of Carthagena by the name of Cavallonga Orisila,
and an oil of much celebrity in those parts, called
Cavallonga, is obtained from its seeds. (Plymouth
Herald, Sept. 9, 1826.)
[Should this meet the eye of an American naval
officer, or supercargo or captain of a merchant ship,
as it will certainly do if copied by some of our daily
papers, we make no doubt the Meloncito de Olor
would be soon after transplanted to North America.]

EXTRAORDINARY PEAR TREE.
"Old Baseford, Nov. 25, 1826.

To the Editor of the Gardener's Magazine.
"SIR-Permit me to lay before you an account of

in performing the work of digestion, or whether it The extent and nature, however, of these changes
be not a more independent and dignified character, will greatly depend on the manner in which heat
acting the part of a "guardian to the general sys has been applied to them; and if we inquire into the
tem, preserving the purity of the circulating fluids culinary history of different countries, we shall trace
in a state of health, and freeing them from the con- its connexion with the fuel accessible to them.
tamination induced by disease" However, as those This fact readily explains the prevalence of the pe-
who follow the plough on foot, or the fox on horse-culiar speries of cookery which distinguishes the
back, never have dyspepsia, we must leave the French table, and which has no reference, as some
essay in question for the private use of those who have imagined, to the dietetic theory, or superior
have the blues and take blue pills.
refinement, of the inhabitants.

The extracts which follow from the Medical In-
telligencer are from another article in the same
number.]
ON ANIMAL FOOD.

"The texture of animal food is greatly influenced an extraordinary pear tree, the name of which, in by the age, sex, habits, condition, diet, and descripGloucestershire, is the Brown Dominion. It is uption of death of the animal which furnishes it. In wards of a hundred years old, and stands on the proportion, generally, to the age, its flesh is coarser premises of Mr. Richard Charlton, of Old Baseford, and more firm in texture, as every one must have in the county of Nottingham, England. The height noticed in eating birds. If the flesh of mutton and of the tree is thirteen yards, and from extremity to lamb, beef and veal, are compared, they will be extremity of the branches, is eighteen yards, making found of a different texture, the two young meats a circumference of fifty-four yards. The trunk mea- are of a more stringy, indivisible nature than the sures six feet seven inches round. This tree for these others, which makes them harder of digestion. It last twenty years has not produced less than from has been also justly observed, that young animals twenty to eighty pecks per year. In the year 1823, differ from old ones in the distribution of the fat, it bore one hundred and seven pecks of pears, each which in the latter is chiefly collected in masses of peck containing four hundred and twenty pears; and layers, external to the muscles; whereas, in the forthis present year, 1826, it has produced one hundred mer, it is more interspersed among the muscular pecks, each peck containing two hundred and seventy pears, and each peck, when gathered, weighed 20 lbs. making a total of a ton weight of pears in one year. What is most singular is, that as the tree grows older, the fruit grows finer, to the decreasing of above a hundred pears in the peck. I suppose this is owing to the laying of manure and soil around the roots. The fruit keeps until May. I send you I remain, sir, &c.

four of them."

E. M. MATHER.

A HEAD OF CELERY, weighing six pounds, was exhibited in the New Market, Liverpool, on October 7. It was grown by Mr. Gibson, a market gar[Lanc. Gaz.

