and referred to the grand chancellor, who, approving of it, informed the emperor and Monf. De Gebres, of the intention of the two Portuguese, and how they offered to demonftrate that the Malucos, and the other iflands, from whence the Portuguese got the fpices, appertained to the Spanish limit, according to the partition of Pope Alexander VI. and that they offered to fearch a paffage thither by the Western Ocean, without purfuing the track used by the Portuguese in the route to India, paffing for this purpose to the South Sea, by a ftrait, at that time undiscovered.' Herrera fays, Magalhanes bro't a globe finely painted, whereon he well defcribed all the land, and delineated the track he meant to pursue, but carefully left the ftrait blank, that they might not be able to pirate it. Many difcourfes and questions were had hereon; and the chief minifters, of whom he had nothing to fear, asking him what courfe he meant to hold? he replied, that he meant to go to C. Santa Maria, on the river Plate, and thence to purfue the coaft till he fell in with the ftrait. They then asked, how he thought to pass to the other fea, if he did not find a trait? He replied, that he would go by the Portuguese route, finee, if it could be proved that the Malucos fell within the Spanish demarcation, he might well go by their route, without injury; but that he went very certain of finding a ftrait." Before we return to Fray Gafpar's relation, it will be proper to recite particularly what Barros fays of this event. He tells us, that Francifco Serrano wrote fome letters from the Malucos to Magalhanes, who had been his intimate companion from the time they both went to India, efpecially at the taking of Malacca, giving an account of these eastern islands. Serrano's principal aim was to recommend himself to Emanuel; he therefore reprefented the Malucos to be twice as far diftant as Malacca, and exaggerated his fervices in fuch a manner, that, according to his expreffions, people would think he was writing from the Antipodes; and that he had done more fervice to the King than Vafco de Gama, in the difcovery of India. In the mean while, Magalhanes appeared to be very proud of the friendship of Serrano, and therefore made no difficulty of fhewing his letters, and highly praifing him for his important fervices done to the court of Portugal; which, at the fame time, he thought, muft greatly promote the new defign he had formed, as afterwards appeared from his letters, in reply to thofe of Serrano, obtained at the Malucos, after Serrano's death, by Antonio de Brito. In thefe letters Magalhanes acquainted Serrano with his intention of foon going to fee him; and if it could not be in the Portuguese, it fhould be in the Spanish fervice, for fuch was the ftate of his affairs: and, lastly, defired him to be perfuaded, that their old friendship would be ftill more ftrengthened by living together. As the evil fpirit is always perfuading men's minds to fome bad action, and affifting them in it; it happened that Magalhanes was difgufted with his king and country; which happened in this manner: • Magalhanes being at Azamor, Juan Soares, captain of that city, made an excurfion against the country of the neighbouring Moors, in which Magalhanes received a wound in the calf of his leg, which, touching fome nerve, made him limp ever after. 'Soares, fome time afterwards, ordered another expedition with horfe; and being willing to affift Magalhanes appointed *Herrera D. 2. L. 2. C. 19. †D. 3. L. 5. C. 8. fol. 139. Edit. 1628. appointed him and Alvaro Monteiro to be the chief officers in that expedition; wherein they made prifoners 890 Moors, and took zoco head of cattle, 400 of which the two chiefs immediately fold to fome Moors, whom they directed to come for them in the night, near the walls of the city this the Moors did according ly; and when Magalhanes and his companion thought the Moors were no longer in danger of being intercepted, they ordered the alarm-bell to be rung, and gave out, that the Moors had ftolen the cattle; fo that the people next day went in vain to retake them: this was complained of by feveral inhabitants of that place, interested in the booty; however, no attention was paid to thefe com. plaints. Soares being called away by the court, was fucceeded by Pedro de Souza, who was afterwards made Conde de Prado; and Magalhanes returned to Portugal without leave of the new captain. As Magalhanes was a man of noble extraction, and distinguished fervices, in which he was lamed, as foon as he arrived at court, he laid before the king an account of his fervices; and petitioned him, among other things, to increafe his monthly pay. The increase of pay has given to the noblemen of this kingdom much trouble; it appears, amongst the Portuguese, a kind of enthusiasm, and has brought reproach to the kings: for as it is a common received opinion, that the rewards of the prince are given in confideration of fervices, it is a kind of diftributive juftice, which must be bestowed equally on all, according to the merit of an individual. When any one finds his portion denied, altho' he may be diffatisfied, he bears it with temper; but when he fees an example of its being bestowed on an equal, particularly in thofe who avail themselves more of arts and friends than perfonal merits, then he loses all temper; from hence fprings indignation, then hatred, and at laft total defperation, till he is driven to commit crimes injurious to himself and others. What vexed Magalhanes more than refufing to increase his falary, was, that fome people who had been with him at Azamor, fpread the report in Lisbon of his robbing them of the cattle; and that his lameness was only feigned, as a pretence to get an additional falary. For thefe, and