93

APPENDIX.

17.] Rules of Construing and Parsing.

A.

As every independent Sentence must have

1. A Finite Verb, expressed or understood;

2. A Subject in a Nominative Case, expressed or understood, with which the Verb agrees (see Primer, §87), so observe more particularly:

(a) A Substantive may have any of these Adjuncts: (1) Adjectives in Attribution to it;

(2) Substantives in Apposition to it;

(3) A Genitive or Ablative depending on it; (4) A Preposition and Case depending on it. (b) An Adjective may have any of these Adjuncts: (1) An Adverb qualifying it;

(2) Cases governed by it;

(3) A Preposition and Case depending on it.

(c) A Verb may have any of these Adjuncts:

(1) An Adverb qualifying it;

(2) Cases governed by it;

(3) Prepositions (with their Cases) depending on it; (4) An Infinitive depending on it.

(d) An Adverb may be qualified by another Adverb.

B.

Therefore, in order to construe a simple Sentence: 1. Find its Verb, which must be Finite.

NOTE.-If no such Verb appear, est or sunt is probably understood.

2. Find its Subject, which will generally be a Nominative Case of the same Number and Person as the Verb, answering the question who or what?

NOTE 1.—If no such Nominative appear, the Pronoun agreeing with the Verb must generally be understood as the Subject.

NOTE 2.-If an Adjective appear in the Nominative, but no Substantive, a Substantive with which it agrees is generally supplied in English: usually man or men, if the Adjective is Masculine; thing or things, if it is Neuter.

3. Find the Adjuncts of the Subject, if any.

4. Find the Adjuncts of the Verb, seeing first if it has an Adverb.

NOTE.-In order to find its other Adjuncts, see whether the Verb is Copulative or not. If Copulative, the chief Adjunct will be a Complement (Substantive or Adjective). If not Copulative, the Adjuncts, if any, will be some of those above mentioned.

5. Having done this, construe into English first the Subject with its agreeing Adjective, and their Adjuncts; then the Verb, with its Adverb; then its other Adjuncts.

NOTE 1.-Generally a Simple Sentence contains only one Finite Verb: a Compound Sentence contains two or more such Verbs. But, when a Verb is followed by an Accusative and Infinitive, the Sentence is usually Compound. NOTE 2.-A Vocative Case, with its Adjuncts, may be construed at the beginning of the Sentence, or in some other convenient place.

C.

In parsing the words of a Sentence, whether in writing or by mouth, state what Part of Speech any word is, and mention, if

(1) A Substantive,

Its Case-Number-Nom. Sing.-Genitive Termination -Declension—Gender-Word it agrees with or is governed by-Declined like what?

NOTE 1.-Give the Rule for its Gender, if desired, from the Accidence and the Rule for its agreement or government from the Syntax. Decline it, if desired, through both Numbers.

NOTE 2.-It is useful, with a Substantive, to decline the Adjective Pronoun meus in order to show the Gender. Thus, when required to decline

Its Case-Gender-Number-Nom. Sing.-What declined like?-What it agrees with?

NOTE. Decline it, if required.

(3) a. A Finite Verb,

Its Person-Tense-Mood-Voice-Verb it comes from
-kind of Verb-Conjugation-What Nominative it
agrees with.

NOTE 1.-Conjugate it, if required, according to Primer, § 47.
NOTE 2.-Give the Syntax Rule or Rules for its construction.

b. An Infinitive,

Tense-Voice-Verb it comes from-kind of Verb-
Conjugation-Rule for Construction.

c. Gerund or Supine,

Verb it comes from, etc.

NOTE.-Conjugate and give Rules for b and c as for a.

d. Participle,

Case—Gender—Number-Nom. Sing.-Tense-Voice
-Verb it comes from-kind of Verb-Conjugation
-What it agrees with.

NOTE. Decline, Conjugate, and give Rules, as above, (2) (3) a.

(4) Pronoun Relative,

What Antecedent?-How it agrees with its Antecedent?
-What Case ?-Rule for Case.

NOTE.-Personal Pronouns follow the Rules of Substantives: Possessive those of Adjectives: Demonstrative Pronouns are Adjectives, but often used as Substantives.

NOTE. When the learner is somewhat advanced, he should also state, in parsing, the derivation and composition of words, the government of moods, etc.

EXAMPLE,

It is required to construe and parse the words:

Ad firmandum corpus multum conducit tempestiva animi remissio, quae neglegi non potest impune.

1. These words contain two connected Simple Sentences, or one Compound Sentence.

3. Parse thus, taking the words in order of construing :

(1) Tempestiva

(2) remissio

(3) animi

(4) quae.

(5) non

Adjective. Nom. Fem. Sing. from
tempestivus, like bonus. Agrees
with remissio by Rule § 89.
Substantive. Nom. Sing. Conso-
nant Noun, Third Decl. Fem.
like leo. Subject of the Verb
conducit, Rule § 93. Rule for
Gender, § 29 (2).

Substantive. Gen. Sing. from ani-
mus, Second Decl. Masc., like
dominus. Objectively depend-
ent on remissio, Rule § 132.
Rule for Gender, § 28.
Relative Pronoun. Agrees with
Antecedent remissio, being Fem.
Sing. Third Pers., by Rule § 91.
Nominative to the Verb potest,
by Rule § 93.

Adverb. Qualifies the Verb potest.