landlord's covenant to repair, and that the rent was laid out in pursuance of such covenant.

But this will not extend to any alterations which a tenant may wish to make merely for his own convenience in trade (unless such alterations were particularly specified or agreed to be made), but to such repairs only as the landlord is required by law to perform; such as keeping out wind, rain, &c. and keeping the staircases, flooring, and other parts of the premises, in a tenable, safe, and proper state of repair. On these occasions, it is advisable to get two or three proper persons to view the defects, in order to prove to the satisfaction of a court of justice, that such repairs were necessary. And the tenant should first require the landlord to repair, and should be able to prove, if necessary, that the landlord received notice to repair, and had neglected so to do.

If a lessee or tenant covenants to leave a house at the end of the term, in as good condition as he found it, and he commits waste therein, or neglects to repair, an action may not immediately lie, because the house may be repaired before the term expires; but it is otherwise in such covenant for leaving wood or timber, if it is cut down by the lessee; for then it is not possible for him to perform his agreement to leave the same as he found it.

. But the tenant may cut underwood, and take wood sufficient to repair the pales, hedges, and fences, and what is called by law plough-bote, firebote, and other house-bote.

Whatever does a lasting injury to a freehold, is denominated waste; the removal therefore of doors, windowframes, or other things once fixed to a freehold, and not to be separated from them without injury, is waste, and renders the tenant who removes them, liable to an action, unless they are replaced during his term.

Waste also may be done to houses by pulling them down, or suffering them to be uncovered, whereby the rafters, or other timbers become rotten; but if a house be uncovered, when the tenant enters it, it is not

waste in the tenant to suffer the same to fall down. But though the housebe ruinous at the time of the tenant's entry, yet if he pull it down, it will be waste, unless he re-build it.

It is a general principle, that the law will not permit any thing to be deemed waste, unless it be in some degree prejudicial to the freehold inheritance; it has, notwithstanding, been held, that a lessee or tenant cannot change the nature of the thing demised; as, with respect to land, converting arable into meadow, wood, &c. as it changes not only the course of husbandry, but alters the proof of the evidence.

But if a lessee, or tenant for years, converts a meadow into hop-ground, it is no waste, because it may be easily made meadow again; but the' converting it into an orchard is waste, though it may be more profitable.

The same principle applies also with respect to buildings; thus, if a tenant converts one species of building to another, even although it be thereby improved in its value, it will nevertheless be waste. Thus, if a lessee or tenant converts a corn-mill into a fulling-mill, it is waste, though such conversion be to the landlord's advantage.

So the conversion of a brewhouse of 1201. per annum, into other houses, let for 2001., would be waste, such being an alteration, not only of the thing, but of the evidence. So pulling down a malt-mill, and building a cornmill, would also be waste.

Waste is either voluntary pulling down a house, or permissive, as suffering it to fall or decay for want of necessary reparations. Voluntary waste chiefly consists in, 1st, felling timber trees; 2ndly, pulling down houses; 3rdly, opening mines or pits; 4thly, changing the course of husbandry; 5thly, destroying head loams.

The judgment in action of waste, is, that the plaintiff shall recover the place or places wasted, and treble damages.

(To be continued.}

ON TEA.

The precise period at which tea was first introduced into Europe is in

to

interest, as it will be to your advantage, for him to give you some little assistance.. A new brush or tool* unprepared, will scatter the colour, and lay a large portion of the paint on the floor. Adepts have a method of tyeing the brushes and tools so that they will work easy, and lay the paint smooth; a thousand words would not so well explain this simple thing as once seeing it performed; and sixpence or a shilling to the man in the shop to prepare you a brush in this way in your presence, will be well bestowed: a used brush or tool is worth half a dozen new ones. After it has been tyed in this peculiar manner, pass it backwards and forwards over scouring paper, grind it, as it is called, and be careful always to use it one way; it will assume a flat shape, and hold the colour well; to this end, cut a notch in the handle for the thumb to be placed in, so as always to hold it in the same position: be very careful when you leave off painting to clean the brush or tool with turpentine, and afterwards place it in water; by this means these articles will last a long time, and be the better, to a certain extent, for wear. If you have fine work, you should have a pallet-knife, and a pallet to work your fine colours on, frequently supplying it with an equal mixture of boiled oil and turpentine. To draw lines, and to form ornamental corners in rooms, you will require camel-hair pencils or sables (as the best are called); but these minutiæ are only to be acquired by practice, and a close attention to the operations of experienced workmen. Be not deterred by a failure ir. the first attempt; many of our best imitators of the grains of wood and marble, our best inscription writers, were originally amateurs, and not brought up to the business. The writer of these remarks never took brush, tool, or pencil in hand, until six weeks before he wrote a facie in one of the leading streets in London, respecting which he has been flattered by the observations of experienced writers,