other reafons, the king refolved not to comply with his petition: what increafed this injury to Magalhanes was, that Souza, captain of Azamor, wrote to the king that Magalhanes had gone away without leave; and of what the inhabitants complained, begging his niajefty to inquire into it. Magalhanes wanted to vindicate himself before the king; but he would not hear him, and ordered him to go immediately to Azamor, to deliver himself up to juftice, as it was there he was accufed. Magalhanes went therefore to Azamor, where he was acquitted of the robbery, either because he was not guilty, or, as others affirm, because the inhabitants of Azamor were not willing to charge him with it. He then returned to Portugal; and, notwithstanding his juftification, the king always entertained a refentment against him, and was not pleafed to comply with his petition. Therefore Magalhanes fet about the defign he had formerly communicated to his friend Serrano at Maluco. Magalhanes's leaving the court of Portugal is not to be entirely attributed to this disappointment he met with in his petition; because, before he was difappointed, he used to keep company with pilots, look into fea charts, and talk about fixing the rule to find the true diftance from one meridian * Comutativa. meridian to another; an enquiry which has ruined many ignorant people, and perplexed ineffectually the learned, fince none has yet been able to put it in execution. Magalhanes, from the converfation he had with thefe feafaring people, and also because he had a turn for these things, and experience of them in his voyage to India, fhewed to fome his friend Serrano's letters, and infinuated, particularly among the feamen, that the Maluco iflands did lie fo much eastward in regard to us, that they fell within the Spanish demarcation; and to confirm these opinions, which he fowed in the ears of the feafaring people, he joined Ruy Falero, a Portuguefe, who likewife difliked the king for not having been admitted into his service as a judiciary aftrologer. They both went to Seville, carrying with them fome pilots alfo difaffected to the court of Portugal, and there met with others, that place being then very much frequented by feafaring men, on account of the fleets fitted out from thence for the Antillas. Magalhanes was very kindly received at Seville, by a Portuguese, named Diego Barbofa, who went to India with John de Nova, in the first expedition made in 1501, and was captain of a fhip belonging to Don Alvaro, brother to Don Ferdinand, Duke of Braganza: this Don Alvaro had obtained for him the office of conftable to the castle of Seville; and as Magalhanes was related to Barbofa, he was courteously entertained by him; and his reputation being already established at the court of Spain, he met with no oppofition in marrying Barbofa's daughter. ་ 1 The emperor, who was in Saragoza, feeing the propofition of Magalhanes, fent to call him, and gave him audience in the prefence of the VOL. III. No. 4. Fr. Gafpar Cong. de las Philippinas. council, and did him many honours; and to him, and to Ruy Falero, he gave the order of St. Jago, and the title of his captains. In the council at Saragoza were concluded the following conditions and agreements. That they engaged to discover the Malucos and Wettern Islands, in the Spanish demarcation, by the ocean. The emperor promised them, that he would not permit, for a term of ten years, that any fhould go by the track they discovered. That of all the income and profitst which should accrue from their difcoveries, they fhould receive a twen-. tieth part, after deducting the expences. And that to Magalhanes he would give the title of Adelantado of what he fhould discover, to him, his children and heirs born in Spain. Alfo that they might fend in the King's fhips one thousand ducats yearly, invefted in merchandize, and bring back the produce, paying the King's duty. And that if the islands which they should difcover were more than fix, of two they fhould receive a fifteenth part, deducting the expences. And that, for this time, they should receive a fifth of all the ships brought home. And for this voyage the emperor ordered five fhips to be provided; two of them 130 tons each, the other two 90 each, and the other 60, with 234 people, paid and victualled for two years. Thefe were the conditions made in Saragoza, with captain Magalhanes. Magalhanes did not fail to meet with obstructions from the Portuguese ambaffador, Alvaro de Acofta, who feeing the confideration which the emperor made of Magalhanes, and how his propofition was pushed on, fo much to the prejudice of the crown of Portugal, he did his utmost to prevent it; and, on the other hand, did no less to draw over Magalhanes to return to Portugal, where the King would do him greater favours, and difpatch him for the difcovery, as it had been determined in the council of Portugal: but Magalhanes conducted himself to well, that Alvaro de Acotta could neither effect the first, nor perfuade Magalhanes to the fecond. He left Saragoza, with the neceflary dispatches for the cafa de contratacion at Seville, to forward his voyage.' Herrera fays, The treasurer Alonio Gutierrez, and Chriftoval de Aro Burgales, to forward the difpatch, money being wanted, advanced part of it on their own account; and, in refpect to the bishop of Burgos, fome merchants of Seville brought what was deficient. They went on forwarding the difpatch, and wanting to bring one fhip afhore, Sancho de Matienço, treasurer of the cafa de contratacion, being prefent, two flags of the King were fent for, but not being done painting, they were not brought; four with the arms of Magalhanes were put on the four cabreftantes, where it is customary to put thofe of the captain: this appearing