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in a straw hat without a fee, have what quantity he pleases, of what herb he pleases, be his distemper what it will, and convert it into a juice, decoction, syrup, or as he likes, in a quarter of an hour, without any danger to body or pocket."

St. James's-market.-A market for every description of provisions was proclaimed Sept. 27, 1664, to be kept in St. James's-fields, on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, and for all kinds of cattle in the Haymarket, in the parish of St. Martin-in-theFields.

The ground, market-house, shops, and other buildings of St. James'smarket, were leased by the Crown to Thomas Hall, esq., May 22, 1696, for ninety-nine years, from Michaelmas, 1740, which lease expires Oct. 10, 1839, rent 10l., fine 1,300l. valued some years past at 500l. per annum, but let in 1799 at 1,600. The earl of Godolphin left one moiety of the rent to the duchess of Newcastle, and the other to the marquis of Carmarthen, in 1766.

In the Harleian MS. No. 5,900, the following mention is made of some of the other markets of the metropolis, near this period:

"The markets be of several kinds, at first, that of Blackwell-hall, is twice a week, where is to be seen a sight no where else to be seen in all Europe; besides such quantity of cloth brought out of the west and north parts of England. And should a stranger but once see and have a relish of our staple commodity of woollen cloth, he would stand in admiration: I have wondered very much it hath not been taken notice of.

"In Leadenhall you have a market well furnished with all sorts of provision, as beef, veal, mutton, lamb, bacon, fowls of all sorts, butter, cheese, fish of all sorts, herbage in abundance, for the furnishing of this great city, with all things necessary for the sustenance of mankind-a sight so well worth to an inquisitive mind, that when the grave and cunning Gondomar, the Spanish ambassador, was here in the time of King James the First, there were

few weeks passed over his head wherein he did not set a day apart for the viewing of this and our other markets. And Don Pedro de Ronquillo, an ambassador, afterwards here from the same nation, said of this Leadenhall-market in particular, that there was more meat sold in it in one week, than in all Spain in a year, an observation which I believe to be perfectly true; for there are few tradesmen in London but have a hot joint every day.

"Whitechapel and Smithfield Bars are for carcasses of mutton; Fieldlane for butchers and tripemen; and likewise, before the Fire, a small market was kept at the lower end of Fleet-lane, but now disused.

"And likewise at Holborn Bars, within this thirty years, was two days in a week kept a small market, by country hagglers, for veal, pork, and fowls, but this hath been lately put down.

"The next great market established, was that of the lord Clare's, at first called New Market, which soon became greatly frequented, and one of the most noted in these parts; and from the success of this noble lord, they got several charters for the erecting of various others since the year 1660; as of St. James's, by the earl of St. Alban's; Bloomsbury, by the earl of Southampton; Brookmarket, by the lord Brook; Hungerford-market, Newport-market, besides the Haymarket, near Charing-cross, and that at Petty France, at Westminster, with the May-fair in the fields behind Piccadilly; together with those in Goulding-lane, Hoxton, Spitalfields, and other places in the out-parts of London, towards the east.

And thus you see the increase of markets within a century of

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request in the time of popery; and even since the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when Lent was kept (as after the Restoration of King Charles II. I remember one Lent was kept) very strict; but it would not hold, the people could not bear the change of feeding on fish, they having so long been habited to the eating of flesh.'

HOUSE PAINTING.

'(Continued from p. 166)› Of Colours that arise from Mixture.

ASH-COLOUR is made of white-lead and lamp-black; if a deep ash-colour, then take more black; but, if a light one, then take more white, and less black.

A LEAD-COLOUR is made of indigo and white.

A colour resembling new OAK TIMBER, is made of umber and whitelead.

A FLESH-COLOUR is compounded of lake, white-lead, and a little vermilion.

A BUFF-COLOUR is compounded of yellow-ochre and white-lead. For a WILLOW-GREEN, verdegris

alone.

For a LIGHT WILLOW-GREEN, verdegris and white.

For a GRASS-GREEN, verdegris and yellow-pink.

A CARNATION is made of lake and white.

ORANGE-COLOUR, yellow-ochre and

red-lead.

A LIGHT TIMBER-COLOUR, spruceochre, white, and a little umber.

BRICK-COLOUR, red-lead, with a little white and yellow-ochre.

OLIVE-WOOD is imitated with ochre and a little white, veined over with burnt umber.

WALNUT-TREE is best imitated with burnt umber and white, and veined over with the same colour alone, and in the deepest places with black.

PALES AND POSTS are generally laid over with white only; or of stone-colour, white, with a little stoneochre; or, for a lead-colour, indigo and white; if darker, black and white, with a little indigo.

WINDOW FRAMES are mostly laid

in white, if the work be new," or imi-
as described
tation of wainscot,
before.

DOORS AND GATES.-If painted
in panels, then the shadows of a white-
ground are umber and white; but, if
laid in a lead-colour, then the shadows
are listed with black.

It is not possible to set down all
those varieties of colours that may be
produced by mixture; but those that
are here mentioned are sufficient for
most purposes.