"BOILING.-By this operation, the principles not properly soluble are rendered softer, more pulpy, and, consequently, easier of digestion; but the meat, at the same time, is deprived of some of its nutritive properties by the removal of a portion of its soluble constituents: the albumen and gelatin are also acted on; the former being solidified, and the latter converted into a gelatinous substance. If, therefore, our meat be boiled too long or too fast, we shall obtain, where the albumen predominates, as in beef, a hard and indigestible mass, like an overboiled egg; or, where the gelatin predominates, as in young meats, such as veal, a gelatinous substance equally injurious to the digestive organs. Young and viscid food, therefore, as veal, chickens, &c.; are more wholesome when roasted than when boiled, and are easier digested. Dr. Prout bas very justly remarked, that the boiling temperature is too high for a great many of the processes of cooking, fibres, giving the flesh a marbled appearance, which and that a lower temperature and a greater time, is always a desirable property of butcher's meat.- or a species of infusion, are better adapted for most The texture of food will also vary according to the of them. This is notorious with substances intendwild or domesticated state of the animal; that of the ed to be stewed, which, even in cookery books, are former is more dense, though highly nutritive. The directed to be boiled slowly. that is, not at all, and sex also modifies the quality of the flesh, that of the for a considerable time. The ignorance and prejufemale being always more delicate and finer grained dice existing on these points is very great, and comthan that of the entire male, whose fibres are dens-bated with difficulty; yet, when we take into acer; the influence of the genital organs on this occa- count their importance, and how intimately consion is very extraordinary; it is generally believed, that the flavour of the female is even improved by removing the ovaries, spaying them, as it is called. Every day the testes are permitted to remain, even though totally inactive with regard to their proper function, injures the delicacy of the veal of the bull calf, and an animal which is not castrated till after puberty always retains much of the coarseness of the entire male. The mode of killing an animal has been considered, from the remotest ages, as caTHE BOSTON MEDICAL INTELLIGENCER is one pable of affecting the quality of its meat. The flesh of the many additional papers with which we have of hunted animals is characterized by peculiar tenbeen lately requested to exchange; and it is one of derness; the same effect is produced by any linger the few from which any thing is to be derived on ing death. This fact probably explains the policy the topicks treated in the American Farmer. The of those old municipal laws, which ordained that no B. M. Intelligencer is edited by J. G. COFFIN, M. D. butcher should offer or expose any bull beef for sale, as we think, with spirit and ability, and deserves the unless it had previously been baited; and it is on the patronage of the profession, and contains much to same principle only, that the quality of pig's flesh interest literary men. It is published weekly in Bos- could be improved by the horrid cruelty of whip ton, in pamphlet form, by John Cotton, (to whom ping them to death, as said to be practised by the communications must be addressed, post paid,") at Germans. The action of vinegar, administered to three dollars per annum. We are at some loss to an animal some hours before killing it, is also known know how this journal can be useful to a town prac- to be capable of rendering its flesh less tough. It is tioner, though it is taken by a great number of coun- a common practice in the country to give a spoonful, are rendered harder and less digestible when try physicians, most of whom are also farmers, and of this acid to poultry, when they are intended for some of them excellent ones; but it is clear that we the immediate service of the table. "ROASTING. By this process the fibrine is corrucan occasionally extract much from the Intelligen- "Nothing, however, tends more effectually to me gated, the albumen coagulated, the fat liquefied, eer that may be placed with profit to our readers, liorate the rigidity of the animal fibre, than incipi-ceeds, the surface becomes first brown, and then and the water evaporated. As the operation prounder the domestic economy and miscellaneous ent putrefaction. The length of time that meat heads ought to be kept after it is killed will necessarily scorched; and the tendinous parts are rendered sofdepend on its tendency to undergo the putrid ferter and gluey. Care should always be taken that mentation, and the prevalence of those circumstan- the meat should not be overdone, nor ought it to be ces which are inclined to favour it. underdressed; for though in such a state it may contain more nutriment, yet it will be less digestible, on account of the density of its texture. This fact Spallanzani;t and Mr. Hunter observes, that “boiled has been satisfactorily proved by the experiments of

dener at Bootle.

RURAL ECONOMY.

No. 46, of April 3d, contains an article on the functions of the liver in preserving the health and removing the diseases of the animal economy, so interesting and plain, and as we apprehend in some "The circumstances which have been just enupoints new, that we could scarcely refrain from merated, as being capable of influencing the texture transferring it to the Farmer; but on a little reflec- of our food, and consequently its degree of digesti tion. it occurred to us that our readers might not all bility, are, however, unimportant when compared be so fashionable as to have the dyspepsia, with which with the modifying powers of cookery, which I shall we had so long grievously suffered; and might not now proceed to examine. therefore have acquired a relish for the question, "By cookery, alimentary substances undergo a whether the liver is as most pathologists maintain, twofold change, their principles are chemically moa mere servile auxiliary to the stomach and bowels dified, and their textures mechanically changed.

nected with health, they will be found to deserve no small share of our attention.* The loss occasioned by boiling, partly depends on the melting of the fat, but chiefly from the solution of the gelatin and osmazome; mutton generally loses about one-fifth, and beef about one-fourth, of its original weight. Boiling is particularly applicable to vegetables, rendering them more soluble in the stomach, and depriving them of a considerable quantity of air, so injurious to weak stomachs. But, even in this case, the operation may be carried to an injurious extent; thus, potatoes are frequently boiled to the state of a dry, insipid powder, instead of being preserved in that state in which the parts of which they are composed are rendered soft and gelatinous, so as to retain their shape, yet be very easily separated. On the other hand, the cabbage tribe, and carrots, are frequently not boiled long enough, in which state they are highly indigestible. In conducting this process, it is necesary to pay some attention to the quality of the water employed; thus, mutton boiled in hard water is more tender and juicy than when soft water is used; while vegetables, on the contraboiled in hard water.

* Hence it is, that beef tea and mutton tea are much more calculated for invalids than the broths of these meats.

† Spallanzani on Digestion, vol. 1, p. 277.
Hunter on the Animal Economy, p. 220.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.

