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preface to give approved authors for what
he says, yet he names no author in all
that manuscript, and begins with the
imaginary story of Brutus, monarch of
Britain; and of his division of it unto
his three sons. To his eldest, Locheren,
Brutus gave that part now called England,
with arms, Or, a Lion passant guardant,
Gules. To his second son, Toalknack,
he gave the north part Albania, now
Scotland, with arms, Or, a Lion ram-
pant, Gules, which to this day, says he
(Segar), with the royal addition of the
double tressure continue the arms of
Scotland. And to his third son he gave
that part of Britain called Cambria, with
arms Argent, three Lions passant guardant,
Gules, which the princes of Wales used
for a long time. Segar goes on with a
succession of these arms without naming
one voucher; and when he comes to the
Saxon, Danish, and Norman kings, he
gives such an account as is given before
until he comes unto Henry II.; then he
says, (his [Segar's] own words],-He
being the son of Maud the Empress, and
of Geoffry Plantagenet Earl of Anjou,
took for arms, Gules, 3 Lions passant
guardant, Or, because in Henry I. the line-
masculine ended, and therefore they are
much deceived who say that the kings of
England bear three leopards, two for the
dukedom of Normandy and one for Aqui-
tain. "Tis strange (Segar) gives no reason
to undeceive his own countrymen and
others, nor to mention any cause or
ground for changing these leopards into
lions passant guardant, nor for making a
distinction between leopards and lions
passant guardant, for in heraldry there is
none; for a lion passant and full faced,
and showing both his eyes (which the
English call guardant) is called a leopard
by the French, and all other nations, and
there is no appearance of alteration of the
field, position and tinctures of the leopards
of Normandy and Aquitain, from the
arms of England as now blazon. d, lions
passant guardant, but in the terms of
blazon, which are all one in the Science
of Heraldry, and Art of Blazon; for
when a lion is on his four feet showing a
full face, he is called a leopard, and when
showing but the half of his face and only
one eye, he is then called leopard-lionee;
leopard, because not erected on his hinder
feet, which is the proper position of a
lion in armories; lionee, because his head
is in profile, showing but the half of his
face, which all lions properly do, being Armories," p. 159, et. seŋ.

erected on their hinder feet, and their
head in profile; but, if erected and full-
faced, he is called a lion-leopardee, his
head being after the position of that of a
leopard, but his body after the position of
that of a lion. In heraldry, natural spots
of a leopard do not distinguish it from a
lion, but its position as above, in the
shield. Those of England have not only
been called by the old English heralds
leopards, but even by English historians,
at Mr. Howel, in his History of England,
and John Stow, in his large survey of
London, p. 42, both tell, that Anno 1235
Frederick the Emperor sent to Henry III.
in England, in compliment, three live
leopards, in token of his royal shield of
arms, wherein three leopards were pic-
tured, and tells us that in the register of
London there is an order of king Edward
II. to the sheriff, to pay to the keepers of
the king's leopards in the tower of Lon-
don, sixpence each day for the sustenance
of the leopards. I shall not insist upon a
long numeration of English heralds, for
blazoning the figures of England leopards,
nor of the French, and those who write
in latin, as Philobertus Munetius, Ure-
dius, and others, Latinize them leopardos.
The modern herald and learned anti-
quary, Jacob Imhoff, in his above men-
tioned book, calls them leopardos Angli-
canos. 'Tis true, for the majesty of
England, some English writers say, they
should be called lions passant guardant :
upon which account, I have before, and
shall after blazon them so.'

I think, Mr. Editor, the only things Mr. Nisbett needed to have added were the three Roman capitals Q. E. D. See further the following extract from "Carter's Analysis of Honor," p. 232. Gules, a lion passant guardant, Or which being the coat-armor of the dukes of Aquitaine, was joined with the coat of the kings of England, by the match of Henry the II. being before two lions, the posture and colors one; then indeed called leopards, as they are most properly so called (where they are not of royal bearing) if they be more than one in a field, and guardant as Guillim would have it."

In confirmation, Mr. Editor, of the judgment of Mr. Nisbett, the celebrated herald before cited, allow me to present you with a short extract from a very old French MS. in my possession.

