of brass plate cut to the length of the line, and of the same height as the letter, in the composing-stick, against the ledge for the letter to bear against. Then, having the copy lying before him, and his stick in his left hand, his thumb being over the slider, with the right he takes up the letters, spaces, &c. one by one, and places them against the rule, while he supports them with his left thumb by pressing them to the end of the slider, the other hand being constantly employed in setting in other letters. After one line is finished, he moves the brass rule from behind the former, and places it before it, and thus composes another line against it in the same manner; going on thus till his stick is full, when he empties all the lines contained in it into the gally. He then fills and empties his composing-stick as before, till a complete page be formed; when he ties it up with a cord, and, setting it by, proceeds to the next, till the number of pages contained in a sheet or half a sheet, be completed; which done, he carries them to the impos ing-stone, there to be ranged in order, and fastened together in a frame called a chase; and this is termed imposing. To dress the chase, or range and fix the pages in it, a set of furniture is used, consisting of slips of wood of different dimensions, and about half an inch high. All the pages being placed at their proper distances, and the chase and furniture placed about them, they are un tied and fastened together by driv ing small pieces of wood, called quoins, cut in the wedge form, up between the slanting side of the foot and side-sticks and the chase, by means of a piece of hard wood and a mallet; and all being thus bound together, so that none of the letters will fall out, it is ready for the pressmeu. In this condition the work is called a form; and as there are two of these forms required for every sheet, in what is called sheet work, it is necessary the distances between the pages in each form should be placed with such exactness, that the impres sion of the pages in one form shall fall exactly on the back of the pages of the other, which is called register As it is impossible but that there must be some mistakes in the work, either through the oversight of the compositor, or by the casual transposition of letters in the cases, a sheet is printed off, which is called a proof, and given to the corrector, who, after reading it over, and rectifying it by the copy, marking the alterations in the margin, delivers it back to the compositor to be corrected. The compositor then unlocking the form upon the imposing-stone, by loosening the quoins or wedges which bound the letters together, rectifies the mistakes by picking out the wrong types with a slender sharppointed steel bodkin, and putting others into their places. After this, another proof is made, sent to the author, and corrected as before; and lastly, there is another proof called a revise, to see whether all the mistakes marked in the last proof are corrected. The PRESSMEN's business is to work off the forms thus prepared and corrected; in doing which, four things are required, paper, ink, balls (or rollers), and a press. To prepare the paper for use, it is to be first wetted by dipping several sheets together in water; these are afterwards laid in a heap over each other; and to make them take the water equally, they are all pressed close down with a weight at the top. The balls, by which the ink is applied on the forms, are a kind of wooden funnels, with handles, the cavities of which are filled with woe or hair, as is also a piece of alun leather, or pelt, nailed over the cavity, and made extremely soft. One of these the pressmen takes in each hand; and applying one of them to the ink-block, daubs and works them together, to distribute the ink equally; and then blackens the form, which is placed on the press, by beating with the balls upon the face of the letter. In preparing it for working, the parchment which covers the outer tympan is wetted till it is very soft, in order to render the impression more equable; the blankets are then put in, and secured from slipping by the inner tympan; then, while one man beats the letter with the balls, covered with ink taken from the inkblock, another places a sheet of paper on the tympan sheet, and turns down the frisket upon it, to keep the paper clean, and prevent its slipping; then bringing the tympans upon the form, and turning the rounce, he brings the form, with the stone, &c. under the platten, and pulls with the bar, by which means the platten presses the blankets and paper close upon the letter, whereby the form is printed; then, letting go the bar, he turns back the form, raises the tympans and frisket, takes out the printed sheet, and lays on a fresh one; and this is repeated till he has taken off the impression upon the full number of sheets laid out. One side of the sheet being thus printed, the form for the other is laid upon the press, and worked off in the same manner. The time of binding apprentices to either Case or Press, is seven years. In some places apprentices are taught both Case and Press, which is advantageous to young men who prefer situations in the country. Journeymen printers are paid by In London the piece for their work, a compositor can earn from 26 to 40 shillings per week; a pressman can earn from 26 to 36 shillings: the employment of the latter is much more laborious than that of the former. In a large printing-office there are other persons required besides these -correctors of the press, and reading-boys, who read over the proofsheets to the correctors, and who thus gain an amazing facility of reading. The chief expense of a printer in setting up in business is the type; on a small scale it will not require a large sum of money: many who are printers in a large way have set up with less than a hundred pounds. A wonderful invention in the art of printing has