there were fome unripe Ones which were white.

The Clafs to which this and the other belong, is very evident. They have a vast Multitude of Filaments, and thefe rife from the Receptacle: Therefore the Shrub is of the Polyandrous Tribe.

The Cup is fmall; the Filaments are innumerable: The Seed-veffel, when perfect, confiits of three Parts, in each of which is a fingle Seed. We have lamented often, that the Seeds do not come over perfect, and found enough to grow when planted here, as many other of the China Seeds freely enough do; and it has been fuppofed, the People of that Country, who are celebrated for their Cunning, took fome Meafures to prevent this before they suffered the Seeds to be exported. But it is all easily refolved in the common State of Nature.

Many Seeds, with us, will not grow, if they be not fown foon after Ripeness: Even the Acorn, which one would think, at first, Sight durable, lofes its Power of Vegeta tion in a very moderate Time. The Fact is this: Thofe Seeds, which are most subject to a Fermentation in their own Subftance, fooneft lofe the Power of Growth; and this is one of them.

Perhaps a better Method of preserving the Seeds may answer the Purpofe; and if that can be done, I believe it will be now effected. A Nobleman, whofe Regard to Botany I have had frequent Caufe to mention in this Work, has contrived a Method, which will, I think, fucceed.

If there were no Value in this Shrub, as Tea, its Beauty is fufficient to recommend it to our Notice; and I am in no doubt, but a few Years more will add it to our Collections. We admire the double blof fomed Cherry, and fome other Trees, whofe Flowers refemble thofe which cover the Green Tea Shrub, but they are inferior to thefe: No Whitenefs can excel that which we fee in them; and their Difpofition in little Tufts and elegant loose Clufters upon the Summits of the tendereft Branches, give the whole Plant a fingular Beauty. Why I have called this the Green Tea has been faid in the preceding Chapter: Perhaps it is an Error, but there is Appearance of Truth on its Side. Certainly it is Tea; and the Afpect differs from that of the more dusky Plant preceding. Linnæus, faw in various Parcels of Tea, Flowers with fix, and others with nine Petals; and queftions whether they belonged to the fame Species, or to two diftinct Ones. Thefe Spe

cimens fhewed the fame Variety of Flowers, and thewed them growing on Boughs, whofe Leaves were alfo different: The Eye here feems to have anfwered that Question, and the Tafte confirmed its Judgment, yet more Proof is wanted; for he were very rash, who should found an abfolute Distinction upon one Specimen.

'Tis certain, the Chinese gather the Bohea and the Green Tea at different Periods of Growth: And they have many other Particularities relating to an Article of fuch Importance. But though the Accounts of thefe led Europeans to believe the fame Shrub produced both; they did not fairly induce that Opinion. It may be true, that Bohea Tea is gathered at one Period of Growth; and Green Tea at another: And yet it may be true alfo, that they are feparate Shrubs which produce them, The Time of gathering would make fome Difference, if they were the Leaves of the fame Species; but this does not prove that they are fo: Nor has any Writer of fufficient Accuracy for the Obfervation faid it.

The Flowers have not at all the Tafte or Flavour of the Leaf. They are harsh, rough, and very pleafant: The Buds, before they open, have indeed a high, and very fine Fla.. vour, like that of the finest Green Tea, but more delicate.

We are not to wonder, that the Seeds brought over into Europe do not grow; for it is an Obfervation of the honest Kampfer, who had feen the Culture of the Shrub in Japan, that even there, not above two in ten fucceeded when they were sown for raifing the Plant for Ufe. He attributes this to an oily Matter in them, which grows quickly rancid. How philofophical this SoJution may be, I fhall not take upon me to determine; but doubtless it is owing to fome Change wrought in the Substance of the Seed itfelf, that it is fo apt to fail. If any Thing can prevent this, and preferve it during fo long a Voyage, probably it will be now found.

PART III.

Chap. 1. Treats of Diseases

2. Treats of Difeafes 3. Is a Digreffion

As a Specimen of the Author's Style and Genius in this Work, we shall give an Extract from Part II. Chap.2. Page 76. which treats of various Incidents to which the. Horfe is liable.