a new thing to a lieutenant of the admiral of Caftille, he ordered them to be taken down, faying the arms of Portugal had no business there: Magalhanes, who was told this, faid, thele were not the arms of Portugal, but his, who was a captain and vaffal of the King of Spain, and then returned to his business. But the alcalde fhamefully infifted to take down the flags, and Sancho de Matienço oppofed it: as the disturbance increafed, Matienço fent to Magalhanes, to request that he would confent to their being taken down, to prevent fhame. He did fo, though it was expected he would take it as an affront; for a perfon was prefent, fecretly fent by the King of Portugal, to beg him to return to his fervice, fuch was his concern that Magalhanes fhould perform the voyage. Matienço, who had called to his affillance the jufticias ordinarias of Seville, feeing they did not come,` took the expedient of ftriking the flags with Magalhanes's confent, and gave an account to the King of the difturbance which had happened; Magalhanes complained much of it; the King wrote to Magalhanes, expreffing his concern for what had paffed; declared his approbation to Sancho de Matienço for what he had done, and reproved the affiftant of the city for not having united against the alcalde of the admiral, and referred it to the officers of the cafa de contratacion to enquire into the matter, and feverely to chaflife the delinquents. The armament being ready, ard fome difference having arisen between Magalhanes and Ruy Falero, about who fhould carry the royal standard and light; the King ordered, that as Ruy Falero was not in perfect health, he should continue till another voyage; and that the treafurer Louis de Mendoça, who had made fome oppofition to Magalhanes, fhould obey him in every thing; and that Magalhanes fhould not carry Martin de Mezquita, nor Pedro de Abreo, they being reckoned turbulent; and that he fhould carry in his company ten Portuguese, of whom there were no more in the voyage. Orders were given to Sancho Martinez de Leyva, who was the affiftant of Seville, to deliver to Magalhanes the royal standard in the church of Sta. Maria de la Vitoria de Triana, and to receive the oath and homage, according to the custom of Spain, that he would perform the voyage with all faithfulness, as a good vaffal of his Majefty: and that the fame oath and homage fhould be received from the captains captains and other officers of the armada to Magalhanes; and that they would follow his courfe, and obey him in all things: and that he fhould give certain gratification to Donna Beatriz Barbofa, Magalhanes's wife; to Francifco Falero, and to Ruy Falero, who were foliciting another armament to follow Magalhanes. Magalhanes went in the ship Trinidada, which was Capitana. The mafter, Juan Bautista de Poncevera, a Genoefe. Master's mate, Francifco Calvo.. St. Antonio, Captain Juan de Cartagena, comptroller of the armada; he had an appointment of being alcalde of the first fort they fhould find, or build, in the countries they went in queft of. Mafter, Juan deEllorriaga Vizcaino Mafter's mate, Pedro Hernandez, inhabitant of Seville. Vitoria, Captain Luys de Mendoça, treasurer of the armada. Master, Antonio Salomon de Palermo. Master's mate, Miguel de Rhodas, inhabitants of Seville. This hip is famous for being the only faip of the fquadron which returned after circumnavigating the globe. Concepcion, Capt. Gafpar de Quefada. Mafter, Juan Sebaftian del Cano, inhabitant of Seville,native of Guetaria, in the province of Guipuz. coa, whose name shall be immortal. Mafter's mate, Juan de Acuria de Bermeo. St. Jago, Captain Juan Rodriguez Serrano, who was alfo chief pilot. Mafter, Balthafar, a Genoese. Mafter's mate, Bartolomé Prior. Antonio de Coco was accountant. The other pilots were Eftevan Gomez, a Portuguese, Andres de San Martin, Juan Rodriguez Mafro, Bfco Gallego, and Carvallo, Portuguefe, to whom, as very beneficial, was given an exemption from billeting on their houfes, although the court fhould be at Seville, and the privileges of knights at their return, and a year's pay in advance. Geronimo Gomez de Efpinoza was alguazil-mayor; Leon Dezpeleta, GeronimoGuerra, Sancho de Heredia, Antonio de Acosta, and Martin Mendez, were clerks. This armada departed late, becaufe the King of Portugal made urgent application to the King in Barcelona not to fend it; but he declared his inclination to keep very ftri&ly his capitulation with the Catholic King, and that he would in nothing infringe the rights of the crown of Portugal, as he would fooner leave unpuilued what appertained to the crown of Spain; and that the first order enjoined the captains was, not to interfere in the Portuguefe affairs, and that he could have no doubt they would comply herewith. The Portuguese faid, that the King of Spain would lofe the expences, for that Hernando Magalhanes was a chattering fellow, and little reliance to be placed in him; and that he would not execute what he promifed.' Herrera adds, It is told of Magal hanes, that two fhips failing from the Indies to Portugal, whereon he was embarked, ran on fome fhoals, and were loft; but all the people, and great part of the provifions, faved in the boats to a fmall ifland near. From whence it was agreed to go to a certain port in India, fome leagues diftant; but as all could not go at once, there was great difpute who should go in the first trip; the captains and chief people wanted to go first; the failors and the reft infifted on the contrary that they fhould. Hernando Magalhanes feeing this dangerous dif pute faid, Let the captains and gentlemen go, I will flay with the failers, provided they will fear to us upon their word, that as joon as they arrive they will fend for us. The failors were |