lawless State in which his Majesty's Subjects in those Islands have remained since that time to the present; by George Suckling, Esq.' 8vo.

minary advertisement left undecided. This was followed by "Remarks on the Signs of the Times, 1798;" in which, among other peculiarities, he asserts the genuineness of the Apocryphal second book of Esdras, 1798." Mr. King conceived himself insulted by the freedom of Mr. Gough's critique on this tract in the Gentleman's Magazine, as he had resented a former article, by the same Reviewer, on his "Morsels of Criticism," in a letter to the Printer, who had been a considerable loser by the "Morsels." Mr. King was not, however, discouraged from adding a "Supplement" to his " Remarks" in 1799. But he met with a more powerful antagonist, Dr. Horsley, (then Bishop of Rochester), in his "Critical Disquisitions on Isaiah xviii. in a Letter to Mr. King (Gent. Mag. LXIX. 496–503)." Mr. King's plan of researches into Antient Castles merged in a large History of Antient Castles and the Progress of Architecture, intituled, "Munimenta Antiqua" divided into British or Druidical Roman; British in imitation of Foreign Nations and Saxon; the first volume came out in 1799, the second in 1802, and the third in 1804. Mr.Dutens holding a different opinion about the antiquity of Arches, Mr. King anticipated his fourth volume in 21 sheets, price 5s. ; to be deducted from the price when the volume appears. Mr. Dutens defended himself in a Supplement to his "Recherches sur les Voutes," &c. 1805; and the controversy remained in suspense; for we can not suppose his antagonist would easily give it up. Of Mr. King's system of Castle-building, the Monthly Reviewers observe, that "he has undertaken to rebuild certain castles, and has executed this arduous attempt with an ingenuity which our ancestors knew little of. His favourite ideas were, the deception of concealed entrances, and the use of funnels in walls, for the conveyance of warlike machines"-Mortality closed upon Mr. King while he was engaged in this pursuit, and the relaxations of polite converzationes, in which he bore a principal part, His various lucubrations were the effect of assiduous reading; and, as himself expresses it, intense thinking. Whatever opinions he imbibed, were maintained with tenacity; and he would contend with equal zeal for the genuineness of the correspondence between St. Paul and Seneca, and of the apocryphal books, as for the Holy Scriptures.—In his attendance on the circuit, he defended a lady from a faithless lover, and successfully offered her his hand. Her niece, Miss Copson, an accomplished young lady with a large fortune, married, July 12, 1798, the Hon. Henry Windsor, at that time a Major in the Guards, third brother of Other-Lewis, fourth Earl of Plymouth, and has issue.-Mr. King's country-residence was at Clay-hill, Beckenham, Kent, to which he gave the name of the Oakery; and at London in Mansfield-street, to which he removed from John-street, Bedford-row. He died April 16, 1907, æt. 72, and was buried in the church-yard at Beckenham, with a hand

some

"Account of a singular Stone, among the Rocks at West Hoadley, Sussex*; by Thomas Pownall-t,

some monument of free-stone, on which is a sarcophagus. On the sides are marble tablets; on one of which, at the West end, is inscribed, "Sacred to the Memory of Edward King, Esq. who died April 16, 1807, aged 72. On the tablet at the East end the following quotation from Scripture is placed at his own request:

"All flesh is grass, and all the glory thereof as the flower

of the field; but the word of the Lord endureth for ever." "In the parish of West Hoadley, about three or four miles South of East Grinsted, the ground in many places rises in high ridges with craggy cliffs. About half a mile West of West Hoadley church, there is a high narrow ridge covered with wood. The edge of this is a craggy cliff, composed of enormous blocks of sand-stone. The soil hath been entirely washed from off them, and in many places from the interstices by which they are divided." T. P.

