Of

92. Rule of voting in the committee of the
whole, 45. In the Federal Convention. On
rules, appointed, 124. On rules, reports, 124.
To be chosen by ballot, 125. Of the whole on
Mr. Randolph's resolutions, 128, 132. Of the
whole reports a series of propositions, 189.
the whole given up, 191. Of a member from
each state to propose a plan of compromise be-
tween the large and small states, 270. Of detail
to prepare a draught of a Constitution, 357. Of
detail has the resolutions adopted by the Con-
vention referred to it, 374. Of detail has the
plans of Mr. Pinckney and Mr. Patterson referred
to it, 376. Of revision of the draught of the
Constitution as amended, 530. Of revision re-
ports the second draught of a Constitution, 535.
COMMON DEFENCE to be provided for by the
Constitution, 127, 596, 558.

COMMUTATION, allowance of, 30, 31, 44, 55,
57, 59, 61, 64, 72, 73, 128.

COMPACTS, between the states during the Con-
federation, 120. Insufficient for a union, 132,
206. Between the states under the Constitution,
131, 381, 548, 561. Effect of their violation by
the parties, 207. Nature of those made by the
state legislatures, 354, 356.

COMPENSATION, of the executive, 128, 131, 190,
192, 343, 370, 376, 380, 562. Increase or dimi-
nution of that of the executive not to be made
during his term, 128, 192, 370, 376, 380, 562. Of
the executive to be paid out of the national
treasury, 343, 376. Of the executive not to be
received from the states, 549. Of the electors of
the President, 344. Of senators, 127, 130, 187,
190, 246, 271, 375, 378, 425, 560. Of Senators to
be paid by the states, 187, 246, 378. Senators
to receive none, 246, 271. Of representatives,
127, 130, 184, 189, 225, 233, 375, 378, 404, 425,
560. Of representatives to be paid out of the na-
tional treasury, 185, 225, 230, 375, 425, 560. Of
members of Congress should be fixed, 184, 189,
227, 560. How that of members of Congress
should be fixed, 404, 553, 560. Of members of
Congress to be paid by the states, 210, 226, 378.
Of the judges, 128, 131, 153, 156, 190, 192, 330,
376, 380, 481, 553. Increase or diminution of
that of the judges not to be made during their
term, 128, 131, 156, 190, 192, 330, 376, 380, 482,
563. Of all officers to be fixed by the representa-
tives, 274. It ought to be sufficient, 136, 228.
COMPROMISE, of the vote of the large and small
states in Congress, proposed by Mr. Ellsworth,
260. Dr. Franklin proposes one between the
large and small states, 266. Mr. Pinckney pro-
poses one between the large and small states,
270. Mr. Wilson proposes one between the large
and small states, 266. Plan of, reported and dis-
cussed, 274, 282, 283, 310, 316, 317, 318, 394,
396, 411, 418, 511, 514, 529. Between the North-
ern and Southern States relative to slaves, navi-
gation, and exports, 460, 461, 471, 489, 532.
CONDITIONS to be made with new states, on
their admission, 381, 492.

CONFEDERACY, Achæan, 208. Amphictyonic,

200, 208. Dutch, 149, 154, 196, 208. German,
199, 204, 208, 252. Lycian, 264. Swiss, 201, 208.
CONFESSION OF TREASON, 451, 563.
CONFISCATION, proceedings of states upon,
discussed, 26, 88, 89.

Pro-

CONFEDERATION. See ARTICLES OF CONFED-
ERATION. Those of ancient times, 109
posed in the old Congress, 110. Great difficulties
in adopting it, 111. Rule of voting under it, 45.
Its powers
of coercion towards Vermont, 12. Its
inadequacy to furnish a revenue, 55. Encroach-
ments of the states upon it, 173, 208. Its defects,
111, 115, 120, 126, 127, 133, 172, 180, 196, 197,
199, 210, 215, 219, 248. Its tottering condition,
106, 112. Amendment of it, 96, 106, 107, 191,
193, 354. Mode of its dissolution, 206, 214, 381.
How far it is to be followed in the Constitution,
133. Fulfilment of its engagements, 128, 157,
332, 440, 441, 451, 463, 470, 471, 475, 564. Its legis-
VOL. V.
77