lately been announced, the discovery of a gentleman; he has invented a machine worked something in the way that a piano-forte is played; by pressing certain springs, the letters are dropped into the prescribed places, and when the printing has been effected by like simple operations, the type is not only dis charged from the form, but re-cast into fresh type, and re-placed into their respective places, ready for a fresh composition; the machine, it is said, is not yet quite complete: should it really be completed and brought into general use, it will materially affect the operative printers. Many printers have celebrated themselves for their wealth, talent, and usefulness. Benjamin Franklin and Samuel Richardson are instances of the effect of prudence and talent, each having attained great eminence. The celebrated Dr. Franklin was originally apprenticed to a printer, and worked as a compositor. Instead of frequenting the public-house, he drank water; and when his fellowworkmen were wasting their time, he improved his leisure by reading elementary books on the Arts and Sciences, and thus laid, in early life, the foundation of future wealth, usefulness, and celebrity. Samuel Richardson was bred a printer, and worked for some years &s a compositor and corrector of the press. He was styled by Doctor an author from whom the Johnson, age has received great favours, who has enlarged the knowledge of human nature, and taught the passions to move at the command of virtue." Besides his three great works of Pamela, Clarissa Harlowe, and Sir Charles Grandison, all of which have a fine moral tendency, Mr. Richardson published several other things, which met with public approbation, and carried on a correspondence with many persons of distinguished emi nence. LAWS RELATING TO LANDLORDS AND (Continued from p. 244). Directions for Making a Distress. As the landlord is the most proper person to demand rent, so he is also the most proper person to dis train for it; but if he wishes to empower a servant, or other person, to distrain, the following is his warrant for that purpose, which need not be on stamped paper. Words used in Distraining Goods. "I, A. B., for and on account of Mr. E. F., do distrain this table (or the first thing you lay hold of) in the name of the whole goods and chattels in this house, for and towards the satisfaction and payment of the sum of pounds, being half a year's rent, at pounds per annum, due to the said E. F. at last." After this, proceed to take an inventory of so much of the goods as you judge will be sufficient to pay the rent due, and all expenses. After the inventory is taken, a fair copy must be made of it, beginning thus. "An inventory of the goods and chattels distrained by me, A. B., for and on account of Mr. E. F. in the dwelling-house of C. D. in in the county of day of this for pounds, being half a year's rent, due to the said E. F. for the said house and appurtenances therewith demised, last, and as yet in arrear at and unpaid. mentioned in the above inventory, for the sum of pounds, being half a year's rent, due at day last, for the premises above mentioned, and have secured the said goods and chattels in the of the said house; and that unless the saic arrears of rent and charges of distress be paid, or the goods replevied, at the expiration of five days from the day of distress, the said goods will be appraised, and sold according to law. Dated, &c. A. B." Memorandum of delivering a true Copy of the Inventory to the Tenant. "A true copy of the above inventory and notice was this day of 18 delivered to the above-mentioned C. D. in the presence of us. G. H I. J." Of Impounding Goods and Cattle distrained. A pound (derived from parcus, which signifies any inclosure), either pound overt, that is, open over head; or pound covert, that is, close. Persons lawfully taking any distress for any kind of rent, may impound or otherwise secure the distress on such part of the premises chargeable with rent, as shall be most convenient for securing such distress; and may appraise, sell, and dispose of the same upon the premises. Any persons whatsoever may come and go to or from such place, or part of the said premises, where any distress for rent shall be impounded, to view, appraise, buy, and remove the same on account of the purchaser thereof; and if any pound breach or rescous shall be made of any goods and chattels, or stock distrained for rent, and impounded or otherwise secured by virtue of this act, the person aggrieved shall have the like remedy as in case of pound breach, or rescous is given and provided by the said statute. By the statute 1 and 2 Philip and Mary, c. 12, no distress of cattle can be driven out of the hundred where it is taken, unless to a pound overt within the same shire, and within three miles of the place where it was taken; and no single distress of goods or cattle shall be impounded in several places to enforce several replevins, on pain of five pounds and treble damages; and none shall take above four-pence for impounding any one distress, on pain of five pounds above the money so taken. If a distress of live animals be impounded in a common pound-overt, the owner must take notice of it at his peril; but if any special poundovert, so constituted for this particular purpose, the distrainer must give notice to the owner; and in both these cases, the owner, and not the distrainer, is bound to provide the beast with food and necessaries; but if they are put in a pound-covert, as in a stable, or the like, the landlord or distrainer shall feed and sustain them, for which he shall have no satisfaction; and if they die for want of sustenance, the distrainer must answer for them. If cattle, after they are distrained, are put into an open pound, and there die, the person who distrained may bring his action for the rent, or may distrain again; and if they are stolen thereout, he has the same elective remedy. Sale