STEPS TO LATIN. SECOND COURSE. § 1.] Questions and Notes on the Public School Latin Primer. §1-8. § 1. Say the Latin Alphabet. Is it the same as the English? What are the two forms of letters called? § 2. What are Vowels? Say them. §3. What are Consonants? Name the four kinds. Say the Mutes, Liquids, Spirants, Double. What is said of k? ofy and z? of q? § 4. Name the Diphthongs. § 5. How is Latin spelt? § 6. What is said of Quantity? What may a Vowel be, in Quantity ? §7. What is the Quantity of a Diphthong? § 8. What Stops are used in Latin? NOTES. § 2. A Vowel (vocalis, from vox, voice), is a Voice-sound. §3. A Mute Consonant is so called, because it cannot be uttered except with a vowel sound. A Liquid has a half-vowel sound. A Spirant is a breathing (spirare, to breathe). The Double-Consonant x represents either es (pax for pac-s), or gs (lex for leg-s); z is for ts or ds. See Consonantes in Glossary. The letter j was invented in modern times to express i-consonant, and u to express v-vowel. § 4. The Diphthongs ae, oe, are usually pronounced like ee, as poenae (pee-nee). But probably the Romans sounded this word poi-nai, and the short and long vowels thus: Păpă, remède, quinine, promote, Zŭlū. § 6. Pronounce the following: Arăris, arāris: libere, libere; cecidi, cecidi; commodus, commōtus; consulo, consumo; tenebrae, exprobro. § 9-11. Ex. following a Question means that one Example at least is to be given. § 9. What are Words? Of how many kinds? Name these. What is the use of the Substantive ?-Ex. What are Proper Names? What are all others called? What is the use of the Adjective?-Ex. What is the Adjective called when it qualifies a Substantive? What is an Apposite ?--Ex. What is the use of the Pronoun ?-Ex. What is the use of the Verb ?-Ex. What is the use of the Adverb ?-Ex. What of the Preposition?Ex. What of the Conjunction ?-Ex. What is an Interjection? -Ex. Has Latin any Article ?—Ex. § 10. How many are the Parts of Speech ?-Say them. Which are Nouns? Which are Particles? Which have Flexion? What words are declined? What § 11. What is Flexion? are conjugated? Say the Accidents of a Noun. a Verb. What is a Stem? What an Ending? How is the Stem of a Noun discerned?-Ex. Verb?-Ex. What is a Root?-Ex. NOTES. Say those of A Character ? How that of a § 9. (1) The term 'Thing' comprises animate as well as inanimate objects. Shakespeare writes: Thou noble thing.' For the terms Substantive, etc., see Glossary. Since Latin has no Article, when you put English into Latin the Articles must be left out. When you put Latin into English, your knowledge of English should teach you when to use an Article, and which, if either, to use. Thus: Latin-mulier habuit gallinam: gallina peperit ova : ex ovis egressi sunt pulli. English-—a woman had a hen: the hen laid eggs : from the eggs came-out chickens. This example shows that a (an) is used, or, with plural words, no Article, if what is named implies some thing or things not mentioned or known already; while the is used in each number, if what is named implies a particular thing, or particular things, mentioned or known already. But Proper Names standing alone, take no Article, as Julia, Hector: so also Common Nouns, used abstractly. Thus: lux, a light =some light: lux, the light that particular light: lux, light=the abstract thing called light. So virtus, a virtue, the virtue, or virtue. = § 12-17. § 12. How are Substantive and Adjective severally declined? § 13. How many are the Numbers? Say them.-Ex. § 14. How many are the Cases? Say them.-Ex. § 15. How many are the Genders? Say them. What is meant by a Noun 'Common' to both Genders? § 16. How many are the Declensions? By what Endings are they known? Say these Endings. § 17. What is noticed as to Neuter Nouns? What as to the Vocative? What as to the last two Cases Plural? NOTES. § 12. When an Adjective agrees with a Substantive, either may stand first: as, mensa parva, or parva mensa, a small table. The only difference is, that attention is called to the first word; to the thing, if the Substantive comes first, to the quality, if the Adjective. The same is true of a Substantive with Apposite: as, rex Croesus or Croesus rex; but an Apposite with Epithet will come after its Substantive: as, Croesus, rex dives. So, when one Substantive takes the Genitive Case of another, either word may come first, the former having more stress: as, oratio Caesaris or Caesaris oratio, Caesar's speech. The same holds good with regard to Nominative and Verb: as, Caesar dixit, or dixit Caesar, Caesar said. Hence the order of words in Latin is less constrained than in English. § 14. See Case' in Glossary. § 16. The Genitives are the only Cases which have different Endings in each Declension, and it is by their Endings, therefore, that the Declensions are distinguished. Observe also: (1) The last three Cases in each Number are the same for all Genders. (2) All the Latin Vowels are found at the end of Cases, but (in purely Latin words) no Consonants are so found except m and s, which were often cut off by early poets. This shows the tendency to vowel endings, which is carried to the full extent in Italian, and to some extent in Spanish and French; all which are daughter languages of Latin. §18-24. § 18. Say the Rule for Declension I.-Ex. § 19. Say the Rule for Declension II.-Ex. § 20. What are the two divisions of Declension III.? What marks the first division? What the second? What exceptions are noticed? What is said of the Nominative Endings?-Ex. § 23. Say the Rule for Declension IV.-Ex. § 24. Say the Rule for Declension V.- Ex. NOTES. The Examples in Antique type, those which follow in Roman type, and the Notes on Nouns (I.) in Appendix, p. 120, supply lesson-materials for three stages of progress, to be used at intervals, which are best determined by the judgment of those who teach. If the 'Primer' is begun after twentyfive sections of 'Steps to Latin,' the Roman Examples may be used after about sixty sections, and the Notes at the close of the First Course. § 25. (1) Mention some Nouns Singular only.' (2) Mention some Plural only' (others p. 122). (3) Mention some Nouns that change meaning in Plural (see p. 122). (4) Mention some Defective in Case. (5) Mention some that take forms from two Declensions. What are these called? (6) Mention some that vary Gender. What are these called? (7) Decline dap-, frug-, op-, prec-, vic-, vis, domus (others p. 122). § 26-31. § 26. How is Gender shown? What meanings always make Nouns Masculine? What usually do so? What meanings always make Nouns Feminine? What usually do so? What Nouns are Neuter?-Ex. Say Nouns Common to either Sex. |