Some have believed, and perhaps with reason, that the fondnefs for academic and collegiate education is too great-st it induces too many to leave the plough. If men of liberal educa tion would return to the farm, and ule their knowledge in improving agriculture and encouraging manufactures, there could not be too many men of learning in the State; but this is too feldom the cafe.

Connecticut had but a small proportion of citizens who did not join in oppofing the oppreffive meatures of Grau-Britain, and was active and influential, both in the field and in the c net, in bringing about the revolution. Her foldiers were ap plauded by the commander in chief for their bravery and fidelity.

What has been faid in favour of Connecticut, though true when generally applied, needs to be qualified with fome excep tions. Dr. Douglas fpoke the truth when he faid, that "me of the meaner fort are villains." Too many are idle and diffipated, and much time is unprofitably and wickedly spent at taverns, in law fuits and petty arbitrations. The public schools, in fore parts of the State, have been too much neglected, and in procuring inftructors, too little attention has been paid to their mo zal and literary qualifications.

TRADE AND MANUTACTURES.

The trade of Connecticut is principally with the West-India Sands, and is carried on in veifels of from fixty to an hundred and forty tons burden. The exports confift of horses, mules, exen, ok ftaves, hoops, pine boards, oak plink, beans, Indian corn, fish, beef, pork, &c. Horles, live cattle and lumber, are permitted in the Dutch, Danish, and French ports.

Connecticut has a large number of coafting veffels employed in carrying her produce to other States. To Rhode-Ind, Maffachuktts, and New-Hampshire, they carry pork, wheat, corn and ye; to North and South Carolinas and Georgia, butter, cheele, falted beef, cyder, apples, potatoes, hay, &c. and receive in return rice, indigo and money. But as New-York is nearer, and the fate of the markets always well known, much of the produce of Connecticut, cipecially of the western parts, is curied there, particularly pot and pearl afh, flex feed, beef, pork, cheese and butter, in large quantities. Most of the produce of Conuréticut river, from the ports of Miffachufetes, New-Hempfhus, and Vermont, as well as of Connecticut,

which are adjacent, goes to the fame market. Confiderable quantities of the produce of the eastern parts of the State are marketed at Bofton and Providence.

The value of the whole exported produce and commodities from this State, before the year 1774, was then cftimated at about two hundred thousand pounds lawful money annually. In the year ending September 30th, 1791, the amount of foreign. exports from this State was feven hundreed and ten thousand three hundred and ten dollars, befides articles carried to different parts of the United States to a great amount. This State at prefent owns and employs in the foreign and coafting trade more than thirty-five thousand tons of fhipping.

The farmers in Connecticut and their familes are mostly clothed in plain, decent, homefpun cloth. The linens and woollens are manufactured in the family way, and although they are generally of a coarfer kind, they are of a stronger texture, and much more durable than thofe imported from France and Great-Britain. Many of their cloths are fine and handfome.

A woollen manufactory has been established at Hartford, The legislature of the State have encouraged it, and it bids fair to grow into importance.

In New-Haven are linen and button manufactories, which flourish. In Hartford are glafs works, a fnuff and powder mill, iron works, and a flitting mill. Iron works are established allo at Salisbury, Norwich, and other parts of the State. At Stafford is a furnace, at which are made large quantities of hollow ware and other ironmongery, fufficient to fupply the whole State. Paper is manufactured at Norwich, Hartford, New-Ha. ven, and in Litchfield county. Nails of every fize are made in almost every town and village in Connecticut, fo that confidera. ble quantities can be exported to the neighbouring States, and at a better rate than they can be had from Europe. Ironmongery, hats, candles, leather, fhoes and boots, are manufactured in this State. Oil mills, of a new and very ingenious conftruction, have been erected in feveral parts of the State. A duck manufactory has also been eftablished at Stratford, and, it is faid, is doing well.

LEARNING AND LITTERATURE.

In no part of the world is the education of all ranks of people more attended to than in Connecticut; almoft every town in

the State is divided into districts, and each district has a public fchool kept in it a greater or lefs part of every year. Somewhat more than one-third of the monies arifing from a tax on the polls and rateable eftate of the inhabitants is appropriated to the support of schools in the several towns, for the education of children and youth. The law directs, that a gran mar-fchool fhall be kept in every county town throughout the State.

There is a grammar fchool at Hartford, and another at New. Haven, fupported by a donation of Governor Hopkins. This venerable and benevolent man, in his last will, dated 1657, left in the hands of Theophilus Eaton, Efq. and three others, a legacy of one thoufand three hundred and twenty-four pounds, "as an encouragement, in thefe foreign plantations, of breeding up hopeful youths both at the grammar-tchool and college." In 1664 this legacy was equally divided between New-Haven and Hartford, and grammar-fchools were erected, which have been fupported ever since.

Academies have been established at Greenfield, Plainfield, Norwich, Wyndham and Pomfret, fome of which are flourifhing.