It frequently happens, for want of pro per Care in Bleeding at the Neck, or afterwards, that a Swelling falls on the Part, attended with many bad Symptoms; fometimes with the Lofs of a Vein, fometimes with Gangrene, and fubfequent Death.

Now this is generally a long Time in Hand, yet may as generally be cured in a few Days by the following Means.

As foon as you perceive this Evil, the Ufe of warm Fomentation, cooling Ointment, and a Poultice of Bread and Milk, will very probably remove the fame.

But if that does not fucceed, a Rowel is to be put into the Skin, in the Middle of the Horfe's Bofom, and with a Tobacco. pipe, or any other Tube, blow up the Skin quite to the Part affected; so will an immediate Derivation be made therefrom as foon as the Rowel runs.

If any Swelling, or Induration, still remains on the Neck, it will now be removed by Poultice and Fomentation, or the following Mixture.

Take of Spirit of Wine 4 Ounces, Camphor and Bole powdered, each 1 Dram, Aqua Fortis 20 Drops, dip fome Lint or Tow in fome of this; apply to the Part, and bind over it fome thick Cloths, with out which, this Application is of no Ufe on any Occafion.

When Swellings happen on any Part of the Back, or Wither, this laft Medicine is of more Efficacy than any other I am acquainted with ;-for it will in a few Days dillipate fuch Swelling entirely, or bring it to Matter; and what is particular, when Matter is produced, the Swelling itself is of much lefs Magnitude than it would be, by any other Application productive of Matter. To which we shall add the concluding Paragraph in the Book, it being fomewhat fingular in its Kind, viz,

Thus far the Author has laid himself under a Promife of Printing;he is fenfible, that there are fundry Mistakes and Deficiencies in this Treatife ;-but from the particular Prejudices fhewn to the Publication of it. he defires the Critics to take Notice, that fuch are purposely left unamended, he being little anxious about the Reception of his Book, or the Information it may give. Vale & fruere.

V.

New Elements of Optics; or, the Theory of the Aberrations, Diffipation, and Colours of Light: Of the General and Specific Refractive Powers and Denfities of Mediums; the Properties of Single and Compound Lenfes: And the Nature, Conftruction, and Use of Refrating and Reflecting Telescopes and Microfcopes of every Sort bitberto published. By B. Martin.

London: printed for the Author, and fold at his Shop, at the Globe and Visual-glasses, two Doors below Crane-Court, Fleet-freet, 1759. Price 38. fewed.

This Work is printed in 8vo. and contains 120 Pages, the chief Subjects of which are illuftrated by Copper-plates.

There is also a Preface and a Table of the Contents; in the Former we have the following Account of the Occafion and Intention of the Author therein, viz.

As the Impediment of refracting Telefcopes has fo greatly alarmed the World of late Years, and as it proceeds from two Causes, which are in general but little known; and laftly, as no Methods have been propofed, but this of Mr. Caleb Smith, for remedying the fame, I have thought it would be acceptable to the Public to have the whole Doctrine explained from its first Principles, and applied in each particular Method as far as the Nature of the Thing required. I have endeavoured to exhibit the Theory of each Sort of Aberration in the moft natural and perfpicuous Manner; and hope the Means of rectifying, or remedying the fame, will be found in fo clear and fair a Light, that every Reader will be able to form a Judgment of them according to their Merit; and probably many will conclude with myself, That one Method is too difficult for Practice, and the other too imperfect to deserve much Regard from the judicious Part of the Public.

Befides this, I have given the Construction of all Kinds of Telescopes and Microfcopes, that have been made to the prefent Time, and illuftrated the fame by a great Number of Diagrams, to be found in no other Treatife of Optics; by which Means

Gen

Gentlemen may at once understand the Difference of Construction, as well as the Ra. tionale and Merit of each particular Form. They will also be convinced, that there is Room enough for Improvement in refracting and reflecting Telescopes in many Refpects, befides what relates to the Aberration of Rays.