RAIL-ROAD.

and roasted, and even putrid meat, is easier of di
gestion than raw." Animal matter loses more by
roasting than by boiling; it has been stated above,
that by this latter process mutton loses one fifth,
and beef one-fourth; but by roasting, these meats
The following extract of a letter from one of the
lose about one-third of their weight. In roasting, persons engaged in obtaining information for the
the loss arises from the melting of the fat, and the use of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company,
evaporating of the water; but the nutritious matter will be read with much interest.
remains condensed in the cooked solid; whereas, in
Easton, Pa., May 24.
Roast,
boiling, the gelatine is partly abstracted.
"Yesterday, after breakfast, we started on the
are therefore, more nutritive than boiled meats *
rail-road at Mauch Chunk, in a neat little car, at-
"FRYING. This process is, perhaps, the most ob tached to the rear of a brigade of empty wagons.
jectionable of all the culinary operations. The heat and were drawn up to the coal mines, a distance of
is applied through the medium of boiling oil, or fat, nine miles, in two hours. Three empty wagons are
which is rendered empyreumatic, and therefore ex-drawn up, with great ease, by one horse.
tremely liable to disagree with the stomach.

BROILING-By this operation, the sudden brown ing or hardening of the surface prevents the evapo ration of the juices of the meat which imparts a peculiar tenderness to it. It is the form selected, as the most eligible, by those who seek to invigorate themselves by the art of training.

"After having examined the coal mines there, we
started back in one car joined to another, with a
party of fourteen persons, and descended the plane.
the whole distance, in forty-five minutes.
A part
of the time our car travelled more than at the rate
of 20 miles an hour, and we came one entire mile
in 3 minutes and 15 seconds, which is at the rate of

"BAKING. The peculiarity of this process de 19 miles an hour. The reason of our travelling at pends on the substance being heated in a confined such different speed on different parts of the route, space, which does not permit the escape of the is, because the road is not every where of the same fumes arising from it: the meat is, therefore, from declivity; in some parts it is so nearly level that the retention of its juices, rendered more sapid and the car does not go more than at the rate of four or tender. But baked meats are not so easily digest-five miles an hour, and as it travels without horses, ed, on account of the greater retention of their oils, by its own gravity, its impetus is, of course, deter which are moreover, in an empyreumatic state.-mined by the declivity of the plane. The loaded Such dishes accordingly require the stimulus of va- wagons being heavier than us, travelled faster, and rious condiments to increase the digestive powers of travelled the nine miles in thirty minutes, exclusive the stomach.” of about ten minutes taken up in greasing on the road. "Nothing is more simple and easy than the turns out upon the road, and the manner of crossing other roads. A locomotive engine, I find, can tra vel on crooked roads, and wili travel as well as on

WHISKEY-VINEGAR AND PICKLES.

TO THE EDITor,

son,

Sir,-From the scarcity of vinegar the last seaI was led to make trial of a mode of preserv-and it will go slower. ing cucumbers, (pickling, if you will,) that I should not have attempted under other circumstances.

But it has succeeded so well with me, that I am desirous that other housewives should partake of the benefit.

it

a

a

a straight line, except that the friction is greater, "The rail-road at Mauch Chunk is upon a most simple construction; it answers well, but the materials are bad in some parts. The whole road, nine miles long, was completed so that the wagons travelled it in two months and three days from the I gathered the cucumbers from the vines, and time it was commenced. They are still finishing without any other preparation than washing them more perfectly; and the whole cost, including clean, dropped them into a stand containing a heavy expenditure in the construction of an inclinmixture of whiskey and water, one part of the ed plane down to the river, will be $2.00 to $3000 former to three of the latter. I secured them against per mile. I had no idea, before I saw it, that a rail grats, flies, and external air, by tying a flannel way was a thing of such easy construction. It is close over the top, and laying over this a board and fact that there is not more mechanical skill required stone, and neither moved or examined them until to make one upon the plan of this, than is necessa: Christmas, when I found them, not merely equal, ry to construct a common post and rail fence; I but decidedly superior to any pickles I had ever mean after the line is regulated and the route grad tasted. They were hard and of a fine flavour, anded-and the cost will be far less than we had exwhat has been particularly admired in them, they pected retained the original colour of the cucumber, not "I find that the grading of the road and the exhibiting the green poisonous appearance of pickles adaptation of the moving power to it, are in reality that had been salted and scalded in copper. My the only subjects of difficulty; but I clearly see that whiskey and water (no salt having been used or heat these two subjects will require great labour and a employed,) was now excellent vinegar for the table. sound judgment, and that our prosperous success I beg you will give this a place in your useful will depend greatly upon falling into no errors in paper, and oblige your constant reader and occa-regard to these parts of our work. sional correspondent. COUSIN TABITHA. "The loaded wagons, upon arriving at the banks P.S. I have no doubt but vinegar, for all pur-of the Lehigh river, are let down, one at a time, poses, might be made in this way, cheaper than from cider. Instead of cucumbers, there might be added to the whiskey and water, some other vege tables, as grape leaves, beets, strawberries, &c. &c. when making vinegar was the only object to be ac complished.

