tired March 6, 1857.
Lewis Cass, of Michigan
Entered upon duties March 6, 1857. Re
tired December 12, 1860.
Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania
Entered upon duties December 17, 1860.
Retired March 5, 1861.
William H. Seward, of New York
Entered upon duties, March 6, 1861. Retired March 3, 1869.
Elihu B. Washburn, of Illinois
Entered upon duties March 5, 1869. Retired March 17, 1869.
Hamilton Fish, of New York
Entered upon duties March 17, 1869. Re
tired March 12, 1877.
William M. Evarts, of New York.
Entered upon duties March 12, 1877. Retired March 7, 1881.
James G. Blaine, of Maine
Entered upon duties March 7, 1881. Re
tired December 19, 1881.
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey. Entered upon duties December 19, 1881. Retired March 6, 1885.
Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware
Entered upon duties March 7, 1885. Re
tired March 6, 1889.
James G. Blaine, of Maine
Entered upon duties March 7, 1889. Retired June 4, 1892.
James A. Garfield
and Chester A. Arthur.
Chester A. Arthur.
John W. Foster, of Indiana .
Entered upon duties June 29, 1892. Re
tired February 23, 1893.
Walter Q. Gresham, of Illinois.
Entered upon duties March 6, 1893. Died May 28, 1895.
Richard Olney, of Massachusetts
Entered upon duties June 10, 1895. Re
ABERDEEN, Lord, British Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on abolition of sla- very in Texas, 300.
Adams, Charles Francis, minister to Great Britain, appointment of, 360; on British proclamation of neutral- ity, 366; his action on intervention, 381; his action as to Confederate cruisers built in England, 384, 389; on the effect of the emancipation proclamation in England, 392; on private agents, 399; his invaluable services in London, 399; his efforts for the adjustment of claims against Great Britain for lax observance of neutrality, 422.
Adams, John, commissioner to France,
7; views of foreign policy, 9, 19, 20; acquiring French, 10; his draft treaty with France, 19; on Frank- lin's trouble with his colleagues, 37; negotiation of treaty with Holland, 43, 47; affronts Vergennes, minister of France, 44; his view of diplo- matic conduct, 46; diary on nego- tiations in Holland read in Congress, 48; on Franklin's duties in France, 52; criticism of French minister on his appointment to negotiate with Great Britain, and result, 54; arrives in Paris and supports Jay against Franklin, 63; letter to Morris on treaty, 70; on Canada, 75; on in- structions of Congress, 80; jealousy of Franklin, 84; criticism of Jay, 84; Jefferson on, 84; minister to England, 94; attacked by Paine, 145; as President, 176-184; action in negotiations with France, 178; causes dissension in Federalist party, 179; on his son's ambition for the presidency, 250.
Adams, John Quincy, on executive
powers under the Constitution, 117 ; attacked by Jefferson as author of Publicola," 145; on crisis of Jay treaty, 1794, 161; commissioner to negotiate peace with Great Britain, 243; Secretary of State under Mon- roe, and sketch of, 250; defense of Jackson's invasion of Florida, 260; on the treaty of 1819 for the cession of Florida, 262; negotiates treaty of 1824 with Russia, 265; contest and election to presidency, 268; Henry Clay as Secretary of State and the corrupt bargain" charge, 268; on Webster's proposed mission to Great Britain, 296; on territorial expan- sion, 309; his tragic death, 319; his draft of the Monroe Doctrine, 443; his view of Canning's proposal as to the doctrine, 450; his last expres- sion as to the doctrine, 455. Adams, Samuel, on committee on diplo- matic ceremonial, 32. Agents. See Private agents. Alabama, the, Confederate cruiser, built in England, 385; debate in Parliament on escape of, 388; denial of Great Britain for responsibility on account of, 422; settlement of claims for, and other cruisers, 423, 427.
Alaska, cession of, steps leading to,
404; negotiations for, 406; transfer of, 407; debate in Congress on the bill to execute the treaty, 407; mo- tive of Russia for the cession of, 408; object of Secretary Seward in, 409.
Albert, prince consort, his advice to the queen on the Trent affair, 369. Alliance, treaty of, with France, 30. Ambrister, British subject, executed in Florida by General Jackson, 259.
Ames, Fisher, on inauguration of Wash- | ington, 137; great speech on power of the House over a treaty, 169; on Madison, 186.
Aranda, Count de, Spanish minister in Paris, on independence of the col- onies, 42; on the future of the United States, 71.
Arbitration of the northeastern bound- ary, by the king of the Netherlands, 282; of the Alabama and other questions by the Geneva tribunal, 424; of the British Venezuela boundary, 473. Arbuthnot, British subject, executed in Florida by order of General Jack- son, 259. Argyll, Duke of, friendly to the Union during the Civil War, 374; on the emancipation proclamation, 395. Arms, sale of, to belligerents, 15. Articles of Confederation. See Con- federation.
Ashburton, Lord, British special pleni- potentiary on northeast boundary, 282; Palmerston's attack on, be- cause of his American wife, 283; his relation to "The Battle of the Maps," 285.
Astor, John Jacob, establishes a trad-
ing post on the Columbia River, 304; Jefferson's letter to, 310. Atlantic cable, laid in 1866, its effect on diplomacy, 403.
Bayard, James A., commissioner to ne- gotiate peace with Great Britain in 1814, 243.