To conclude, as I intend this for a Supplement to my Syftem of Optics, in order to render the Theory of this Science compleat, I have not troubled the Reader with the Demonftration of the original Theorems over again, as they are there contained at large; but I have here given them a new Drefs, and adapted them to exprefs univerfally all the modern Improvements relative to all the Problems of optical Science.

As a farther Specimen of the Style and Manner in which the Subjects are difcuffed, we shall give an Extract from Part II. Chap. 8. viz. Remarks on the Nature, Conftruction, and Effects of the Achromatic Telescope.

288. The Telescope in Fig. VIII. is fuch, as I think provides against all the Errors of Vision by refracted Light, in the best Manner that any one of this Kind can do ; but it is at the fame Time a Memento, that we ought to expect no abfolute Perfection in the Works of Art; that is the fole Prerogative of the divine Being, and to be fought for in the Works of Nature only.

289. There has been no Telescope made of the Conftruction here reprefented, that I know of: The Opera-glafs in Fig. VII. has been made with a triple Object, glafs, but they are put together in a Manner different from that in which they here ftand, and which we have shewn to be analogous to the three Prifms.

290. A Telescope, has also been made with a double Object-glafs, confifting of a double Convex Lens, and a Plano Concave, with its plain Side outwards; and five Glaffes at the Eye-end, all differently placed from those in any of the Telescopes here represented in

thefe Plates.

291. Now with regard to this, or any Sort of refracting Telescopes, there are many Imperfections infeparable from them in the Nature of Things, and which therefore all our Art will be in vain applied to elude: For

292. First, There is no fuch Thing as a perfect Medium to be found, or fuch as will refract the Light with a Regularity, neceffa ry for perfect Vifion. Glajs of any Kind (being an artificial Mixture) is far from being fuch a Medium; nay, Cryfal itself, the most perfect and natural of all transparent

Subftances, will admit of no perfect Refraction on many Accounts.

293. Secondly, If the Medium were perfect, there is yet no fuch Thing as a perfect Politure of Surface to be effected by Art, which yet is neceffary for a true Refraction of Light, and perfect Vision by it.

294. Thirdly, The Light incident on a Lens is reflected externally and internally from both the Surfaces, and many Times internally from one Surface to the other, which must necessarily occafion a Confufion in the Refraction in fome Degree; for this internal Reflection of Light in a Lens is fo confiderable, as to occafion a secondary Focut in the Lens, in which Objects may be magnified much more than in the common Focus, though this has paffed hitherto unobferved.

295. Fourth'y, The greater the Number of Glaffes, the greater the Confufion in Refraction, and Obfcurity in the Object, by Lofs of Light at each Surface by Reflection and Refraction.

296. Fiftbly, There will ever be an Error from the Figure of the Lenfes, as we have fhewn, and we can proceed only one Step in correcting it, fo that there will ever remain an Imperfection of Vision on that Account.

297. Sixtbly, The Error arifing from the different Refrangibility of Light, admits only. of a palliative Cure; for I believe there are but few People who will pretend to make a Telescope de facto, as perfect as it is in the Theory.

298. Seventhly, Befides, unluckily for this Telescope, that promifes fo much Perfection, it cannot mend one Fault without making another, for to annihilate the Colours it must be affociated with a Concave Lens; and fuch a Conjunction of dissimilar Lenses very much encreases the Error from the Figure of them, as we have amply shewn, (from 127 to 137.)

299. Eightly, The Aberration of Rays from the Figure is still farther encreased, by our being obliged to have a Concave Lens of fuch a Form and Pofition as the Theory forbids in regard to that very Point. A Plano-Concave being the beft Form, and its Concave Side placed outwards, the best Position, (84-88.) But neither of thefe Particulars can be admitted in this Telefcope, (266.)

300. Ninthly, The Image 1 M should be reverfed, or the fecond Image OP formed, by two Glaffes only, viz. EF and G H, as we have fhewn, (144.) A Lens interpofed. between the Image I M and the double Object-glass, appears to me abfurd; for if the

faid Image be free from the Errors of the Figure and different Refrangibility both, (as we are told) then it is certain, it can only do Harm; yet fuch a Glafs I find in all the Telescopes I have feen of this Construction.

