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the Antiquities and Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland. 2. The History and Antiquities

new suit of cloaths should be given to them, of any colour they might like. He was to be attended only by his house-keeper and man-servant. His body was opened, and it was ascertained that his death was not occasioned by any decay of the system, but by a gangrene that had formed about the heart, which had stopped the circulation.-His writings on various subjects were, "The Administration of the Colonies;" first published by Walter, and afterwards by Almon; which went through several editions. "Observations" on his own Bread Bill: a few copies were given to his friends, but the tract was never published. "Of the Laws and Commission of Sewers," 4to. never published. "Consider ations on the Indignity suffered by the Crown, and Dishonour brought upon the Nation, by the Marriage of his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland with an English Subject, 1772," 4to. (Ironical). A Pamphlet on the high Price of Bread, answered in a Letter to him, shewing, past a possibility of being refuted, whence the continued high Price of Bread in the Metropolis arises, and pointing out a Remedy, 1774, Svo. "A Topogra phical Description of such Parts of North America as are contained in the annexed Map of the Middle British Colonies, &c. in North America, 1776," folio. The Map was Lewis Evans's Map, corrected, and continued to the year 1775. "A Letter from Governor Pownall to Adam Smith, LL. D. F. R. S." being an Examination of several Points of Doctrine laid down in his "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," 1776, 4to. A Memoir, intituled, "Drainage and Navigation but one united Work, 1776,” 8vo. "A Treatise on the Study of Antiquities, 1782," 8vo. "A Memorial addressed to the Sovereigns of America, 1781." "Two Memorials, with an Expla natory Preface, 1783." "Memorial addressed to the Sovereigns of Europe, and the Atlantic, 1783." "Proposal for founding University Professorships for Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture, 1786 (see Gent. Mag. vol. LVI. p. 199)." "Answer to a Letter on the Jutæ, or Viti (ibid. pp. 17, 199)." "Notices and Description of Antiquities of the Provincia Romana of Gaul, now Provence, Languedoc, and Dauphine. With Dissertations on the Subjects of which those are Exemplars; and an Appendix, describing the Roman Baths and Thermæ discovered, in 1784, at Badenweiler, 1787," 4to. (vol. LVII. 990.) "An Antiquarian Romance, endeavouring to mark a Line by which the most antient People, and the Processions of the earliest Inhabitancy of Europe, may be investigated. Some Remarks on Mr. Whitaker's Criticism are annexed, 1795," 8vo. (LXV. 139.) "Descriptions and Explanations of the Remains of some Roman Antiquities dug up in the City of Bath, 1790; with an Engraving from Drawings made on the Spot, 1795," 4to. (ibid. 495.) "Considerations on the Scarcity and high Prices of Bread Corn and Bread at the Markets, suggesting the Remedies; in a Series of VOL. VIII. Letters,

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of Tunstall in Kent, by the late Mr. Edward Rowe Mores," 4to.

Letters, first published in the Cambridge Chronicle, and supposed to be written by Governor Pownall, 1796," Svo. (Gent. Mag. LXVI. 145.) "Character of Sir Robert Walpole, written in 1783, printed among the Original Papers in Mr. Coxe's Memoirs of Lord Orford, and the late Lord Orford's two Letters to him on it (vol. LXVIII. p. 1018, vol. LXIX. p. 8)."-His Papers in the "Archæologia" are, Vol. II. pp. 236-275, "Description of the Sepulchral Monument at New Grange, near Drogheda, in the County of Meath in Ireland." Vol. III. 96-100, "On the Boundarystone of Croyland Abbey ;" his interpretation of which was examined by Dr. Pegge, in vol. V. 101; his "Farther Observations," VI. 395–399. Vol. III. 303-309, his "Description of the Carn Braich y Dinas, on the Summit of Pen-maen-mawr in the County of Carnarvon ;" and, 350-354, Further Observations, with a Plan. Ibid. 355-370, “Account of some Irish Antiquities." Vol. V. 282-290, " Of the Roman Earthen-ware fished up from the Pan Pudding Rock, within the mouth of the River Thames;" controverted, by Edward Jacob, Esq. and George Keate, Esq. Vol. VI. 121, 125; defended, 392–395. Vol. V. 318–324, “Observations arising from an Inquiry into the Nature of the Vases discovered on the Mosquito Shore, in South America." Vol. VI. 54-60,"Account of a singular Stone among the Rocks at West Hoadley, in the County of Sussex." Vol. VII. 149—157, “Observations on the Dundalk Ship-temple." Ibid. 164–169, “Further Observations on the early Irish Antiquities." Ibid. 179-198, "On a Crystal Vase in the Possession of the Earl of Besborough." Ibid. 269-275, "A Letter, inclosing one from Mr. Ledwich, on the Ship-temples in Ireland." Vol. VIII. 377-383, “ Account of some Roman Pottery, discovered at Salndy, in the County of Bedford, and at Lincoln, together with a Roman Speculum." Vol. IX. 110-126, "Observations on the Origin and Progress of Gothic Architecture, and on the Corporation of Free Masons, supposed to be the Establishers of it as a regular Order.” Ibid. 141-156, "Observations on Antient Painting in England." Ibid. 370,"Account of a Roman Vessel discovered in Lincoln Castle." His brother, JOHN POWNALL, Esq. who was also an eminent Antiquary and intelligent Statesman, was for many years one of the Deputy Lieutenants for the county of Lincoln, and in the commission of the peace for the counties of Lincoln, Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and the City and Liberty of Westminster. Feb. 17, 1761, he was appointed Secretary and Clerk of the Reports to the Board of Trade; and in January 1768, on the creation of the new office of Secretary of State for the American Colonies, was appointed Under Secretary to the Earl of Hillsborough; and in June 1771, Provost-marshalgeneral of the Leeward Islands. He was elected F. S. A. in 1773; in 1774 was appointed one of the Commissioners of