• Small paint brushes used for sashes, and such purposes, are called tools.

Some people in dressing an infant seem in such haste as to toss him in a way that must fatigue and harass him. The most tender deliberation should be observed. Every one knows that a kid, a lamb, a calf, or even a puppy or kitten, cannot thrive if squeezed or tumbled about. An infant is certainly more easily hurt. Yet, in addition to this hurried dressing, his clothes are often so tight, that he frets and roars, though he cannot give words to his complaints. Pins should never be used in an infant's clothes; and every string should be so loosely tied that one might get two fingers between it and the part where it is fixed. Bandages round the head should be strictly forbidden. Many instances of idiotism, fits, and deformity, are owing to tight bandages. When the Ichild is carried about, he must be changed from one arm to the other, to prevent leaning to one side.

In laying a child to sleep, he should be laid upon the right side oftener than on the left; but twice in the twenty-four hours at least he should be changed to the left side. Laying him on his back when he is awake is enough of that posture, in which alone he can move his legs and arms with freedom. Place the cradle so that the light will come equally on both eyes, which will save him from a custom of squinting.

Never allow the infant to be held opposite to open doors or windows. The air is good for him when he is in motion and the weather is moderate; but he should always have some covering besides that he wears

in the house, when taken out; and he must not be laid on the cold ground, nor allowed to step on it when he begins to use his feet. He should

likewise avoid the extreme heat of a summer day. Excessive heat or cold will hurt him.

Infants are sometimes very restless at night, and it is generally owing either to cramming them with a heavy supper, tight night clothes, or being overheated by too many blankets. It may also proceed from putting him to sleep too early. He should be kept awake till the family are going to rest, and the house free from noise. Undressing and bathing will weary and dispose him for sleep, and universal stillness will promote it. This habit and all others depend on attention at first. Accustom him to regular hours, and if he has a good sleep in the forenoon and afternoon, it will be easy to keep him brisk all the evening. It is right to offer him drink when a young infant; and more solid, though simple food, when he is going to bed, after he is two or three months old, but do not force him to receive it; and never let any thing but the prescription of a physician in sickness, tempt you to give him wine, spirits, or any drug to make him sleep. Milk and water, whey or thin gruel, is the only fit liquor for little ones, even when they can run about. The more simple and light their diet, the more they will thrive. Such food will keep their body regular, and they cannot be long well if you neglect that essential point. When opening medecine must be given to supply the defect of nature, a little manna or magnesia is safest. If you have had no experience, get the doses made up from the doctor. Give first one half, and if that is not enough, give the other in an hour, which will be the best chance for a disordered stomach retaining it.

A careful and diligent mother wil attend to these particulars, keeping all her children under her own eye, and giving them lessons of more value than gold or jewels, in the time that lazy or gadding gossips are looking at their fingers, or giving

