on the west by the Southern Sea and on the east by undiscovered provinces" (Laws 5 and 9, Chapter 15, Book II).

Moreover no document of a decisive character has been shown which marks out these undiscovered provinces, which bound on the north the Audiencia of Charcas and on the east the Audiencia of Lima, and which extends them, as claimed by Peru, from the Maranon to the northern frontier of Paraguay, including the river bed of the Madre de Dios,10 nor on the other hand as Bolivia affirms, that they follow along the banks of that river, when it is stated "the only vagueness about the boundaries is that of the undiscovered provinces. But there is not a single word in all these boundary laws which alludes otherwise to these actual or virtual districts. It is true that between the Audiencia of New Granada and Quito on the south, and of Lima on the east, and that of Charcas on the north is a portion or zone of land denominated as undiscovered provinces, but according to all probability these provinces ran the length of the banks of the Maranon and do not enter within the boundaries of the audiencias referred to.11

That the same occurs in regard to the bounding of the Audiencia of Charcas by the Northern Sea, and the boundary line between the crowns of the kings of Castille and Portugal, and the inclusion within it of the province of Chunchos, according to the said laws of the "Recopilacion de Indias" because even, putting aside the principles of the boundaries in force in 1810, it would have been modified by the laws of the "Recopilacion de Indias" in accordance with the ordinances of the Intendentes of 1782 and 1803. It is sufficient to observe that at the date on which this was promulgated, the Audiencia of Charcase might have been bounded by the Northern Sea, while in the region of Para to the east of the line of Tordesillas, as well as in the province of Rio de la Plata, included within its district, and in regard to the Province of Chunchos, since known as Misiones de Apolobamba, nothing authorizes us to admit that it should include all the extension of the concession, which under the name of New Andalusia was granted to Alvarez Maldonado in 1567 and 1568, and even less that it should extend to the north as far as the line of the treaty of San Ildefonso of 1777, which united the sources of the Yavary with a point equidistant from the junction of the river Madera with the Marmore and the Maranon.

That under these circumstances a strict application has been made of 10 Argument of Peru, p. 102.

11 Reply of Bolivia to the Peruvian allegation, p. 130.

the case provided for in article 4 of the arbitration treaty, according to which:

Provided that the royal acts and dispositions do not clearly define the limits of a territory, the arbitrator shall decide the question fairly in a manner as nearly as possible approaching the signification of these acts and in the spirit in which they were made.

That, study and mature consideration has been made not only of the meaning but of the spirit of the laws of the "Recopilacion de Indias," letters patent, royal orders, ordinances of the Intendentes, diplomatic acts relating to the delimitation of frontiers, maps, official descriptions, and other documents brought forward by the high contracting parties, and especially laws 1, 5, and 9, of Chapter 15, Book II of the Recopilacion de Indias relating to the general demarcation of audiencias and in particular those of Charcas and Lima, Law 3, Chapter 7, Book I of the same recopilacion on the demarcation of bishoprics, the royal letters patent of August 26, 1573, and February 8, 1590, relative to the concession made. to Juan Alvarez Maldonado, the royal letter patent of February 1, 1796, which separated the Intendencia of Puño from the vice-royalty of Buenos Aires, adding it to the vice-royalty of Lima; the negotiations in regard to the celebration and execution of the boundary treaties of 1750 and 1777 between the crowns of Spain and Portugal; the ordinances of the Intendentes of January 28, 1782, and September 23, 1803, the documents on one side relating to the extension of the Misiones of Carabaya in the district of the river San Juan de Oro or Tambopata, and on the other side relating to the Misiones of Apolobamba and of Mojos, in the region. of the river Toromonas.

That in accordance with the preceding conditions I am obliged to decide this question fairly, approaching in the decision the signification of the royal dispositions presented by the respective parties and to the spirit of the same.

Wherefore in accordance with the counsels of the advisory commission, I hereby declare that the frontier line now in dispute between the republics of Bolivia and Peru, be settled in the following manner:

Starting from the point where the actual frontier coincides with the river Suches, the line of territorial demarcation between the two republics, shall cross the lake of the same name, up to the ridge of Palomani-Grande, whence it shall continue to the lakes of Yagua Yagua, and by the river of that name shall come to the river San Juan de Oro or Tambopata. It shall continue by the stream of this river Tambopata,

down stream, until it meets the river Lanza or Mososhuaico. From the junction of the rivers Tambopata and Lanza a line shall go to the eastern head of the river Abuyama or Heath, and shall follow this down stream until it flows into the river Amarumayu or Madre de Dios. By the thalweg of the river Madre de Dios the line shall descend as far as the mouth of the Toromanos, which flows into it on its right bank. From the junction of the Toromanos and Madre de Dios, it shall follow a straight line to the point where the river Tahamanu intersects the degree of longitude 69 west of Greenwich, and following this meridian the bound shall extend to the north as far as the spot where it meets the boundary of another nation, which is not a party to the arbitration treaty of December 30, 1902.

