, dockyards, forts, ships, and all the various kinds of property which the United States may and must possess. But surely the simple authority to dispose of and regulate these does not extend to the unlimited power of legislation; to the passage of all laws, in the most general acceptation of the word; which, by-the-by, is carefully excluded from the sentence. And, indeed, if this were so, it would render unnecessary another provision of the Constitution, which grants to Congress the power to legislate, with the consent of the States, respectively, over all places purchased for the "erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards," etc. These being the "property" of the United States, if the power to make "needful rules and regulations concerning" them includes the general power of legislation, then the grant of authority to regulate "the territory and other property of the United States' is unlimited, wherever subjects are found for its operation, and its exercise needed no auxiliary provision. If, on the other hand, it does not include such power of legislation over the "other property" of the United States, then it Of all the questions that can agitate us, those does not include it over their "territory;" for the which are merely sectional in their character are same terms which grant the one, grant the other. the most dangerous, and the most to be depre"Territory" is here classed with property, and cated. The warning voice of him who from his treated as such; and the object was evidently to character and services and virtue had the best enable the General Government, as a property-right to warn us, proclaimed to his countrymen, holder-which, from necessity, it must be-to in his Farewell Address-that monument of wismanage, preserve and "dispose of" such property dom for him, as I hope it will be of safety for as it might possess, and which authority is essen- them-how much we had to apprehend from tial almost to its being. But the lives and persons measures peculiarly affecting geographical secof our citizens, with the vast variety of objects tions of our country. The grave circumstances connected with them, cannot be controlled by au in which we are now placed make these words authority which is merely called into existence words of safety; for I am satisfied, from all I for the purpose of making rules and regulations have seen and heard here, that a successful atfor the disposition and management of property. tempt to engraft the principles of the Wilmot Such, it appears to me, would be the construc- Proviso upon the legislation of this Government, tion put upon this provision of the Constitution, and to apply them to new territory, should new were this question now first presented for consid-territory be acquired, would seriously affect our eration, and not controlled by imperious circum- tranquillity. I do not suffer myself to foresee or stances. The original ordinance of the Congress to foretell the consequences that would ensue; of the Confederation, passed in 1787, and which for I trust and believe there is good sense and was the only act upon this subject in force at the good feeling enough in the country to avoid them, adoption of the Constitution, provided a complete by avoiding all occasions which might lead to frame of government for the country north of them. the Ohio, while in a territorial condition, and for its eventual admission in separate States into the Union. And the persuasion that this ordinance contained within itself all the necessary means of execution, probably prevented any direct reference to the subject in the Constitution, further than vesting in Congress the right to admit the States formed under it into the Union. However, circumstances arose, which required legislation, as well over the territory north of the Ohio as over other territory, both within and without the original Union, ceded to the general Government, and, at various times, a more enlarged power has been exercised over the Territories-meaning thereby the different Territorial Governmentsthan is conveyed by the limited grant referred to. How far an existing necessity may have operated in producing this legislation, and thus extending, by rather a violent implication, powers not directly given, I know not. But certain it is that the principle of interference should not be carried beyond the necessary implication, which produces

Briefly, then, I am opposed to the exercise of any jurisdiction by Congress over this matter; and I am in favor of leaving to the people of any territory, which may be hereafter acquired, the right to regulate it for themselves, under the general principles of the Constitution. Be

cause

1. I do not see in the Constitution any grant of the requisite power to Congress; and I am not disposed to extend a doubtful precedent beyond its necessity-the establishment of territorial governments when needed-leaving to the inhabitants all the rights compatible with the relations they bear to the confederation.

2. Because I believe this measure, if adopted, would weaken, if not impair, the union of the States; and would sow the seeds of future discord, which would grow up and ripen into an abundant harvest of calamity.

3. Because I believe a general conviction that such a proposition would succeed, would lead to an immediate withholding of the supplies, and

I

thus to a dishonorable termination of the war. think no dispassionate observer at the seat of Government can doubt this result.

4. If, however, in this I am under a misapprehension, I am under none in the practical operation of this restriction, if adopted by Congress, upon a treaty of peace, making any acquisition of Mexican territory. Such a treaty would be rejected as certainly as presented to the Senate. More than one-third of that body would vote against it, viewing such a principle as an exclusion of the citizens of the slaveholding States from a participation in the benefits acquired by the treasure and exertions of all, and which should be common to all. I am repeatingneither advancing nor defending these views. That branch of the subject does not lie in my way, and I shall not turn aside to seek it.