301. Tentbly, The Image OP should be viewed with two Eye-glaffes IK, LN, as we have before thewn (140.) which, however, it is not in those I have feen, tho' constructed with feven Lenfes.

302. From thefe and many other Confiderations, difadvantageous to refracting Telescopes, which the very best Constructions are liable to, it plainly appears they are far enough from Perfection, or from affording that clear and distinct Vision of Objects which the World has been perfuaded to be lieve, and expect; but this will be farther evinced, when we have fift fhewn the Nature and Construction of a reflecting Telescope.

VI.

Differtations, Esays, &c. By Dr. Fortefcue, in 2 Vols. in Profe and Verfe. Oxford; printed by W. Jackson, in the Higb-freet, 1759. Price 10s.

This Work is printed in 8vo. the 1ft Vol. contains 192 Pages, with fome introductory Pieces; to which is prefixed a Table of Contents, according to which it includes 38 Effays, or Sections, on different Subjects. The 2d Vol, contains 272 Pages; to which is likewife prefixed a Table of the Contents of 52 Effays, &c. and a prefatory Effay. We have not Room to give the Tables of Contents, but shall give our Readers a Specimen of the Author's Lan. guage and Sentiments from his Prefatory Effay.

Of the ancient Philofophers, Socrates is the most celebrated; and in nothing was he more deservedly fo, than in being the firft who adapted his Philofophy to common Apprehenfions, and treated the abstruseft Matters, in the easiest Manner.

The chief End of all our Inquiries is to instruct; which can never be done effectu ally, without pleafing; if fo, that End can never be answered by dry Difquifitions, and unentertaining Differtations.

The Generality of those, who have Leifure, are not able to attend to elaborate Difcourfes; and of those who can, many will not allow the Time.***

What is below us, our Pride makes us neglect, as derogatory to our Honour What is above us, our Indolence perfuades us to omit, as not relative to us: but what is there more interesting, than the Doctrine

of Morals; and what more easy, what more entertaining Vehicle for it, thanPoetry? I have before hinted, that it was the most ancient, and thought the most instructive; as it is familiar, and generally pleasing; and if it be not fo now, it must be owing to our Degeneracy, to our exchanging found Senfe, for empty Refinements.

As a farther Specimen of this Work, we fhall give the following Extract from Page 175,

On the Conftitution of Nature.

It is obfervable, that all the Parts of the Creation, excepting Man, regularly answer their respective Ends; but he, the most noble, and only reafonable, is generally the most irregular: This in all Ages has been remarked, frequently complained of, and as frequently lamented; fome, not knowing how to account for it on rational Principles, have no lefs ignorantly, than rafhly, charged it on God, and the Fault of our Creation, allowing him in Words, but denying him in Fact.

The Deity being the first Caufe of all Things, must be above all Things. Being their fuperior, he must be independent, unbounded, and infinite. Being not dependent, he is unchangeable, as not to be affected by any Thing inferior, nor by any Thing fuperior, as being above all. Confequently, whatever Motion, or Change there was, or is made, as to his Operations, it must be from himself, from his own Will: And being not to be influenced, as above all, he must be moved by, and from himself, to create, or communicate any Part of his Perfection. He must be then moved, if at all, from an internal Principle of Benevolence; directed by infinite Wisdom, as to the Time of effecting any Thing, the Manner, and Degree of communicating, i. e. as to the Acts of Goodness; from him therefore, nothing of Evil can refult; unless a finite Degree of Perfection, given in great Profufion, and multiplied to great Variety of Beings, can be, as it must be very improperly, called fo.For Things being, to answer his different Purposes, and their Stations, made different, various Portions, and Degrees of Perfection, may, and muft, be communicated; and being all from his good Will, there can be in the Creature no reasonable Ground of Complaint; as having what was fufficient, though lefs than others placed in higher Degrees.This Variety in the Difpenfations of Goodness tends to the nobler Difplay of his Wisdom, and confequently Glory.

In this Syftem of Beings, in reference to the all perfect Being, and to one another,

there