The territory situated to east and south of the line fixed shall belong to the republic of Bolivia, and the territory situated to the west and north of the same line, shall belong to the republic of Peru.

Let this award be communicated to the envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary of the high contracting parties, and copies of the same furnished them in accordance with article 9 of the arbitration treaty.

Done in triplicate, sealed with the great seal of the arms of the republic and countersigned by the minister secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Worship, in the Palace of the National Government, in the city of Buenos Aires, capital of the Argentine Republic, on the ninth day of the month of July in the year one thousand nine hundred and nine.

BOOK REVIEWS

The United States as a World Power. By Archibald Cary Coolidge. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1909. pp. vi, 373. $2.00 net.

The ten years, which have elapsed since the United States acquired the Philippines and entered the field of colonial expansion, have been productive of numerous books dealing with the new problem, which this departure from the traditional American policy has imposed upon the people of the United States. Many of these books have been interesting; few of them, of real value; and most of them, mere channels for the expression of opinions or the exploitation of theories, more or less fantastic or ill-conceived. In the treatment of recent history of such importance to the national welfare impartiality by American writers is difficult. A man can hardly be expected to watch from day to day the progress of events without forming opinions so strong as to affect his judgment as to facts. The events lack perspective; every thing is in the foreground; large and small happenings assume false proportions with resulting distorted conclusions. Imagination, sentiment, partisanship, and material interest affect the vision. This is very normal and to be expected. None the less it destroys the value of most that has been written about American affairs, national and international, during the past decade. It is, therefore, most agreeable to the student of presentday history to find a work upon this subject, which neither reeks with. "manifest destiny," "Anglo-Saxon domination," or " duty to humanity," nor dooms to unutterable woe the republic which has abandoned "the traditions of the fathers" in its pursuit of power and wealth. Such a work is "The United States as a World Power" by Professor Archibald Cary Coolidge of Harvard University. From the first to the last of its 373 pages there is a fairness of treatment that not only commends the book to the reader, but before he has finished it excites his admiration. The author holds no plea for any party or faction; he has no cherished theory to propound; his opinions are conservative, and his advancement. of them guarded. Neither Imperialist nor Anti-Imperialist can complain of the treatment of their arguments, but on the other hand neither will find much for special congratulation. Probably the origin of the

book is the chief reason for its freedom from bias. The writer in the preface explains that it was originally prepared in the form of lectures, which were delivered during the winter of 1906-07 at the Sorbonne, as the Harvard lectures on the Hyde foundation. Written for a French audience the method of presenting the various topics is more conservative than if the lecturer's hearers had been American students versed in the early history of the United States, imbued with American ideals, and desirous of looking into the future rather than at the past.

It may seem to some, who read the book, that the first four chapters, entitled "Formation and growth," "Nationality and immigration," "Race questions," and "Ideals and shibboleths," might have been omitted. The probable explanation is to be found in the composition. of the original audience of the writer. In rewriting his lectures for publication it certainly would not have lessened their value to have condensed these chapters, although on account of subsequent references to them they could not have been omitted.

The order, in which the subjects are considered, also shows the influence of the fact that the lectures were for French ears. France is given undue prominence in American foreign affairs, an entirely artificia! arrangement adopted for a special occasion.

The book deals with the great international problems which the United States is called upon to face at the present time. The title seems to have been given because of its attractive sound to American readers, rather than because of its relation to the general subject. "World power" tickles the American ear, and it is apt to be read with complacency if not with pride. In spite of the author's definition he shows that the term is vague, or as he says, "not scientifically exact." One feels a little. regret that a more appropriate title could not have been found.

The introduction is made necessary by the title of the book rather than by the book itself. In it Professor Coolidge reviews historically the dominance of various states in the affairs of Europe from the fifteenth century to the present time calling particular attention to the "wild scramble for land" by the European powers during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the surprise of the United States when it found itself accepting "the role of a power holding distant colonies." A "world power" is then defined at some length, which briefly stated is a nation possessing sufficient physical might to be "an arbiter of mankind;" and the powers thus qualified are given as five and ranked as follows: Great Britain, Russia, France, the United States, and Germany.