Yale College was founded in 1700, and remained at Killing. worth until 1707; then at Saybrook until 1716, when it was removed and fixed at New-Haven. Among its principal benefactors was Governor Yale, in honour of whom, in 1718, it was named Yale College. Its firft building was erected in 1717, being one hundred and feventy feet in length, and twenty-two in breath, built of wood. This was taken down in 1782. The prefent college, which is of brick, was built in 1750, un der the direction of the Rev. Prefident Clap, and is one hundred feet long and forty feet wide, three ftories high, and contains thirty-two chambers, and fixty-four ftudies, convenient for the reception of one hundred fludents. The college chapel, which is all of brick, was built in 1761, being fitty feet by forty, with a fteeple one hundred and twenty-five feet high. In this building is the public library, confiling of about two thousand five hundred volumes; and the philofophical ap paratus, which, by a late handfome addition, is now as complete as most others in the United States, and contains the machines necellary for exhibiting experiments in the whole course of experimental philofophy and aftronomy.

The college muleum, to which additions are conftantly making, contains many natural curiofities.

This literary inftitution was incorporated by the General Affembly of Connecticut. The first charter of incorporation was granted to eleven minifters, under the denomination of truftees, in 1701. The powers of the trustees were enlarged by the additional charter, 1723. And by that of 1745, the trustees were incorporated by the name of "The prefident and fellows of Yale College, New-Haven." By an act of the General Affembly for enlarging the powers and increafing the funds of Yale College," paffed in May, 1792, and accepted by the corporation, the governor, lieutenant-governor, and the fix fenior affiftants in the council of the State for the time being, are ever hereafter, by virtue of their offices, to be trustees and fellows of the college, in addition to the former corporation. The corporation are empowered to hold eftates, continue their fucceflion, make academic laws, elect and conftitute all officers of inftruction and government ufual in univerfities, and confer all learned degrees. The immediate executive government is in the hands of the prefident and tutors. The prefent officers and inftructors of the college are, a prefident, who is also professor of ecclefiaftical history, a professor of divinity, and three tutors. The number of students, on an average, is about 135, divided into four claffes. It is worthy of remark, that as many as fivefixths of those who have received their education at this univerfity were natives of Connecticut.

The funds of this college received a very liberal addition by a grant of the General Affembly, in the act of 1792 before mentioned; which will enable the corporation to erect a new building for the accommodation of the ftudents, to fupport feveral new profefforfhips, and to make a handfome addition to the library.

The courfe of education in this univerfity comprehends the whole circle of literature. The three learned languages are taught, together with fo much of the fciences as can be communicated in four years.

In May and September, annually, the feveral claffes are critically examined in all their claffical ftudies. As incentives to improvement in compofition and oratory, quarterly exercifes are appointed by the prefident and tutors, to be exhibited by the respective claffes in rotation. A public commencement is held annually on the fecond Wednesday in September, which calls together a more numerous and brilliant aflembly than are convened by any other anniverfary in the State.

About two-thousand two hundred have received the honours of this univerfity, of whom nearly feven hundred and fixty have been ordained to the work of the gospel miniftry.

INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

Early in the war Mr. David Bushnel, of Saybrook, invented a machine for fubmarine navigation, altogether different from any thing hithereto devised by the art of man; this machine was fo conftructed as that it could be rowed horizontally, at any given depth, under water, and could be railed or depreffed at pleasure. To this machine, called the American turtle, was attached a magazine of powder, which was intended to be faftened under the bottom of a fhip, with a driving ferew, in fuch a way as that the fame ftroke which difengaged it from the machine fhould put the internal clock-work in motion; this being done, the ordinary operation of a gun lock, at the distance of half an hour, or any determinate time, would caufe the powder to explode and leave the effects to the common laws of nature. The fimplicity, yet combination, discovered in the mechanism of this wonderful machine, have been acknowledged by thofe fkilled in phyfics, and particularly hydraulics, to be not lefs ingenious than novel. Mr. Bushnel invented feveral other curious machines for the annoyance of the Bri tifh fhipping, but from accidents, not militating against the philofophical principles, on which their fuccefs depended, they but partially fucceeded. He deftroyed a veffel in the charge of Cominodore Symmonds. One of his kegs alto demolished a vcffel near the Long-Ifland fhore. About Christmas, 1777, he committed to the Delaware river a number of kegs, deftined to fall among the British fleet at Philadelphia; but this fquadron of kegs, having been fèparated and retarded by the ice, demolifhed but a fingle boat. This catastrophe, however, produced an alarm, unprecedented in its nature and degree, which has been fo happily defcribed by the late Hon. Francis Hopkinson, in a fong ftiled "The Battle of the Kegs," that the event it celebrates will not be forgotten, fo long as mankind fhall con. tinue to be delighted with works of humour and taste.

Mr. Hanks, of Litchfield, has invented a method of winding up clocks by means of air or wind only, which is ingenious, and practifed in New-York and other places.

Mr. Culver, of Norwich, has conftructed a dock drudge, which is a boat for clearing docks and removing bars in rivers ---a very ingenious and useful machine; its good effects have already been experienced in the navigation of the river Thames,

See Hopkinfon's Works, lately published in Philadelphia.