lative rights to be conferred on the new Congress,
127, 139, 317.
CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION, 1754,
meets at Albany, 110. 1774, meets at Philadel-
phia, 110. Independence declared, 110. Articles
of Confederation reported and debated, 110.
Receives accounts of the mediation of Russia
and Austria for peace, 1. Discusses the conduct
of Col. H. Laurens, 6, 7. Discusses retaliatory
measures for Huddy's murder, 2. Members pres-
ent at the meeting on the 4th November, 1782, 1.
Discusses the principles to be adopted in exchan-
ging prisoners, 1. Appoints a committee to re-
organize the Court of Appeals, 2. Agrees to
release Captain Asgill, 2. Discusses the propriety
of authorizing military commanders to retaliate,
3. Appoints Mr. Jefferson minister to negotiate
peace, 4. Discusses the report relative to Ver-
mont, 4, 12. Dissents to the proposal of Penn-
sylvania to provide for the public creditors within
the state, 5, 10, 29, 42. Appointment of a
committee, and discussion on the mode of valua-
tion of land as a basis of taxation, 24, 34, 43, 45,
46, 48, 50. Discusses the mode of crediting the
states for redemptions of paper money beyond
their quotas, 7. Discusses the mode of proceed-
ing with Vermont, 8, 10. Discusses the conduct
of Mr. Howell in his letter published in a Provi-
dence newspaper, 13. Sends a deputation to
Rhode Island to urge the impost, 13. Discusses
the depreciation of paper money, 14. Much
excited from distrust of the conduct of France in
the negotiations for peace, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20.
1783, discusses the rule of secrecy in their pro-
ceedings, 22. Refuses to communicate Dr.
Franklin's letter relative to the negotiations
about refugees and British debts, 26. Passes a
resolution complimentary to General Greene, 26.
Refuses to purchase books, 27. Represents to
the states the difficulty of paying the public cred-
itors, 29. Discusses the adjustment of arrears of
the army and debts to public creditors, 30, 44, 59.
Discusses a plan for raising a permanent and
adequate revenue, 32, 39, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 72,
77, 87, 112. Discusses the rule of voting, 45, 61.
Discusses the proceedings on the seizure of goods
under passport, 50, 54. Suspends the departure
of Mr. Jefferson, 50. Declines making its discus-
sions public, 52. Its powers as to revenue dis-
cussed, 55. Discusses the establishment of duties
on specific articles, 60. Refuses an abatement of
the proportions of certain states, 62. Refuses to
adopt any general system of taxation, except
duties on foreign commerce, or to change the
ad valorem impost for a general tariff, 64, 65.
Discusses the conduct of the American commis-
sioners towards France in negotiating the treaty,
65, 68, 73, 74. Grants licenses to protect the
whale fisheries, 73. Receives news of the pre-
liminary articles of peace being signed, 74. Dis-
cusses the proportion of whites and negroes in
apportioning contribution, 79. Proposes to sus-
pend hostilities, 80. Issues a proclamation of
peace, 84. Proceedings on the provisional arti-
cles, 85, 86, 88, 90. Agrees to indemnify the
officers of the army, 88. Refuses to pay the states
the certificates due to the troops of their lines, 88.
Discusses a commercial treaty with the British,
19, 119. Votes a statue of Gen. Washington,
88. Discusses the propriety and mode of dis-
banding the army, 89, 90. Discusses a system
of foreign affairs, 90. Discusses a proposal to
give the army certificates for land, 90. Resumes
the discussion of the Virginia cession, 91, 92.
Proceedings on the mutinous conduct of the
troops at Philadelphia, 92, 93. Adjourns to Tren-
ton, 94. Appoints a court to try the controversy
between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, 102.
1787, proceedings relative to the insurrection in
Massachusetts, 94. Proceedings relative to a
Convention to revise the Federal Constitution,
96, 106. Discusses the effect of treaties on the
states, 98, 107. Discusses the reduction of sala-
ries and the civil list, 99. Discusses the proceed-
ings of Spain about the Mississippi, 101, 102, 103,
105, 107. Discusses the admission of British