I will send you, anon, an improved and excellent plan for rearing Muscovy ducks.

[The Editor regrets that, if he ever received, he cannot now find another communication from C. T.]

on an inclined plane of 700 yards. They here pass
down a loaded wagon and draw up an empty one
in forty five seconds; that is, each wagon running
700 yards in forty-five seconds, or at the rate of 32
miles an hour. They appear to go up and down
with great ease and safety; but we did not ride in
them; they were very dirty, and seemed to go ra
ther too fast for comfortable travelling."

The Lebanon Republican of the 29th ult states that the waters of the Swatara were on that day successfully raised, by the great water wheel and steam It has been computed that, from the dissipation of engine at the mouth of Kettle Run, into the drain the nutritive juices by boiling, one pound of ousted con-r feeder which is to supply the summit of the tains as much nourishment as two of boiled meat. Union Canal.

LADIES' DEPARIMENT.

MATERNAL LOVE.

If there is one human feeling free from the impulses of earthly frailty, that tells us in the slightest breathings of its celestial origin, it is that of a mother's love-a mother's chaste, overwhelming, and everlasting love for her children.

The name of a mother is our childhood's talisman-our refuge and our safeguard in all our misebabbling tongue, the first idea that dawns on the ry; 'tis the first half-formed word that falls from the opening mind; the first, the fondest, and the most lasting tie in which affection can bind the heart of man! It is from the beginning the same and unthe things in this world, but is independent and selfchangeable. It owes not its being to this work, or existent; enduring whilst the pulse of life animates the breast that fosters it; and if there be any thing of mortality that survives the grave, surely its best and noblest passion will never perish Oh! it is a pure and holy emanation of heaven's mercy implant

ed in the heart of woman for the dearest and nicest

purpose, to be at once her truest and most sacred pleasure, and the safety and blessing of her offspring. It is not a selfish passion, depending for its permanency on the reciprocation of advantages; but but in the happiness of its object; and when the on its sincerity. It wasteth not itself, and centres welfare of that object is at stake, it putteth away

fear and knoweth not weariness It is not excited

by form of feature, but rather by a happy perversion of perception, embues all things with an imaginary beauty.

a

It watches over our helpless infancy with the ceaseless benignity of a guardian angel; anticipates soothes every transient sorrow, sings our sweet lul. every childish wish, honours every wayward fancy, laby to rest, and cradles us on its warm and throbthe fragile form, what medicine is there like a mobing breast; and when pain and sickness prey upon ther's kisses; what quieting pillow like a mother's bosom? Or, when launched into the wide ocean of tempestuous world, what eye gazes on our advenfondness, amid the sad, yet not unpleasant contest turous voyage, with all the eagerness of maternal of hopes and fears, and deep anxieties. When the rugged path of life has been bravely, patiently, and nobly trodden; when prosperity has smiled upon us; when virtue has upheld us amid the world's tempta tions: virtue, which she herself planted in us--and when fame has bound her laurels round us, is there a heart that throbs with a livelier or more grateful pleasure than a mother's?

MISCELLANEOUS.

REMARKABLE EQUESTRIAN EXPEDITIONS Mr. Cooper Thornhill, an innkeeper at Stilton, in Huntingdonsaire, rode from that place to London and back again, and also a second time to London, in one day, which made a journey in all of 213 miles. He undertook to ride this journey with several horses in 15 hours, but performed it in 12 hours and a quarter. This remarkable feat gave rise to a poem called the Stilton hero, which was published in the year 1745.

Some years ago. Lord James Cavendish rode from Hyde Park Corner to Windsor Lodge, which is upwards of 20 miles, in less than an hour.

Sir Robert Cary rode nearly 300 miles in less than 3 days, when he went from London to Edinburg to inform King James of the death of Queen Elizabeth. He had several falls and sore bruises on the road, which occasioned his going battered and bloody into the royal presence.