In this aspect of the matter, the people of the United States must choose between this restriction and the extension of their territorial limits. They cannot have both; and which they will sur render must depend upon their representatives first, and then, if these fail them, upon themselves.

our efforts seem at present directed, unite in representing those countries as agricultural regions, similar in their products to our Middle States, and generally unfit for the production of the great staples which can alone render Slave labor valuable. If we are not grossly deceived-and it is difficult to conceive how we can be the inhabitants of those regions, whether they depend upon their plows or their herds, cannot be slaveholders. Involuntary labor, requiring the investment of large capital, can only be profitable when em. ployed in the production of a few favored articles confined by nature to special districts, and paying larger returns than the usual agricultural products spread over more considerable portions of the earth.

In the able letter of Mr. Buchanan upon this subject, not long since given to the public, he presents similar considerations with great force. "Neither," says the distinguished writer, "the soil, the climate, nor the productions of California south of 360° 30', nor indeed of any portion of it, North or South, is adapted to Slave labor; and beside every facility would be there afforded for the slave to escape from his master. Such pro

California. It is morally impossible, therefore, that a majority of the emigrants to that portion of the territory south of 36° 304, which will be chiefly composed of our citizens, will ever reestablish Slavery within its limits.

"In regard to New-Mexico, east of the Rio Grande, the question has already been settled by the admission of Texas into the Union.

"Should we acquire territory beyond the Rio Grande and east of the Rocky Mountains, it is still more impossible that a majority of the people would consent to re-establish Slavery. They are themselves a colored population, and among them the negro does not belong socially to a degraded race.'

5. But after all, it seems to be generally con-perty would be entirely insecure in any part of ceded that this restriction, if carried into effect, could not operate upon any State to be formed from newly-acquired territory. The well-known attributes of sovereignty, recognized by us as belonging to the State Governments, would sweep before them any such barrier, and would leave the people to express and exert their will at pleasure. Is the object, then, of temporary exclusion for so short a period as the duration of the Territorial Governments, worth the price at which it it would be purchased?-worth the discord it would engender, the trial to which it would expose our Union, and the evils that would be the certain consequence, let the trial result as it might? As to the course, which has been intimated, rather than proposed, of engrafting such a restriction With this last remark, Mr. Walker fully coinupon any treaty of acquisition, I persuade myself cides in his letter written in 1844, upon the annexit would find but little favor in any portion of this ation of Texas, and which everywhere produced country. Such an arrangement would render so favorable an impression upon the public mind, Mexico a party, having a right to interfere in our as to have conduced very materially to the acinternal institutions in questions left by the Con-complishment of that great measure. "Beyond stitution to the State Governments, and would inflict a serious blow upon our fundamental principles. Few, indeed, I trust, there are among us who would thus grant to a foreign power the right to inquire into the constitution and conduct of the Sovereign States of this Union; and if there are any, I am not among them, nor never shall be. To the people of this country, under God, now and hereafter, are its destinies committed; and we want no foreign power to interrogate us, treaty in hand, and to say, Why have you done this, or why have you left that undone? Our own dignity and the principles of national independence unite to repel such a proposition.

But there is another important consideration, which ought not to be lost sight of, in the investigation of this subject. The question that presents itself is not a question of the increase, but of the diffusion of Slavery. Whether its sphere be stationary or progressive, its amount will be the same. The rejection of this restriction will not add one to the class of servitude, nor will its adoption give freedom to a single being who is now placed therein. The same numbers will be spread over greater territory; and, so far as compression, with less abundance of the necessaries of life, is an evil, so far will that evil be mitigated by transporting slaves to a new country, and giving them a larger space to occupy.

say this in the event of the extension of Slavery over any new acquisition. But can it go there? This may well be doubted. All the descriptions which reach us of the condition of the Californias and of New Mexico, to the acquisition of which

the Del Norte," says Mr. Walker, "Slavery will not pass; not only because it is forbidden by law, but because the colored race there preponderates in the ratio of ten to one over the whites; and holding, as they do, the government and most of the offices in their possession, they will not permit the enslavement of any portion of the colored race, which makes and executes the laws of the country."

The question, it will be therefore seen on examination, does not regard the exclusion of Slavery from a region where it now exists, but a prohibition against its introduction where it does not exist, and where, from the feelings of the inhabitants and the laws of nature, "it is morally impossible," as Mr. Buchanan says, that it can ever re-establish itself.

It augurs well for the permanence of our confederation, that during more than half a century, which has elapsed since the establishment of this Government, many serious questions, and some of the highest importance, have agitated the public mind, and more than once threatened the gravest consequences; but that they have all in succession passed away, leaving our institutione unscathed, and our country advancing in num bers, power, and wealth, and in all the other ele ments of national prosperity, with a rapidity unknown in ancient or in modern days. In times of political excitement, when difficult and delicate questions present themselves for solution, there is one ark of safety for us; and that is, an honest appeal to the fundamental principles of our Union, and a stern determination to abide their dictates.