Nisbett's "Ancient and Modern Use of

"Toutes bestes qui sont en armes len doivt blasonner léstal, a la fachon, except Lions et leopars. Car les lyons de leur nature sont rompans, et leopars sont passans, et ce est le premiere difference entre lyons et leopars. Et sil sont au contraire, on dit ung lyon leoparde, et ung leopart lyonne. Lautre difference est car le lyon en armes a tant seullement ung oeul, et le leopar en lautre costé en a deux."

In the same MS. the arms of the dukes of Acquitaine and Normandy are thus blasoned.

Le duc dacquitaine-de guilles, a ung lupart d'or en face, armè et lampaissè d'azur.

Le duc de Normendie, de Guelles a deux luppars d'or en fache armè et lampasse d'azur.

FECIALIS PERITUS.

SAILORS' OMENS.

Sailors, usually the boldest men alive, are yet frequently the very abject slaves "Innumerable," of superstitious fear.

says Scot on Witchcraft, p. 53, "are the reports of accidents unto such as frequent the seas, as fishermen and sailors, who discourse of noises, flashes, shadows, echoes, and other visible appearances, nightly seen and heard upon the surface of the water."

Andrews, in his "Anecdotes," says, "Superstition and profaneness, those extremes of human conduct, are too often found united in the sailor; and the man

who dreads the stormy effects of drowning a cat, or of whistling a country dance while he leans over the gunwale, will, too often, wantonly defy his Creator by the most daring execrations and the most licentious behaviour."

that point of the horizon from whence the wind doth blow, is a received opinion and very strange-introducing natural weathercocks, and extending magnetical positions as far as animal natures: a conceit supported chiefly by present practice, yet not made out by reason or experience."

At the present day common sailors account it very unlucky to lose a bucket or a mop. To throw a cat over-board, or drown one at sea, is the same. Children are deemed lucky to a ship. Whistling at sea is supposed to cause increase of wind, and is therefore much disliked by seamen, though sometimes they themselves practise it when there is a dead calm.

OLD NICE.

Mr. Brand alleges that the name “ Old Nick," as applied to the devil, is of great antiquity; and that there is a great deal of learning concerning it in Olaus Wormius's Danish monuments. We bor

rowed it from the title of an evil genius among the ancient Danes. They say ne has often appeared on the sea, and ov deep rivers, in the shape of a sea monster, presaging immediate shipwreck and drowning to seamen.' Keysler mentions a Deity of the waters, worshipped by the ancient Germans and Danes, under the name of Nocca, or Nicken, styled in the Edda Nikur, which he derives from the German Nugen, answering to the Latin the faces of drowned persons was ascribnecare. Wormius says, the redness in ed to this deity's sucking their blood out at their nostrils. Wasthovius, and LocRudbekius cenius, call him Neccus. mentions a notion prevalent among his countrymen, that Neckur, who governed the sea, assumed the form of various animals, or of a horseman, or of a man in a boat. He s pposes him the same with Odin; but more probably he was the Northern Neptune, or some sea-god of a noxious disposition. Archdeacon And it apNares says there is no doubt that Nick was a very old name among the northerns for the devil, and that from them we derive our "Old Nick."

Dr. Pegge says, "Our sailors, I am told, at this very day, I mean the vulgar sort of them, have a strange opinion of the devil's power and agency in stirring up winds, and that is the reason they so seldom whistle on ship-board, esteeming that to be a mocking, and consequently an enraging of the devil.

pears now that even Zoroaster himself imagined there was an evil spirit, called Vato, that could excite violent storms of wind."