On the 3d of May, 1758, a young lady, who at Newmarket had laid a considerable wager that she could ride a thousand miles in one thousand hours,

CONDITIONS.

ers of thorough bred horses, as a book of reference. collect the materials and reduce them to form;
I am of opinion now, that a valuable portion of infor while few are less able to bear the expense of an
mation on the subject has found its way into the A-edition for the mere gratification of authorship.
merican Farmer, as the last volume furnishes many,
and very valuable items, relative to imported horses
I. The work will be comprised in two volumes
and their descendants; whenever, therefore, an
American Stud-book shall be published, its Editor octavo, of five hundred pages each, on fine medium
and with a neat type.
may have recourse to the American Farmer for many
important and well authenticated facts. Still hop-volume, handsomely bound in boards, payable on
II. The price to subscribers will be two dollars a
ing that a work of the kind may be published, and delivery.
at a period too, not very remote-I send you the
III. The work will be put to press as soon as the
pedigree of the celebrated running, and thorough amount of subscription shall be sufficient to justify
Yours, &c. J. the expense of publication.

bred horse Sir Solomon.

paper,

Sir Solomon was gotten by the imported horse Those who have read, and few there are who Tickle Toby: his dam was the famous running mare have not, Mr. Carter's letters from Europe, will be Vesta, by Dreadnought; his grandam by the import-glad to see them in a permanent form; and from the ed horse Clockfast; great grandam by Americus; instruction and amusement derived from what they great great grandam by a Traveller Colt, out of a have seen, will be the more ready to obtain by sub thorough bred mare, owned by Capt. Robert Walk-scription, the additional matter now promised. The er, &c. Tickle Toby was by Alfred; his dam Cæ- gratification derived from their gratuitous perusal. lia by King Herod; his grandam Proserpine, own creates an obligation to indemnify the accomplish sister to the celebrated Eclipse. Alfred was by ed author of these classical and very entertaining Matchem; he by Cade, and Cade by the Godolphin sketches. The names of those who would aid in Arabian-Sir Solomon is of a rich brown colour, securing their publication in the form proposed, will be received at the office of the American Farmer.]

15 hands 3 inches high.

Sir Solomon beat the best horses of his day, and amongst them the celebrated horse Wrangler, (who beat Sir Archy,) the four mile heats at Norfolk, on which race large sums of money were staked. Sir Solomon sired the celebrated running mare Roxana, Trumpator, &c.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, JUNE 8, 1827.

STEAM BOAT ESSEX, FOR SALEM.
The Salem and Philadelphia Steam-Boat Company,
respectfully give notice, that they have purchased the
Steam Boat Essex, to run from Philadelphia to Salem.
She is a new boat, having copper boilers, is coppered
and copper fastened-is a fast and in all respects a su-
perior boat. She will run as follows:

Leave Arch street wharf, Philadelphia, on Tuesday,
hursday, and Saturday mornings, at 10 o'clock.
Leave Salem on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
mornings at 9 o'clock; will call at Delaware City at half
past 9 o'clock, and at Fort Delaware, Craven's Ferry,
Marcus Hook and Chester

In the next number of the American Farmer we shall commence the republication of some valuabie On the arrival of the boat at Salem, Stages will conessays ON THE CULTIVATION OF SILK, by Dr. Sharp-vey passengers to Bridgton, where they will meet the less of Philadelphia. They appeared originally in Cape Island Stages; returning next morning at nine that excellent magazine, the Philadelphia Album.

CARTER'S LETTERS.

Proposals for publishing by subscription, Letters from
Europe: comprising the Narrative Journal of a
Tour through Great Britain, France, Italy, and
Switzerland, in the years 1825, 26, and '27.—By
N. H. CARTER.

a

o'clock.

N. B. All baggage at the risk of the owners, except such as is taken on freight.

BALTIMORE PRICES CURRENT.

Reported for the American Farmer, by Lewis Sutton & Co. TOBACCO.-There is a good deal doing, at low prices. Inspected last week, at the three State warehouses, 850 hogsheads, ending Saturday. Ohio Tobacco continues to come in, almost every day, it is said by some, to be a shade lower; but we know of no late material difference since last week it sells well, considering the

times, and in proportion to the returns hitherto made by us, agreeably to quality and the condition in which it is assorted and packed. Maryland i also dull, but selling gradually at our quotations. Within a few days we have sold but little-one small crop on Friday, from the line of Calvert and Anne-Arundel county-we sold from $3 25 to 6.16, averaging $4 round; this is about the price of common Maryland of that quality.