consuls, 101. Discussion as to voting to suspend
the use of the Mississippi, 103. Discussions rela-
tive to the Federal Constitution, 566, 568. 1788,
elects Cyrus Griffin president, 572. Its ineffi-
ciency, 216, 248. Unable to counteract the
commercial policy of the British, 119. Has lost
confidence and influence at home and abroad,
120. Addresses the states on the necessity of
harmony and yielding local considerations, 111.
Not deemed so proper as a Convention to amend
the Confederation, 116. Favors the idea of a
convention as early as 1786, 118. Its legislative
powers to be vested in the legislature under the
Constitution, 127, 139, 190, 317, 375. Its execu-
tive powers to be vested in the executive under
the Constitution, 128. To be continued until the
new Constitution goes into effect, 128, 157. Its
engagements to be fulfilled, 128, 157, 332. Its
proceedings in regard to the new Constitution,
382, 501, 532, 541.

CONGRESS OF THE CONSTITUTION.

See

MEMBERS, SENATE, REPRESENTATIVES. To con-
sist of two branches, 127, 129, 135, 166, 189, 195,
196, 205, 213, 216, 218, 375, 377, 558. To consist
of a House of Delegates and Senate, 129. To
meet annually, 129, 377, 383, 385, 559. Qualifi-
cations of those entitled to elect members of, 129,
377, 385, 559. Representation in it to be in the
same proportion as direct taxation, 302, 316, 375,
379, 391, 559. Representation before a census,
129, 288, 290, 316, 375, 377, 559. Representation
to be fixed by a periodical census, 129, 130, 131,
274, 279, 288, 294, 301, 302, 306, 307, 316, 375, 377,
379, 559. Slaves to be considered in fixing the
proportion of representation, 181, 190, 192, 281,
288, 295, 302, 316, 375, 377, 379, 391, 559. Repre-
sentation in it to be proportioned to the number
of inhabitants, 129, 134, 190, 239, 312, 316, 375,
377, 379, 559. Representation in it to be equal
among the states, 124, 134, 173, 175, 238. Vote
of the states to be equal in it, 194. Its independ-
ence of the executive, 335. Danger of its en-
croachment on the other departments, 346.
Property qualification of its members, 247, 272,
370, 378, 402. Disability of persons having un-
settled accounts to be members, 370. Its mem-
bers shall not be electors of President, 343, 562.
Its permanent seat, 409, 561. Adjournment of
both Houses, 130, 378, 406, 408, 560, 563. Privi-
leges of, 130, 378, 404, 445, 510, 560. May alter
the state regulations relative to elections of
members of Congress, 378, 401, 542, 553, 559.
To judge of the elections, qualifications, and
returns, of its members, 378, 559. To legislate
on the qualifications, pay, and privileges, of its
members, 378, 402, 404. Compensation of, 130,
184, 187, 189, 205, 375, 378, 560. Absence of its
members, 406, 560. Attendance of its members,
406, 559. Expulsion of its members, 378, 406,
560. Behavior of its members, 378, 406, 560.
To vote by yeas and nays, 378, 407, 560.
Journal, 130, 378, 407, 408, 560. The publication
of its proceedings, 378, 407, 408, 512, 560. Nega-
tive of each House on the other, 377, 382. Mode
of its vote by ballot, 382, 436, 472, 520. Mode of
passing laws, 378, 428, 560. Its acts to be the
supreme law, 131, 320, 379, 467, 564. Its acts
may be negatived by the President, 130, 151, 190,
378, 560. Its acts subject to a council of revision,
128, 151, 153, 164, 344, 428. May reenact laws
negatived by the executive or council of revision,
128, 130, 151, 154, 190, 328, 348, 376, 378, 429, 536,
540, 560. The specific enumeration of its powers,
139, 161, 172, 286, 317, 378, 560. May remove the
President on application of the state legislatures,
147. To choose the President, 128, 140, 142, 145,
192, 329, 335, 358, 369, 375, 380, 472, 508, 510.
To receive information from the President, 131,
380, 562. To appoint the judges, 128, 156, 188.
To admit new states, 128, 132, 157, 192, 376, 381,
492, 493, 554. To provide for the amendment of
the Constitution, 128, 157, 182, 190, 351, 376, 381,
564. To call a convention to amend the Consti-
tution, 132, 190, 381, 498, 530, 564. To amend
the Constitution with the assent of a certain
number of the state legislatures, 132, 564. To