Sir Thomas Browne has the following singular psage:-"That a king-fisher, November 8.-Day breaks

hanged by the bill, showeth us what

quarter the wind is, by an occult and

secret propriety, converting the breast to

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This is another engraving from "Mr. Guest's History of the Cotton Manufacture." It represents roving and spinning, with the hand-cards, or combs (at the feet of the first female), from which the cotton, after being combed or carded, between them, was scraped off in rolls about twelve inches long, and three-quarters of an inch in diameter. These rolls, called cardings, were drawn out into rovings, or threads, by twisting one end to the spindle of a hand-wheel, and turning the wheel which moved the spindle with the right hand, at the same time drawing out the carding horizontally with the left. The motion thus communicated to the carding turned it spirally; when twisted it was wound upon the spindle, another carding was attached to it, and drawn out and twisted. This process formed a continued coarse thread, or roving, and the performance of it is shown by the

before-mentionea feniaie, whose cardings are represented lying across the knee. The rovings from her spindle were then taken to the other female to be spun by her hand-wheel into weft, nearly in the same manner as the cardings for the weaver were made into rovings. The cardings were drawn out at the first wheel, in an angle of forty or fifty-five degrees from the point of the spindle; in spinning, the rovings weie drawn out nearly in a right angle. The hand-wheel was the first instrument used in spinning; the first deviation from the simple, ancient mode of spinning by the distaff, towards that system of manufacture which has converted Lancashire and Derbyshire, into the great machinery districts for spinning and weaving. It should be observed, however, that the hand-wheel was first used in the woollen manufacture.

When the comfort of the wear, and the

exports abroad, increased the demand for cottons, the demand of the cotton-weavers for cotton yarn, or thread, for the purpose of manufacture, increased until the spinners were unable to supply the weavers with weft. Those weavers whose families could not furnish the necessary supply of weft, had their spinning done by their neighbours, and were obliged to pay more for the spinning than the price allowed by their masters; and even with this disadvantage very few could procure weft enough to keep themselves constantly employed. It was no uncommon thing for a weaver to walk three or four miles in a morning, and call on five or six spinners, before he could collect weft to serve him for the remainder of the day; and, when he wished to weave a piece in a shorter time than usual, a new ribbon, or gown, was necessary to quicken the exertions of the spinner. It is evident that an important crisis for the cotton manufacture of Lancashire was now arrived. It must either receive an extraordinary impulse, or, like most other human affairs, after enjoying a partial prosperity, retrograde. The spinners could not supply enough weft for the weavers. The first consequence of this would be to raise the price of spinning. In the then state of manners and prejudices, when the facilities of communication between places were less, and the population generally possessed much greater antipathy to leaving their native place than at present, this inducement would have failed to bring together a sufficient number of hand spinners, and a farther rise in the price of spinning must have been the consequence. This would have rendered the price of the manufactured cloth too great to have been purchased for home or foreign consumption, for which its cheapness must of course have been the principal induce

ment.

In this state of difficulty, about the year 1763, Thomas Highs, of Leigh, in Lancashire, is said to have produced the machine known by the name of the Spinning Jenny, and to have so called it after his daughter, whose baptismal name was Jane. This invention displaced the spinning-wheels. It performed the double operation of roving and spinning, as represented in the engraving, and worked six spindles, which were afterwards increased to twenty-five. James Hargrave, a carpenter, of Blackburn, in Lancashire,

improved that invention, and it was subsequently so perfected that a little girl could work from eighty to one hundred and twenty spindles, which spun cotton for weft or threads. Richard Arkwright, a barber of Manchester, with the assistance of the celebrated Mr. Jedediah Strutt of Derby, ultimately produced the last great invention, the spinningframe. Arkwright acquired an immense fortune, and the honor of knighthood. The rest may be gathered from books, and from the inspection of the Manchester cotton mills. What is added as to the sale of cotton goods, and the change in the population, is derived from Mr. Guest's "History."

About 1750 the method of conducting the cotton manufacture was as follows:The master gave out a warp and raw cotton to the weaver, and received them back in cloth, paying the weaver for the weaving and spinning; the weaver, if the spinning was not done by his own family, paid the spinner for the spinning, and the spinner paid the carder and rover.

The master attended the weekly market at Manchester, and sold his pieces in the grey to the merchant, who afterwards dyed and finished them. Instead of travelling with their goods on pack-horses, the merchants or their travellers now rode from town to town, carrying with them patterns or samples, and on their return home the goods sold during the journey were forwarded by the carriers' waggons.