* These Letters may be seen in vol. IV. pp. 710-712.

Excise;

"New Letters of an English Traveller;" by the Rev. Martin Sherlock*, 4to.

Excise; and in 1785 one of the Commissioners of the Customs; which he resigned in 1788, on account of his declining health, and upon his son, John Lillingston Pownall, Esq. being ap pointed to the office of Accomptant of the Petty Receipts. His character for abilities, attention, integrity, and knowledge of business, was universally known, both by Government, and by all persons who had business to transact with him, or occasion to apply to the offices wherein he served; and after his retirement from public employments he continued his exertions as an active and useful magistrate. His "Account of a Roman Tile discovered at Reculver" is printed in the Archæologia, vol. VIII. p. 79: and "Some Sepulchral Antiquities discovered at Lincoln," vol. X. p. 345; and in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1794, vol. LXIV. p. 999, may be seen his " Admeasurements of the Keeps of Canterbury and Chilham Castles." He died July 17, 1795, in Great George-street, Westminster, aged 70; leaving a widow, the daughter of Lillingston Bowden Lillingston, Esq. of Ferryby in Yorkshire; and two sons and one daughter, Mary Pownall; his eldest son, John Lillingston Pownall, Esq. and the Hon. George Pownall, Secretary and one of the Hereditary Council of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec.

* Of this very eccentric, but truly original Writer, little more is known than what he himself has told us, or than can be gleaned from his Reviewers. The principal feature in the correspondence of this literary Phænomenon are, the reception which he met with at the principal Courts of Europe; and his having published a book at Rome in Italian, and two others in French at Paris; which received the highest commendations from the Journalists of France and Italy. The first volume of the "Letters from an English Traveller," translated by the Rev. John Duncombe, was published in this country in 1779, before the Author's return from the Continent, and before it was even known that he was in holy orders. It contains twenty-seven Letters, the quintessence of two hundred which this lively Traveller had written; originally published in French, that the connoisseurs on the Continent might not be deprived of the pleasure of perusing them; and dedicated to Frederick Augustus Earl of Bristol, Lord Bishop of Derry, in whom were united all the qualities and powers of an elegant and learned Mæcenas. The letters are dated in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, from Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, the Hague, Rome, Naples, the Alps, and Ferney; on all which places Mr. Sherlock added many new and pleasing lights to the many in which they had before so often been exhibited. He describes every object in a striking point of view, which gives an air of novelty to observations that would otherwise be familiar to many readers. The first five Letters were written from Berlin, and are principally employed in a panegyrical account of the great King of Prussia. The Traveller next

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visited.

"Consiglio ad un giovanni Poeta ;" by the Rev. Martin Sherlock, Svo..