Beaumarchais, Caron de, his character and services to the Colonies, 11; let- ter to the king, 14; fictitious firm of, 14; claims settled by Congress, 16; carries news of Burgoyne's sur- render to the court, 30.
Belmont, August, his interview with Lord Palmerston, 373.
Blackstone, influence of his Commen- taries in formation of the Federal Constitution, 105,
Black Warrior, the case of the, seized by Spanish authorities in Havana, 343.
Blaine, James G., Secretary of State, on the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 457; his circular on the exclusive control by the United States of an isthmus canal, 463; his proposition to Great Britain for amendment of the Clay- ton-Bulwer treaty, 465.
Blockade, the principles of, involved in the war of 1812 with Great Britain, 236; Berlin Decrees and Orders in Council, 238; of Southern ports during the Civil War, 365, 376.
Boudinot, Elias, President of Congress, on treaty of 1782-83, 70. Boundaries, with Great Britain, in treaty of 1782-83, 55, 63, 64, 79, 82; treaty of 1842 and northeast, 282; treaty of 1864 and Oregon, 302-309; treaty of 1871 and San Juan de Fuca, 424.
Boundary. See Boundaries with Great Britain; Oregon; Texas.
Bribery, British, during the Revolu tion, 27.
Bright, John, on Seward, 364; friendly to the Union during the Civil War, 375; speech to the trades-unions, 377; his part in the parliamentary debate on escape of the Alabama, 388.
Brougham, Lord, on the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine, 448. Bryce, James, on war powers of the President, 117.
Buchanan, James, Secretary of State under Polk, 303; negotiation of the Oregon boundary settlement, 303; treaty of peace with Mexico drafted by, 318; his other services as secre- tary, 323; his embarrassment as minister in London on diplomatic dress circular, 340; joins in Ostend Manifesto, 345; elected President, 349; efforts for purchase of Cuba, 349; proposed intervention in Mex- ico, 355; evasive message of 1860 by, 358; his resolution on the Mon- roe Doctrine and Panama Congress, 453.
Burgoyne's surrender, effect of, in Europe, 30, 52.
Cabinet, no provision in the Constitu-
tion for, 120; how it grew into recognized existence, 125.
Cable. See Atlantic Cable. Calhoun, John C., advocate of the war of 1812, 240; Secretary of State under Tyler, 297; his part in the annexation of Texas, 297; postpones Oregon boundary negotiations, 302; opposition to the Mexican War, 316; his view of the Monroe Doctrine, 455.
Canada, Franklin's proposition, in 1782, to include in United States, 59, 74; Washington on French occupation of, 75; Adams on, 75; secret mis- sion to New England sent from, 241; insurrection of 1837-38 in, 280; re- ciprocity with, treaty of 1854, 337; Seward on the destiny of, 409; Sum- ner on withdrawal of British flag from, 428.
Canning, George, British Minister of Foreign Affairs, proposition to Mr. Rush respecting the Spanish-Amer- ican colonies, 442; the share of credit due him for the Monroe Doctrine, 448.
Caroline, the case of the, 280, 287. Cass, Lewis, attacks Webster on right of search and impressment, 288; opposition to Oregon treaty, 308; Secretary of State under Buchanan, 349; action in securing final aban- donment of British claim of right of search, 352; secures the abolition of Danish Sound dues, 353; resigna- tion as secretary, 359. Catacazy, Constantine, Russian minis-
ter, his bad conduct, and suspension of intercourse with, 432. Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury, on the Trent affair, 371; his relation to a secret mission to purchase Confederate ironclads, 397. Chatham, Lord, opposition to inde- pendence, 53.
Chesapeake, United States frigate, case of, 237.
China, establishment of diplomatic re-
lations with, 289; policy of our re- lations with, 291; as to the opium trade, 291; joint action with other powers as to, 291; return of portion of claims indemnity, 292; imperial embassy visits America and Europe, 415; Chinese laborers in the United States, 416.
Civil War, the, chap. x. British sym- pathy for Confederacy during, 357; conviction in Europe that the Union was destroyed by, 358, 380; friends of the Union in England, 375; Rus- sian friendship during, 405. Claims. See Spoliation Claims, French. Clay, Henry, advocate of the war of 1812, 240; appointed peace com- missioner, 243; Secretary of State under J. Q. Adams and corrupt bargain charge, 268; his habits, 269; busy term as secretary, 270; declined Harrison's offer of Secre- taryship of State, 281; opposition to Mexican War, 316. Clayton, John M., Secretary of State under Taylor, 325; negotiation of Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 326, 456. Cleveland, President Grover, with- draws the Nicaragua Canal treaty from the Senate, 466; his special message on the application of the Monroe Doctrine to the Venezuela boundary controversy, 471. Cobden, Richard, on Seward, 363; friendly to the Union during the Civil War, 375.
Cole, Senator, his relation to the ces- sion of Alaska, 405. Collier, Sir Robert, his legal opinion as to Confederate cruisers, 385, 399. Columbia, ship, Captain Gray com- manding, first American vessel cir- cumnavigating the globe, 150; first entered Columbia River, 304. Committee of Foreign Affairs, ap- pointment of, in 1774-75, 4; letter commending John Paul Jones to American commissioners in Paris, 51.
Confederacy. See Southern Confed-
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