a

3.50-Do. red, 4.00 a 4.50-Good red, 5.00 a 6.00Second as in quality $2.50 a 8.00-Common crop, 3.00 Fine red, 7.00 a 8.00-Yellow and red, 7.00 a 10.00Yellow, 8.00 a 15.00-Fine Yellow, 15.00 a 80.00- Fine Virginia fat, 6.00 a 8.00--Rappahannock, 3 50-Kentucky fine, 3.50 a 6.00--do. for wrapping, 7.00 a 8 60. FLOUR-Howard-street, superfine, 5.00 a 5.124-City mills, 4.874 a 5.00-Susquehanna, $4.874-CORN MEAL, per barrel, 2.75 a 2.871 WHEAT, best white, .95 a .44-RYE, .63 a .65-OATS, .41 a .43-WHITE BEANS, .98-ordinary, .85 a .90 ---inferior, .70 a 75-CORN .43 a 1.25 a 1 37-PEAS, .60--CLOVER seed, 4 a 4.50-TIMO THY seed, 3.00-Barley, 1.00- FLAXSEED, .95— WHISKEY, in hhds. .26 a .28; in barrels .284 a .30-WOOL, country, washed on the sheep's back, 18 00 a 22.00cross-breed, do. 20.00 a 22.00-half do. 24.00 a 26.00three-quarters, 28 00 a 30.00-full blood, 30.00 a 35.00COTTON, Virginia, 9.00 a 10.00--Upland, fair, 10.00 a 11.00-Louisiana, 11.00 a 13.00-N.Ĉarolina, 9.00 a 10.00 Tennessee, .10 a .114-FEATHERS, new, .29 a 30-BACON, best hams, 9.00 a 10.00-middlings, 6.00 a 6.50country, (assorted,) 5.00 a 5.50-FISH, Herrings, p. bbl. 2.25 a 2.50-Shad, in good order, 6.00 a 7.00-Mackerel, 4.5 a 5.50 a 6-LIVE STOCK, beef on hoof, 5.50 a 6Pork do. 4 a 4.50-Lambs do. 1.50 a 2-Veal do. 3BUTTER, fresh, .20 a .25.

GREEN PEAS this morning at 25 cents the peck.

PRICES OF STOCKS.

(Reported for the American Farmer.) MERRYMAN & GITTINGS, Stock and Exchange Brokers.

BANK STOCKS.

LIVERY STABLE AT DELAWARE CITY.
The subscriber respectfully informs his friends and U. States' Bank Stock, per share,
the public, that he continues the above establishment at Bank of Maryland,
Delaware City-where he will furnish good horses and Bank of Baltimore,
carriages, to parties visiting the Chesapeake and Dela-Union Bank of Maryland, do.
ware Canal, and conveyances to any part of the penin- Mechanics' Bank,
sula. Persons travelling to Baltimore, desirous of viewing Franklin Bank,
the Canal, can have a speedy conveyance along the line,
to the Western locks, and thence to Frenchtown, where
they can take the steam-boat for Baltimore without ma-
terial delay.

He trusts by keeping good accommodations, and by
careful attention to business, to obtain a share of pub-

ELIHU JEFFERSON.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

The character of the proposed publication is al ready so well known to the public, as to render formal prospectus unnecessary. In the course of the two last years voluminous sketches of European scenery, institutions, manners and customs, have been thrown off through the medium of a daily paper. If the author is correctly informed, copious extracts from his letters have been extensively cir-lic patronage. culated through the United States, by other public journals. He now has it in contemplation to colObservations on the different classes of Farmers, and lect, revise, and publish in a more permanent form, such parts of these sketches as shall be deemed on the injurious error of occupying more land than can most worthy of preservation. About one third of be cultivated properly, by Lorain-On Grasses and other the series, embracing a tour through the north of Plants, from G. Sinclair's Hortus Gramineus, with notes, &c. (Poa nervata, nerved meadow grass; Phleum pratense, Italy, a part of Switzerland, and the south of Eng meadow cat's-tail, or timothy grass; Lolium perenne, rye land, with additional notices of Paris and London, grass)---On Maryland lands, addressed to farmers, emihas not yet appeared. No delusive promises, how grants and other settlers-On the culture and manageever, are held forth, that the residue of the work ment of Sheep and Wool--Hemp raised in New Yorkwill possess a higher interest than the portion al- Pinching off Potatoe Blossoms-Melocito de Olor, or ready published. A fair specimen has been given small sweet-scented melon of Colombia-Extraordinato the world; and by this criterion the success or ry Pear Tree-Large Celery-On preparing Animal failure of the subscription must be determined-Food, boiling, roasting, frying, &c.-Whiskey-Vinegar Some of the author's friends have advised to the or Pickles-The Rail-Road at Mauch Chunk-Steam publication without issuing proposals; but after ma- Engine for raising water on the Union Canal-Materture reflection, he has deemed it inexpedient to in-der's Thread-Dissection of the Old and New Testanal Love-Remarkable Equestrian Expeditions-Spicur the responsibility of a voluminous work, which ments-Meteorology of May at Baltimore-Frost at may be uncalled for by the public. If any profits Campbell's Station, Tennessee-Extraordinary Pine are to be realized from its sale, no one has a fairer Tree Kaces at anton near Baltimore-Pedigree of claim to the proceeds, than he who has laboured to Sir Solomon-Carter's Letters-Editorial.

present price.

par value.