Its

To

call out the military force in certain cases, 128,
130, 140, 192, 195, 200. To negative state laws,
127, 132, 139, 170, 190, 195, 210, 215, 468, 249, 251,
321, 548. To vest the appointing power in the
courts and heads of departments, 550. To fulfil
the engagements of the Confederation, 128, 157,
190, 332, 440, 441, 451, 463, 469, 471, 475, 564.
To make provision in regard to the proceedings
of the electors of the President, 507, 520, 562
To possess the legislative powers of the Congress
of the Confederation, 127, 139, 190, 317, 375. To
legislate where the states are incompetent, 127,
139, 190, 195, 317, 320, 375, 462. Its general
legislative powers, 130, 139, 190, 286, 317, 320,
375, 378, 432, 439, 445, 451, 462, 506, 560. Το
lay and collect duties and taxes, 130, 191, 378,
432, 462, 469, 506, 560. For what objects it may
lay taxes, 379, 456, 462, 469, 471, 477, 506, 534,
560. The proportion by which they shall regu-
late direct taxes, 130, 302, 316, 379, 391, 559.
The proportion in which they shall regulate
capitation taxes, 130, 379, 545, 561. To lay no
taxes on exports from the states, 130, 302, 379,
391, 561. To assent to imposts laid by the states,
131, 381, 561. Its proceedings on money bills,
129, 188, 274, 282, 310, 316, 375, 377, 394, 395, 410,
414, 427, 510, 529, 559. Vote on money bills to
be in proportion to contribution, 266. Must make
appropriations before money can be drawn from
the treasury, 274, 316, 377, 428, 510, 529, 561.
To raise taxes by requisitions, 453. To regulate
commerce, 130, 191, 378, 433, 453, 552, 560. Two
thirds of those present necessary to make com-
To
mercial regulations, 130, 379, 461, 471, 49.
revise the inspection laws of the states, 540. To
regulate commerce between the states, 378, 433,
454, 478, 44, 502, 560, 561. To establish a law
relative to bankruptcy, 488, 503, 54, 560.
establish a law relative to damages on bills of
exchange, 488. To borrow money, 130, 378, 560.
To emit bills of credit, 130, 378, 434. To coin
money, 130, 378, 434, 560. To regulate the value
of coins, 130, 378, 434, 560. To secure the public
creditors, and the payment of the public debt, 440,
451, 482, 463, 469, 475, 506, 500, 564. To assume
the state debts, 441, 471. To publish the public
accounts, 545. To establish post-offices, 133, 191,
378, 434, 560. To establish post-roads, 434, 560.
To regulate stages on post-roads, 440. To estab-
lish post and military roads, 130, 560. To make
canals, 543. To make war, 379, 438, 561. To
grant letters of marque and reprisal, 440, 510, 561,
To raise armies, 130, 379, 442, 510, 561. To
equip fleets, 130, 379, 443, 561. To arm, organ-
ize, and regulate the militia, 130, 440, 443, 464,
561. To subdue insurrection, 130, 132, 209, 332,
379, 437, 497, 534, 561. To call out the militia in
certain cases, 130, 379, 467, 561. To repel inva-
sions, 130, 233, 379, 467, 561. To legislate con-
cerning captures, 130, 378, 436, 561. To hold
and to provide dock-yards, magazines, arsenals,
and fortifications, 130, 440, 561. To exercise
jurisdiction in arsenals, dock-yards, and fortif-
cations, 130, 511, 561. To make peace, 439. To
enforce treaties, 130, 379, 467. To ratify treaties
by law, 469, 523. All cases arising under its
laws, within the jurisdiction of the national
judiciary, 380, 563. To legislate concerning
piracies and felonies at sea, 130, 331, 378, 436,
543, 561. To legislate on counterfeiting coin,
130, 378, 436, 560. To legislate on offences
against the law of nations, 130, 378, 436, 561.
To fix the place of trial, in certain cases, 484, 563.
To punish treason, 130, 379, 447, 563. Not to
pass bills of attainder, or ex post facto laws, 482,
488, 560.
When it may suspend the habeas cor-
pus, 131, 445, 484, 551. Its power relative to the
migration and importation of slaves, 379, 457,
471, 477, 561. Its power of taxation on the
migration or importation of slaves, 379, 457, 471,
477, 561. Its power of prohibiting the migration
or importation of slaves, 379, 561. To consent to
certain acts of the states, 131, 381, 484, 486, 548,
561. Not to interfere with the police of the states,
or matters to which they are competent, 462, 552
To establish territorial governments, 439, 561.