Method of Painting Inside-Work, or
the Interior of Rooms, as Panel
ling, &c. with the Colours for the

same.

three times in To PAINT WHITE, oil, take the best white-lead; mix it well with two-thirds of linseed-oil, and one-third of turpentine ; put one ounce of ounce of red-lead, one litharge, and one ounce of copperas, ground, to about six pounds of whitelead; when well-mixed, lay it on thin and regular.

N. B. To kill knots in deal, take red-lead and litharge, with a small quantity of oil, but most part turpen

tine.

Second time, prepare the colour as above described, only reduce the redlead three-fourths, and the litharge one-half. Rub your first colour well down with pumice-stone, and stop your work well with putty made with linseed-oil and whiting, as before directed; then lay on your colour, as above.

Third time, add only copperas to your colour for drier, and a small quantity of Prussian-blue or black, or both, to clear the white. Let your third colour be strained through a sieve, and use half oil and half turpentine.

The same rule may be observed in flatting, or dead white, which is to be laid on the above third colour, or se cond colour, as you think proper, as follows:-Take the best Nottinghamwhite, and mix it with turpentine only; but you may add a small quantity of nut-oil, and use it off hand; for if it stands to set, it will leave a mark.

FRENCH GRAY.-Take white-lead

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and Prussian-blue, or blue verditer ; and, to make a more beautiful and pleasant colour, take a small quantity of lake or vermilion; you may either have this an oil-colour, or a dead white, by observing the above directions.

BUFF.-Take white-lead mixed with vermilion, orange-lead, rosepink, or any other rose-colour, prepared and used as above.

FAWN-COLOUR.-White-lead, stoneochre, and a small quantity of vermilion.

GREENS.-French verdegris,chromeyellow, and Prussian-blue. Let the work be first covered with black and white, or Prussian-blue and white; then finish with the above.

Another GREEN.-Stone-ochre and Prussian-blue.

Also, Fowler's patent green alone. To the best French verdegris, add the same quantity of white-lead, used over a ground-colour of Prussian-blue and white, to a good pleasant blue.

Note.-When the verdegris is laid over the blue ground, it will not at first appear green, but will change in a few days to a beautiful colour.

PORTLAND-STONE COLOUR.--Whitelead, stone-ochre, and burnt umber, mixed by degrees to the colour required. Observe that, in all the colours, copperas is to be used for the drier.

FINE YELLOW.-Chrome-yellow, mixed with a small quantity of whitelead. Also, Dutch and English pink; but we prefer the chrome-yellow.

BLACKS.-Lamp-black, or ivoryblack, ground and mixed with twofifths linseed-oil and one-fifth turpentine. Use litharge and red-lead for the drier.

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CHOCOLATE. Lamp-black and Spanish-brown, prepared as the black. Use the same driers.

BLUE is mostly compounded with a proportion of white-lead, according to the shade required, whether darker or lighter. This colour does not require so much drier as many others which have been described, and it will dry very well of itself in moderate time.

REDS.-Vermilion and red-lead, or

vermilion, red-lead, and lake, in general used separately.

LEAD-COLOUR is a compound of white-lead and lamp-black.

N. B.-Let your colours be laid on thin, by dint of labour, or being well brushed in, and being worked three times over, will be much better than twice thick, and not consume more colour; for, when the colour is laid on too thick, it causes the paint to blister, particularly in outside work.

MAHOGANY-COLOUR, properly managed, will have the effect of the fine-veined wood itself. Proceed thus: first coat, white-lead; second coat, orange (with orange-lead): then finished with burnt terra de Sienna, with a flat brush, waving and imitating the veins as they run in any fine piece of mahogany.

WAINSCOT, imitation of. First colour, white; second coat, half white and half stone-ochre; finish with stone-ochre only; and shadowed in imitation of the wood, with terra de Sienna, or burnt-umber.

SATIN WOOD, imitation of.-First coat, white; second coat, light blue; and finished either with dark-blue, or dark-green, according to your taste.

N. B. For all outside work, you may use three-fourths of linseed-oil, and one-fourth of turpentine, except with black, which requires some boiled oil: prepare all the light colours, as in the first recipe for inside work.

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result. And it becomes a question of considerable importance to the persons who are the particular objects of these institutions, which of the two they should select. In the Savings Banks the advantage is clear and defined; they can deposit their spare earnings to be increased by interest, which upon any emergency they may receive from the Bank; but it must be remembered, that if this emergency happen to a depositor soon after he commences his deposits, the Savings Banks will stand in little stead; if, however, a person be able to continue his deposits, always putting in, and never taking out, it will, in the course of years, when old age overtakes him, be a source of great advantage and comfort, and the assistance he derives from it will be unclogged by the jealous interference of others; it will be his own money he is using; he will therefore use it with independence. On the other hand, Benefit Societies have advantages which Savings Banks do not possess; they give almost immediate relief in the event of the contingency happening, affording protection against fire, sickness, &c.; there are, nevertheless, disadvantages under which they have hitherto generally laboured, but which may be remedied; they have, although slowly, progressively improved since the passing the last act of parliament on the subject; and did they possess the same patronage and encouragement that Savings Banks have met with, there would be little hesitation in making the election. Benefit Societies have been unfairly treated; they have been abused in all their forms: the uncer tainty-the delusion-the publichouse meetings-the improvident plans-in short, all the imperfections. and vices which had generated from the neglect of the higher classes, were arrayed against the unfortunate Societies by the wealthy patrons of Savings Banks; the new institutions were encouraged at the expense of the old; the fabric was attempted to be raised, where stood the formidable remains of the older building; but prudence suggested another site, and the rugged edifice still shelters its