100

122.00

Frederick,
Washington and Baltimore,
U. STATES' STOCK.
Six per cent. 1813,
---, 1814,
-, 1815,
Three per cent.
Four and half per cent.
100 102. a 103.50
Five per cent.
100
108.00
Those marked thus for sale, and thus † wanted.
Printed every Friday, at Five Dollars per annum, for
JOHN S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOHN D. Toy, corner
of St. Paul and Market-sts., where every description
of Book and Job Printing is handsomely executed.

No. 9.-VOL. 13.

AGRICULTURE.

AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, JUNE 15, 1827.

(From Lorain's Practice of Husbandry.) DIFFERENT CLASSES OF FARMERS IN LIMITED CIRCUMSTANCES.

(Concluded from p. 90.)

97

equally ameliorating as the turnip, if cultivated and cited by gypsum; and while the soil is kept well used in the same way. stored with vegetation, a free use of that substance The British agriculturist who does not exhaust cannot be injurious. It may now be obtained in his soil, applies dung for the turnip crop; and very any part of Pennsylvania, where the roads are only many of the cultivators in that country feed them tolerable, so as to cost less than any other manure off on the ground where they grew. This returns that is equally valuable. Notwithstanding that freto the soil all the nutriment afforded by the turnip.quent mowing through the season, or close pasturNow after all this has been done, we do not hearing, weakens the lateral roots of red clover, and Observations on the different classes of farmers in li-that the cultivator complains that the small grain, the taproots are thrown out by frost, it would seem mited circumstances; also on the injurious error of grown after this very expensive system of manur occupying more land than can be cultivated proper-ing, is injured by being too luxuriant. ly, by the capital employed. Remarks on the ru inous practices too generally pursued by tenants in this country; also on the measures to be taken to prevent these evils. Two distinct systems of ma nagement recommended to be practised by the cir cumscribed cultivator. The extensive usefulness of the grasses when employed by the circumscribed farmer for manure, explained; also how they should "be applied and managed by him. How the soil is ameliorated by a turnip crop. On growing potatoes on grass lays without dung.

if the stubble crop be suffered to grow and rot on the soil, and no more than the first crop be annually mowed, and after this a good covering of grass be preserved, that the lateral roots will continue much more vigorous than when this plant is managed in the usual way: of consequence, it is far less subject to be destroyed by frost or the scorching rays of the sun.

Here it may be proper to remark, that it is far from my intention to depreciate this valuable plant; or to intimate that it is not useful in Great Britain, where it is generally believed maize cannot be grown: especially as a mistaken system of manage ment requires more manure than can be obtained from their old grass grounds, aided by a clover lay, It appears from the long and vigorous continuaas often as this grass intervenes in the general sys-tion of many of the plants that survive, age cannot tem of cultivation pursued in that country. be justly considered the cause of the early death The two distinct systems of management, re- of the greater number of them. This seems to commended to be pursued by the circumscribed proceed from their being exposed by frequent mowIf we may determine the comparative value of cultivator on the same farm, will not only be very ing and close pasturing, to the injurious effects of this plant and clover, when turned under green for profitable to him, but also highly interesting to agri-frost, and the scorching rays of the sun. Nature manure, by the apparent nutriment contained in tive value of the dung and the grasses, when each tilation, any thing like so well as the spear grasses. culture. They will clearly determine the compara has not formed the plant to withstand frequent mueach of them, we have every reason to believe that of them is separately, and systematically employed We also see that even brambles, hardy weeds and a green crop of clover will introduce much more than double the quantity of nutritious matter for as manure for the soil: also how far we may solely sprouts, from the roots of trees, are often destroyed plants, than a crop of buckwheat. It would also, depend on the grasses for promoting good crops, by being frequently cut off near to the ground by and at the same time improving the soil. Of this the scythe. We may also observe that while the seem that when the ground is good enough to grow we know at present but little, as the application of lateral roots of red clover continue healthy, that the spear grasses, the advantages obtained for ploughing them with their roots under the soil will them has hitherto been mixed with the intervening they hold the taproots so firmly in the ground, that be at least equally great, if not greater, than is de-use of other enriching manure; or cise the grounds the plant maintains its natural position, even when have been too severely cropped, before the applica- the soil around it is heaved up so high by frost, rived from clover used in the same way. The cetion of the grasses for manure had been repeated. that the crown of the plant stands in a hollow formlebrated Arthur Young has informed the farmers in The mode of management recommended to the ed by the expansion of the ground: likewise, that England, that tares, sown in September on one circumscribed farmer, was not adopted by me until when a general thaw takes place, and the soil sinks, ploughing, are cut off in time to sow buckwheat on one ploughing, and that if the latter be turned un- my removal to the back-woods My stock of cattle the taproot maintains its natural position in the der for wheat, "it is not in the power of science, of with the extent of cleared grounds which has hap has since then been very deficient, when compared ground, and the plant remains unhurt. theory, or practice to introduce a system more sound and complete."* As we cannot determine what pened to fall into my hands, very much exhausted by perpetual ploughing and cropping. may or may not be "in the power of science, or theory, or practice," this assertion is as unguarded as it is contrary to a judicious system of agricul ture. The practice, however, may be partially useful in England, where gypsum does not general ly act powerfully, and the prevailing attachment to old grass grounds, has induced the farmers there, to grow by far too many cultivated crops, on their fields subjected to the plough, before the grasses Grounds, managed in this way, seem to require, in addition to the manure furnished by the live stock, more assistance than is generally obtained there, by turning under a clover lay, too commonly after the plants have been greatly run out, and the tops have been either mowed or closely pastured. Notwithstanding their old grass grounds, and an extensive cultivation of turnips, enable them to ga ther and apply much manure, the number of culti vated crops grown on that part of their grounds subjected to the plough, together with the manure applied in top dressing the grass grounds which are mowed, render that article, great as the quantity at first sight may appear, scanty, when applied to all the necessary purposes which their mistaken idea of agriculture requires.