To regulate Indian affairs, 439, 462, 507, 560.
To make conditions with the new states, relative
to the public debt, 492. To make regulations
relative to the public lands, 439, 497, 564. To
fix the standard of weights and measures, 130,
378, 434, 560. To grant charters of incorpora-
tion, 440, 543. To secure copyrights and patents,
440, 511, 561. To promote science, 440, 511, 561.
To establish a university and seminaries, 130,
440. To establish, and have jurisdiction over, a
seat of government, 130, 373, 439, 561. To ap-
point to great offices, 442. To provide an occa-
sional successor in a vacancy of the executive,
480, 562. To appoint a treasurer by ballot, 130,
378, 436, 542. To constitute inferior courts, 130,
131, 159, 193, 331, 378, 436, 560. To apply for
the removal of the judges, 481. To require the
opinions of the judges, 445. To make a great
seal, 446. To enact sumptuary laws, 447. Το
direct a periodical census, 379, 451, 559 To call a
convention to amend the Constitution, 498, 530,
551, 564. To make all laws necessary to execute
its powers, 130, 379, 447, 561. Not to pass laws
on religion, 131, 544. Not to abridge the liberty
of the press, 131. To judge of the privileges of
its members, 510, 559. First election of, under
the new Constitution, 381, 503.
CONNECTICUT, her contest with Pennsylvania,
19, 208.
Her delegates in Congress, November,
1782, 1. Opposes a commutation of half pay, 45,
57. Is interested in the establishment of a gen-
eral revenue, 59. Number of inhabitants and
proportion of contribution in 1783, 82. Adopts
exclusive commercial regulations, 119. Conduct

during the revolution, 265. Proceedings on the
Federal Convention, 96, 106. Sends delegates to
the Federal Convention, 124, 132, 144. Wishes
the Constitution to be merely an enlargement of
the Confederation, 191. Proportion of represen-
tation in the House of Representatives before a
census, 129, 288, 290, 316, 375, 377. Proportion
of representation in the Senate before a census,
129. Proportion of electors of President, 338,
339. Proceedings of the legislature on the Fed-
eral Constitution, 567. Opinions there on the
Federal Constitution, 569, 571.
CONNECTICUT LINE, sends a deputation to
Congress, 26.

CONSENT of Congress to certain acts of the
states, 131, 381, 484, 486, 547, 561. Of Congress
to amendments of the Constitution, 128, 157, 182,
564. Of both Houses to adjournments, 130, 378,
380, 406, 409, 560. Of the Senate to appoint-
ments, 131, 205, 328, 349, 507, 523, 562. Of the
Senate to pardons, 480. Of the Senate to
treaties, 205, 507, 522, 562. Of the states to
amendments of the Constitution, 132, 381, 552,
564. Of Congress and the state legislature to
the erection of a new state within the limits
of a state, 493, 564. Of the states to purchases
by Congress, 511, 561. Of the Congress of the
Confederation to the Constitution, 532.
CONSOLIDATION, objected to by Mr. Madison,

107.

CONSTITUTION, proposal for a Federal, 81, 96,
114. Proposed at various times, 117. Its neces-
sity, 210, 255, 257,258, 276. Proceedings of Con-
gress upon it, 566. Mr. Madison's suggestions
of a new one, 107. Mr. Randolph's plan of one,
126, 127, 189. Mr. Pinckney's plan of one, 128.
Mr. Patterson's plan of one, 191. Mr. Hamilton's
plan of one, 198, 205. (Appendix, No. 5,) 584.
Objects for which it should provide, 126, 132,
161, 176, 191, 193, 196, 234, 237, 242, 255, 262, 558.
The adoption of a good one involves the fate of
a republic and the states, 243, 245, 255, 258, 268.
Whether it should derive its authority from the
people or legislatures of the states, 352, 355.
How far it should deviate from the Confedera-
tion, 132. It ought not to encroach unneces-
sarily on the states, 139, 168, Plan of, too ex-
tensive, 193, 194. Ought to operate on individu-
als, not on the states, 133. Its effect on the sov-
ereignty of the states, 212. A national system