proper objects, while its rival, though reared professedly to protect the mechanic and the labourer, has been converted to the use of others. But supposing for a moment that this were not the case, did Banks for Savings meet with neglect? were the depositors left to themselves, driven to public-houses for meetings, and to landlords for treasurers, as were the members of Benefit Societies? Noschool-rooms, chapels, and proper offices were selected for their business, honorary subscribers came forward to their support, housekeepers, and parish-officers formed their committees, members of Parliament their trustees, and noblemen their patrons; and then, with all the disadvantages of ignorance and neglect on the one hand, and the benefit of extensive patronage and encouragement on the other, the two institutions were compared, to show the superiority of the Banks over the Benefit Societies.

This, I presume, will strike every considerate man as gross injustice; and those, let it be added, who vainly think to uphold the character of Savings Banks, by a comparison with Benefit Societies, will find themselves to be mistaken: there are some instances of Benefit Societies, which, although capable of great improvement, are sufficiently well formed to stand in comparison with the selfish principles upon which the Banks are founded, and to sink them low indeed.

The best friends of the working classes will always entreat them to provide against the manifold wants of sickness and of old age, by means of respectable and well-conducted Benefit Societies, the payments to which ought to form a part of their current and positive expenses; to those who have any thing to spare after this, a Savings Bank may be useful; the necessities of old age being first secured by their club, the mechanic and labourer, through the medium of the Bank, may be able to add comforts; but no individual either befriends his neighbour or his country, by enjoining a reliance upon individual savings, as a security against casualty, which may overtake

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(Continued from p. 150.)

The houses in Brick-lane, and the streets adjacent, are chiefly inhabited by weavers, who occupy single rooms or floors, several families residing in one house, each pursuing their separate though similar employ, huddled together, forming a closely-wedged, dense mass of population, vegetating

in an insalubrious spot, enjoying little more than locomotion from the bed-chamber to the loom, from the loom to the bed-chamber. With all these disadvantages, however, the weaver appears to have for Spitalfields a sort of amor patriæ; he views it as the land of his ancestors. I know innumerable instances where the families now tenanting houses in the neighbourhood, are the grandchildren of those who tenanted them before their immediate progenitors, each in their generation being able to provide decently for themselves and families, but none able to emerge from that station in life which each occupied, still occupy, and which the present occupants were alone ambitious of bequeathing to their children, unaltered although unimproved, being satisfied with that state of things which long usage had established, and in which they saw, or thought they saw, their best security and interest interwoven. The abrogation of those laws by which the prices of their labour were regulated, must have considerable effect in the situation of the individual weaver: it will follow, as a matter of course, that the best workmen will be best paid; and those who combine industry with skill, will be much benefitted by the alteration: it will doubtless have a reverse effect upon those who, by want of skill or industry, are unable to procure the best or most profitable description of work; but a still greater revolution threatens the Spitalfields' weaver-a revolution which, unless the consumption of silk be greatly increased, must soon throw out

of employ an immense number of hands. French machines have lately been introduced, which have been worked in progressive improvement in France for the last century, and with them French workmen also have been imported: these machines are intended for the working figured silks in a manner that amazingly lessens human labour: if, however from the present reduction of the duty on silk, and the further measures which the government in their wisdom may think fit to adopt for the relief and extension of the silk trade, an increased demand for ma❤ nufactured goods should keep pace with the increased quantity produced by the use of the machine alluded to, its introduction need not be a subject of dread to the Spitalfields' weavers. One advantage I contemplate will be produced by its adoption-it will require loftier rooms to work in than those now used: this alteration will tend to promote the health of the workmen; and as old houses cannot, in many instances, be conveniently altered, the weavers will leave the dirty narrow streets and crowded houses for more convenient habitations, built in more airy situations, calculated for one family, and which may easily be adapted to this new invention; and many will doubtless be built expressly for this purpose; and notwithstanding the regrets which this change may occasion to those who have long located, it must be productive of more comfort, cleanliness, and health to the present and the future race of weavers.

LAWS RELATING TO LANDLORDS AND LODGERS.

The laws of England do not make any distinction between lodgers and other tenants, as to the payment of their rents, or the turning them out of possession; for lodgers are equally liable to the like regulations, penalties, and forfeitures, in case of nonpayment of their rents, or not quitting the premises according to notice and agreement as other tenants are.

But with respect to lodgings, an exception must be made to the rule

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