intervene.

Yet the writers on husbandry, in this country, too generally urge us to adopt the errors of England: particularly the supposed ameliorating practice of

This is best seen when the plants are young in the stubble crop, the first winter and spring after the seed was sown. It should, however, be observhas been sown on buckwheat, that many of the ed, that it sometimes happens that when red clover plants are heaved out by the frost of the ensuing winter and spring. In this case, it appears that the roots of the plant do not become sufficiently large and strong before frost puts a stop to their growth.

the value of the tops and roots of grasses, when
I have, however, been sufficiently informed of
applied for manure, to be fully convinced that if a
proper system of management be pursued, they
may be rendered invaluable to the farmer, whose
limited capital will not admit him to keep a suffi-
When potatoes are grown by the circumscribed
cient stock of cattle. By the proper use of them,
he may, no question, annually increase the product farmer, on his best grounds, with the grasses turned
and fertility of his soil: also, gradually increase the under for manure, and the grass crop be a good
number and value of his live stock, with far less laone, it will be best to plant the sets by trench
our than is employed in the present mode of ma-ploughing, as directed in my book on Cultivation.
This will save a considerable part of the manure
agement pursued by circumscribed farmers.
That part of his management which has the ad- arising from the tops and roots of the grasses from
vantage of farm-yard manure, will be very incon-waste, when the crop is gathered. It will remain
siderable in the beginning. It will, however, be safe at the bottom for the growth of small grain
much more productive than that which depends on and grasses following the potatoes.
the tops and roots of the grasses alone. The only
difference in the labour, will be hauling and spread
ing the manure, together with the destruction of
more weeds, introduced and excited by the dung,
and gathering more productive crops.

No question, however, but the product of the crops from the grounds manured with the tops and roots of the grasses alone, will very greatly exceed that which could be obtained from the same land by the too general random practice of circumscribed farmers: even admitting that the whole of the dung made by their scanty live stock, be applied in their irregular and exhausting system of management.

The plants may be arranged agreeably to Mr. Watson's practice, described in my book on Cultivation. So soon as the size of them will admit, they should be thinned, leaving but one of the most thrilty growing from each set. In pulling up the supernumerary plants, great care should be taken to remove the roots, otherwise they will grow from the stubs left behind, and being mutilated, injure the crop more than if no attempt had been made to remove them. If Mr. Watson's plan be adopted, the number of the plants remaining after the crop has been thinned, will be more than some farmers consider sufficient, when farm-yard manure has been thin pasture grounds fed bare, and some of his potatoes grown in that way, weighed one pound, wheat or barley may safely follow this crop, when it is grown on a good soil well manured by the tops and roots of grasses. Grass seeds should be sown on the small grain, and the grounds remain three years in grass before they are again turned up for a ful

growing turnips. They should, however, have con- It is also evident, that the labour generally employ-applied for that crop. As this gentleman planted on sidered, before they became so zealous, in what they, no doubt, believed a good cause, how the soiled by them, greatly exceeds that which will be found necessary to execute the system proposed. 8 ameliorated in England by a turnip crop. If this Red clover will certainly far better suit the cirhad been done, they would have discovered, that any cumscribed farmer, than the spear grasses, except plant cultivated by us which produces food either on that portion of his soil where farm-yard manure for man or domesticated animals, would be at least has been spread, or where the grounds are naturally rich, and have not been exhausted. Luxuriant crops of this grass may be readily ex-low crop.

See Mr. Bordley's book on Husbandry.
No. 13.-VOL. 9.