visited Saxony, the inhabitants of which, he remarks, would be too happy, had they not a hero for their neighbour. He observes, that if the Prussians be the Macedonians of Germany, the Saxons are its Athenians. He had scarcely seen a country where there is more taste, or more chearfulness and agreeable society. We are next presented with a general account of Vienna, and of some distinguished characters in that capital, among whom the Poet Metastasio bears a considerable rank. After a letter from the Hague, we find Mr. Sherlock at Rome, the letters from which city are extremely interesting. Men and manners, and particularly those of the Court, are excellently well developed ; and these letters contain several strokes of elegant criticism, and a very good defence of Shakspeare against the sarcasms of some Frenchmen. The other places whence Mr. Sherlock dates his letters are Naples and Ferney, where his conversation with Voltaire is particularly interesting. The Author, passing through Potsdam, sent his book to the King; and was honoured with the following epistle: "Monsieur de Sherlock, Je vous remercie du livre que vous venez de M'adresser. Il a trouvé l'accueil qu'il mérite. Je desire même de revoir son auteur, & vous vous rendrez pour cet effet chez Moi, demain vers les onze heures avant-midi. Ce sera Mon Général Major Comte de Goërtz qui a ordre de vous y conduire, & de vous presenter; & sur ce Je prie Dieu qu'il vous ait, Monsieur de Sherlock, en sa sainte & digne garde. FREDERIC." [It has been observed, that, without this proof, few would have suspected that this Royal Author ever prayed.]-From the succeeding volume we learn that his Majesty received Mr. Sherlock very graciously; and "said to him things too flattering for him to repeat." This volume was republished, revised and corrected by the Author, in 1780; and was very soon followed by "New Letters of an English Traveller." The second collection contains Forty-four Letters, which were as well receiv ed in all the Foreign Journals, as the author seems to have been in all the Foreign Courts. Mr. Sherlock makes no scruple of acknowledging that he wrote only for fame; and he was ardently animated in the pursuit. This thirst of applause had been in some degree gratified. "I sought glory," says he, "and obtained it. My Letters had as much success on the Con tinent, as any prose work of the same size published within the century." Lord Bristol, in abilities nulli secundus, was his Mæcenas. In the praise of Italy, which occupies fifteen of these Letters, Mr. Sherlock expatiates with enthusiasm; celebrating its beauties, metrical, artificial, and historical; the delightfuk temperature of the climate, and its acknowledged superiority respecting the cultivation of the fine arts; the women, the che valier servants, or cicesbeos. The other Letters are dated from Geneva, Lausanne, Strasburgh, Berlin, Germany, Senlis, and

"British Topography: or, an Historical Account of what has been done for illustrating the Topogra

Paris. His dialogue with a young Russian, who had been fleeced at Paris, is truly original; and in some of the letters he defends his justly-admired Shakspeare from the attacks of M. de Voltaire, and promised, if this work succeeded, in his next to attack M. de la Harpe. These Letters evince the Author to be a man of taste, discernment, and vivacity; who pleased by communicating his ideas in a pointed and often an eccentric manner; and, as they were translated by himself, it may fairly be presumed that justice was done to the original. The fame of Mr. Sherlock was now extolled in this country almost as loudly as on the Continent; nor were his laurels in any degree blasted by the breath of obloquy. [Letters X. XI. XII. and XIII. and also Letters XXV.-XXXIV. containing Advice to a young French Poet, Mr. Sherlock thought would be less interesting in England; and therefore translated only the conclusion of one of them. These for the first time appeared in an English dress (having been translated by Mr. Nichols), in an elegant Edition of all Mr. Sherlock's Letters, collected into two octavo volumes, 1802; which is now among the scarcest of scarce Books.] At the beginning of 1781, he published a small volume of Thirty "Letters on several Subjects;" not a translation, but originally printed in England, which display a happy union of taste and erudition, and an intimate knowledge of men and books. In a Preface to this volume, Mr. Sherlock complains of Reviewers having aimed the shaft of criticism at his person, while his writings only ought to have been the subject of their remarks. The vanity of our Author was a tender point; and he supposed that Solomon was smarting under some such criticism when he uttered the exclamation, "O that my Enemy would publish a book!" a small mistake, by the bye; as Job, not Solomon, was the Author of this exclamation, "O that mine Adversary had written a book!" xxxi. 35. In like manner, quoting no doubt from memory, he makes Othello style a Turk "th' uncircumcised dog." The chief subjects of this little volume are, the King of Prussia, Genius, Wit, Taste, Judgment, Delicacy, Voltaire, Shakspeare, Richardson (to whose Clarissa, he asserts, there is not an equal in the universe for wit, sentiment, and sense), the French, Women, the pious Æneas, and MR. SHERLOCK. The Bristol Family share, as usual, our Author's panegyric; and to the Countess the work is dedicated. This volume was followed in a few months by a second, dedicated to the Earl of Bristol; and containing Thirty-nine Letters, in which he harangues, with his wonted spirit, on the King and Queen of England, London, Love, Shakspeare, Taste, Music, Lord Chesterfield's Letters, Lord Lucan, and Mr. and Mrs. Vesey, the English and French, the Vapours, French and English Women, MR. SHERLOCK, and

Travelling.

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