of Goods distrained. On the sixth day the sheriff's office should be searched to see if the goods are replevied; if not, the landlord must go to the premises; and if the tenant is there, or any body on his behalf, demand the rent and charges of distress; if he does not pay the same, send for a constable and two sworn appraisers; let them see the goods, and then let the appraisers be Sworn by the constable, by laying their right hand on a Bible, containing the New Testament. The goods are commonly bought by the appraisers at their own valuation: and a receipt at the bottom of an inventory, witnessed by the constable is sufficient. If the goods are of great value, let there be a proper bargain and sale between the landlord, constable, appraisers, and purchasers, to • Or one broker, or more (57 Geo. III. c. 90, schedule). prove the transaction better, if it is "You and each of you shall well and truly appraise the goods and chattels mentioned in this inventory (the constable showing it), according to the best of your judgments, so help your God " Memorandum of the Appraisers' being sworn. "Memorandum.-That on the 18 day of to make a true appraisement of the "Witness my hand O. P. constable." Note.-After the appraisers are sworn, and have viewed and valued the goods, indorse the following memorandum on the inventory, for the appraisers to sign: "We the above K. L. and M. N. being sworn on the Holy Evangelists, by O. P. constable, above named, to make a true appraisement of the goods mentioned in the above inventory, according to the best of our judgments, and having viewed the said goods, do adjudge and value the same at the sum of pounds, and no more. As witness our hands, this day of 18 K. L. M. N. After the goods are sold, you must deduct the rent, and all reasonable expenses, and leave the overplus, if any, in the hands of the constable, for the tenant. If a landlord, at the request of the tenant, chooses to indulge him with longer time to raise the money, he raust have a memorandum from the tenant, saying that possession is lengthened at his request, or the landlord will become liable to an action for exceeding the limited time. Form of Tenant's Request. "Mr. E. F.; "I hereby desire you will keep DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING A CHILD IN THE BLUE-COAT SCHOOL. Christ's Hospital, or the Blue-Coat School, as it is called, from the colour of the coat or tunic worn by the boys, is a noble institution: it is situated on the north of Newgate-street, in the city of London, and was formerly a monastery of Grey Friars: the habit of the original scholars here was at first grey or russet, but was soon afterwards changed for the dress they now wear. The Hospital was founded in the year 1552, during the reign of that young and pious prince Edward the Sixth, who liberally endowed it with lands, and granted a charter of incorporation to the city of London; and in less than a year from its foundation, three hundred and eighty scholars were admitted: from this time to the present the hospital has continued to be most liberally encou raged by royal munificence and private individual benefactions. King Charles the Second made a most important addition to it by the foundation of a Mathematical School for the instruction of forty boys in navigation, &c. Besides the school in Newgate street, there is a large building at Hertford for a number of girls, and for the younger boys, preparatory to their admission to the London School: the present number is between eleven and twelve hundred, including nearly one hundred girls there is no limitation as to numbers, which depend upon the funds of the Hospital. The government of the Hospital is vested in the lord mayor, the aldermen, and twelve of the common council (chosen by lot out of their body), and those gentlemen who become governors by benefaction. Benefactions of four hundred pounds and upwards, entitle the subscriber to be proposed as a goveruor, and such benefactor is usually appointed: there are also governors appointed biennially by other governors under certain limitations. The lord mayor has two presentations, one by virtue of his office as lord mayor, and one as alderman; the other aldermen have each one presentation annually. The treasurer has two annual presentations, and one in his turn as go vernor. The following are the regulations for the admission of children into Christ's Hospital: "1. That every governor may present the child of a parent not free of the city of London, nor a clergyman of the church of England, either on his first, second, or third presentation, as he shall think proper; and so on, one in every three presentations. 2. That no children be admitted, but such as shall be between the age of seven and ten years, which is to be proved by such certificates, affidavits, and vouchers, as are now, or shall be hereafter required by the orders of the general court. 3. That a child, whose parent or parents has or have two other children under fourteen years of age to maintain, may be admitted by a presentation, although such child has one brother or sister, and no more, already on the charge of this Hospital. "4. That no child shall be admitted who is a foundling, or maintained at the parish charge. 5. That no children of livery ser vants, except the freemen of the city of Loudon; or children who have any adequate means of being edu cated or maintained, or who are lame crooked, or deformed, so as not to be able to take care of themselves, or have any infectious distemper, as leprosy, scald-head, itch, scab, evil; or rupture, or distemper which shall be judged incurable, shall be taken into this Hospital, on any account, or by any presentation whate ever; and if any such shall happen to be admitted, and afterwards found disqualified, in some or one of these instances, they shall be immediately sent home to their parents, or to the parishes from whence they came. |