and hearing news. A prudent couple will remember that children and time are their wealth; and to make their children healthy and meritorious, and to turn every moment of time to the best account, is their highest wisdom. Their children will be a credit and blessing to such parents; and by their own earnings will be able to repay them in old age the be nefits they received from a duti ul father and mother in their helpless years; but the children of heedless, iil-behaved people, will follow the foolish conduct they daily witness, and never be well thought of, nor in a condition to assist their infirm parents. Diligence brings comforts; but idleness, indolence, and tattling, gains no good, but leads to difficulties. Take great care to prevent your children from fancying that there can be any enjoyment in wasting time. If you never indulge them in trifling, and if you make employment cheerful, they will take real delight in industry. Teach them also not to spend as fast as they can earn. The purse will never be full, if the cash goes as soon as it is gained. You may give a very little one this lesson. He, or she, will see other children have confections and toys, and will desire the same. Tell him you are resolved to throw away no money in that way, but to keep it for buying books when they can be of real advantage. Explain to him that the paint on the toys is absolutely mixed with poison; and promise that in the winter evenings, when you cannot be better employed, you wil cut out pieces of wood for him for building houses, which will be more serviceable, more durable, and more safe than the toys. You may also take occasion to show him how contemptible glaring colours and finery should be considered, as they are of no solid benefit. The more care you take to instil this, and all pious, moral, and prudent sentiments into the heart of your eldest child, the less trouble you will have with the rest. They should not, indeed, be left to her discretion; but her assistance in attending and instructing them under the inspection of her parents,

will make every task more light for them.

CRUELTIES OF SMITHFIELD MARKET.

To the Editor of The Economist. SIR;-Observing, with great pleasure, your humane endeavours, in your 9th Number, to prevent the unfeeling practice of plucking the feathers from live fowls, which brutal custom ought to be discouraged by every possible means, allow me, by inserting this in your useful publication, to call the attention of your numerous readers to the cruelties of Smithfield market, which certainly exceed those practised in Leadenhall.

Now, let any friend of humanity visit Smithfield on a Monday (the market-day), between the hours of 9 and 2 o'clock, taking his station at some window commanding a view of the market, and scenes of more atrocious cruelty cannot be imagined than will here be exhibited, which fully prove the necessity of more effective measures to restrain the propensity to cruelty than have hitherto been adopted; but, to prevent the painful sensations such a visit must produce, I will endeavour to describe the scene chiefly from my own observations, the barbarities of which appear to me to involve every individual acquainted with them in disgrace who does not use his utmost efforts towards their removal: those who possess no power themselves, may endeavour to stimulate others to its exertion, and this is the extent of my abilities.

On Sunday Evening, about 9 o'clock, 35,000 sheep and lambs are driven into the pens, several of which I have seen drop down quite exhausted with fatigue and suffering, and apparently insensible to the most violent blows and goadings of their inhuman tormentors; they then call to their assistance their savage dogs, who literally tear the flesh from their quiet victims: this might be entirely avoided, by the drover lifting them into the pens. About 12 o'clock the horned cattle are brought in, the greatest number of which are left loose in the carriage-road,

where they are driven into clusters, by forcing the heads of the poor animals close together in the centre, their bodies diverging into a circle: the constant passing of carts, &c. perpetually break these circles, which are as constantly restored by the application of the goads, which are used on this, as on almost every occasion, with wantonness and severity. Drovers and boys may be seen continually passing carelessly from one group to another, pricking, and driving their goads into the most sensitive parts of the animals, even while they are standing perfectly quiet, and in their proper places; if the pain cause them to start, they turn their sticks, and inflict severe blows on their feet and shins with the stout end. Previous to the animals' being worn down with pain, and exhausted with fatigue, hunger, and thirst, they spring forward upon the application of these goads, and bellow from the violent blows inflicted on their horns. But during the last two or three hours of the market, they patiently suffer every species of persecution, except the forcing them out of the circles when sold, which is effected by striking them with great force on the head and horns; at first they toss their heads, then force themselves closer into the circles, putting their heads near the ground: the battering now ceases, and the goad is applied, which is forced into their face, eyes, &c. until the poor beasts leave the cluster, sometimes forcing their heads under carriages for protection; and some, after proceeding a short distance, rush between the ranks of the oxen that are fastened to the railway; then the goading and battering is again resorted to with greater violence, until the object be accomplished. The practice of marking the cattle, to distinguish the purchased from the unsold, is done by cutting off the hair at the end of the tail, which, as the cutters dispose of it, they are sure to cut pretty close, frequently taking off even part of the tail, which may be observed dripping with blood, while the poor animal lashes it about, apparently in the greatest agony.