This practice, far more commodious than the rude and inconvenient mode of carrying their merchandize from town to town, has become general, not only in this, but in every other business; and it may now be asserted that the whole of the internal wholesale trade of England is carried on by commercial travellersthey pervade every town, village, and hamlet, in the kingdom, carrying their samples and patterns, and taking orders from the retail tradesmen, and afterwards forwarding the goods by waggons, or canal barges, to their destination:- they form more than one-half of the immense number of persons who are constantly travelling through the country in all directions, and are the principal support of our inns, the neatness and comfort of which are so much celebrated throughou Europe.

The population of Lancashire, before the introduction of the cotton manufacture, was chiefly agricultural, and a favorable picture of its state may be found in Addison's character of sir Roger de Coverley. In those days the squire was the feudal lord of the neighbourhood, and his residence, or the hall as it was called, was looked upon in the light of a palace. He was the dictator of opinion, the regulator of parish affairs, and the exclusive settler of all disputes. On holidays the rustics were invited to the hall, where they wrestled, ran races, played at quoits, and drank ale. An invitation to the hall was a certificate of good character; not to be invited along with his neighbours was a reproach to a man; because no one was uninvited unless he had been guilty of some impropriety. The clergyman had scarcely less influence than the squire: his sacred character, and his superior attainments gave him great authority; he was generally from Oxford, and in those days the appellation of Oxford scholar was understood to describe a man of learning and piety. He never met the elders of his Hock without the kindest enquiries after the welfare of their families, and, as his reproof was dreaded, so his commendation was sought, by young and old. Incontinence in man or woman was esteemed a heinous offence, and neglecting or refusing to pay a just debt was scarcely ever heard of. Twice at church on Sundays, a strict observance of fast-days, and a regular reading of the scriptures every Sunday evening, at which the youngsters, after putting off their best clothes, were always present, were uniform and established customs. The events of the neighbourhood flowed in a regular, unbroken train; politics were a field little entered into, and the histories of each other's families, including cousins five times removed, with marriages, births, deaths, &c., formed the almost only subjects of their conversations.

The farmer was content to take on trust the old modes of husbandry and management practised by his forefathers for generations; and new improvements were received, or rather viewed, with dislike and contempt. There was little fluctuation in prices, little competition between individuals, and the mind became contracted from this general stagnation, and its being so seldom roused to exertion. Men being mostly employed alone, or having few but their own families to con

verse with, had not their understandings rubbed bright by contact and an interchange of ideas; they witnessed a monotonous scene of life which communicated

a corresponding dulness and mechanical action to their minds. The greatest varieties of scene which they witnessed were the market day of the village, and the attendance at church on the Sabbath, and the summum bonum of their lives was to sit vacant and inactive in each other's houses, to sun themselves in the marketplace, or to talk over news at the great mart of village gossip, the blacksmith's shop.

It is obvious that the morals of the people would, in a great measure, take their tone from the character of the squire. In one particular neighbourhood, where, fifty years ago, the squire was a man of superior understanding, expanded mind, amiable disposition, diffusive benevolence, and of the most pure and spotless integrity. the good effects of his residence among his tenantry were pre-eminently conspicuous.

The progress of the cotton manufacture introduced great changes in the manners and habits of the people. The operative workmen, being thrown together in great numbers, had their faculties sharpened and improved by constant communication, Conversation wandered over a variety of topics not before essayed; the questions of peace and war, which interested them importantly, inasmuch as they might produce a rise or fall of wages, became highly interesting, and this brought them into the vast field of politics and discussions on the character of their government, and the men who composed it. They took a greater interest in the defeats and victories of their country's arms, and, from being only a few degrees above their cattle in the scale of intellect, they became political citizens.

To these changes the establishing of Sunday-schools has very much contributed. Before their institution the lower orders were extremely illiterate; very few of them could read, and still fewer could write, and when one of them learned to read, write, and cast accounts, those acquirements elevated him to a superior rank. His clerkly skill exempted him from manual labour, and as a shopman, book-keeper, or town's officer-perchance in the higher dignity of parish-clerk, or schoolmaster-he rose a step above his original situation in life.

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