adopted as the basis of it, 212. Compromise as
to the rule of representation under it, 274, 282,
316, 317, 318, 394, 396. Whether representation
under it ought to be by a different rule from the
Confederation, 134, 190, 248, 250, 250. Resolu-
tions adopted for its basis by the Convention, 375.
Committee of detail appointed to draught one,
357. Preamble of it, 376, 382, 558. First draught
of it reported, 382. First draught of it referred
after amendment to a committee of revision, 530.
Second draught of it reported, 535. Second
draught of it after amendment, ordered to be
engrossed, 555. Final draught of it adopted,
558. Mode of signing it, 555. Mode of submit-
ting it to the Congress of the Confederation, 541.
Oath to support it to be taken by the President,
131, 380. Oath to support it to be taken by all
officers, 128, 157, 183, 190, 351, 376, 564. Mode
of its amendment, 131, 132, 157, 182, 190, 351,
376, 381, 498, 530, 564. Mode of its ratification,
128, 157, 183, 190, 199, 352, 376, 381, 452, 498,
501, 532, 541, 564. To be organized when rati-
fied by a certain number of states, 132, 354, 381,
502, 564. Opinions of the states in regard to,
567, 570, 572, 573.

CONSULS, convention with France in regard to,
20. Admission of British, debated, 101. Cases
of, under the jurisdiction of Supreme Court, 131,
380, 563. Appointment of, 524.
CONTRACTS, violated by state laws during the
Confederation, 119. Effect of those made by the
state legislatures, 354. Private contracts not to
be impaired by the states, 485, 561.
CONTRIBUTIONS (see TAXES) should form
the rule of representation in the legislature, 127,
134, 178, 181, 260, 276, 281. Of the states, to be
in proportion to the freemen and three fifths of
the slaves, 192.

CONTROVERSIES, decision of those between
the states, about territory or jurisdiction, 131,
379, 471. Between Pennsylvania and Connecti-
cut, 19.
CONVENTION, of the Eastern States and New
York proposed, 81, 117. At Annapolis, 96, 113,
114, 118. Proposals for the Federal, 96, 106, 114,
115, 117. Character of the Federal, 122. Mem-
bers who attend it, 123, 124, 126, 132, 135, 140,
143, 144, 155, 174, 178, 214, 220, 287, 376. As-
sembles at Philadelphia, 123. Elects General
Washington president, 123. Elects William
Jackson secretary, 124. Adopts rules, 125, 126.
Commences the main business, 126. Extent of
its powers, 133, 193, 194, 195, 199, 206, 263, 268.
Importance of its decision, 242, 244, 245. Deter-
mines to adopt a national, in preference to a fed-
eral system, 212. Goes into committee of the
whole, 132. Committee of the whole reports a
series of propositions, 189. Determines not to
go again into a committee of the whole, 191, 382.
Clashing opinions endanger its dissolution, 253.
Prayers in it proposed, 254. Appoints a com-
mittee of one from each state, to suggest a com-
premise between the large and small states about
representation, 277. Secession threatened by
some of the members, 278, 317. Adjourns for an
opportunity of making a compromise between
the large and small states, 318. Informal meet-
ing relative to the representation of the large and
small states, 319. Appoints a committee of de-
tail to draught a Constitution, 357. Its resolu-
tions, as adopted after discussion, 375. Refers
its resolutions, as adopted, to the committee of
detail, 374. Refers the plans of Mr. Pinckney
and Mr. Randolph to the committee of detail,
376. Refers the amended draught of the Con-
stitution to a committee of revision, 530. Second
draught of a Constitution reported to it, 535.
Adopts the final draught of the Constitution, 558.
Gives directions as regards its Journals, 558.
Provision for its expenses, 510, 512. Second
Federal one proposed, 570.

CONVENTIONS OF STATES, Constitution to
be submitted to, 128, 157, 183, 190, 199, 214, 352,