This active and intelligent Antiquary was appointed Secretary to the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, in 1745; Lieutenant-governor of New Jersey 1755, in the room of Sir Danvers Osborne, Bart. to whom he was Secretary; Captaingeneral and Governor-in-chief of Massachusett's Bay, vice William Shirley, 1757, where he was succeeded by Francis Bernard, Esq.; and Captain-general and Governor of South Carolina, vice Lyttelton, 1759. He was appointed Director-general, or Comptroller, with the rank of Colonel in the Army, in Germany, 1762, from which he retired in 1763. He was elected F. R. S. in 1765; and F. S. A. in 1772. He represented the Borough of Minehead in Parliament in 1776, where he spoke on the Bill for quieting the minds of his Majesty's subjects in America (Gent. Mag. vol. XLVI. p. 53); on a motion for an account of his Majesty's quit-rents there (ibid. 103); on the Nova Scotia petition. (ibid. 151); on Mr. Fox's motion for the papers relative to the execution of powers for granting pardons, &c. in the Colonies (XLVIII. 55); on Mr. Fox's motion on the State of the Nation (ibid. 246); on a motion on the French war (ibid. 619); on the petition of the people (L. 603); on the motion for peace with America (ibid. 250); on the American war (LI. 60); on opening the port of New York (ibid. 213); on a bill in favour of the American merchants (ibid. 254, 255); on treating with America (ibid. 412, 457). When Secretary to the Board of Trade, he was much esteemed by Lord Halifax, who was first Lord of that Board. In those times, this board of office was the best school for young gentlemen to obtain a rudimental knowledge of the commerce, the politicks, and the interests of their country. Mr. Burke, however, by his Bill of Reform, in the year 1782, abolished this office. Mr. Thomas Pownall constantly paid a particular and sedulous attention to the affairs of

the

Esq. F. S. A. and F. R. S. ;" which was also published by the Society of Antiquaries in the Sixth Volume of their " Archæologia."

the Colonies. At the beginning of the seven years' war with France, which commenced in America in 1754 (two years before it broke out in Europe), a number of persons, who were styled commissioners, being deputed from each Colony, assembled at Albany, to consider of the best method they could devise to defend themselves against the French, who were making great and alarming encroachments on their back settlements. This assembly was called the Albany Congress, and was the first Congress held in America. The precedent of this Congress gave rise to the subsequent plan of a Congress Government, established at the Revolution in 1775. As soon as the intention of the Colonies to hold a Congress at Albany was known in England, Mr. Pownall immediately foresaw the danger to the Mother Country that this project of a general union would draw after it, if once permitted; and he presented a strong and impressive memorial to Lord Halifax on the subject. This was in the year 1754. The plan which the Congress had in view was, to form a great council of deputies from all the Colonies; with a Governor-general to be appointed by the Crown, and empowered to take measures for the common safety; and to raise money for the execution of their designs. The Ministry did not approve of this plan: but seeing that they could not prevent the Commissioners meeting, they resolved to take advantage of this distress of the Colonies, to turn the subject of deliberation to their own account. For this purpose they sent over a proposal, that the Congress should be assisted in their consideration by two of the King's council from each Colony, be empowered to erect forts, to levy troops, and to draw on the Treasury in London for the money wanted; and the Treasury to be reimbursed by a tax on the Colonies to be laid by the British Parliament. This proposal was peremptorily rejected, because it gave the British Parliament a power to tax the Colonies. This was the first idea of taxing the Colonies by the authority of Parliament. These facts are but little known. Although Mr. Pownall did not agree with the Ministry in the whole extent of their proposal, yet they thought him a gentleman so well acquainted with the affairs of the Colonies, that, in the year 1757, they appointed him Governor of Massachusett's bay, in the room of Mr. Shirley, removed. He did not give his confidence to Mr. Hutchinson, Mr. Oliver, nor to any of their party; which they resented, by propagating a variety of slanders against him amongst the people, particularly amongst the Clergy, with a view of making his situation uncomfortable to him. He was a friend to liberty, and to the constitution; and therefore he countenanced no plots against either. Being exceedingly adverse to disputation, after two years' residence, he solicited to be recalled. In the year 1759, Mr. Bernard (afterwards Sir

Francis)

"A Character of Lord Bristol;" by Lord Mulgrave; of which I regret that I have not preserved a copy.

Francis) was removed from New Jersey to Massachusett's bay, and Governor Pownall went to New Jersey in his room. He staid in New Jersey but a very short time, being, almost immediately, appointed Governor, Captain-general, and Vice-admiral of South Carolina, in the room of Mr. Lyttelton, now Lord Lyttelton. He staid in Carolina until the year 1761, when, at his own desire, he was recalled. Upon his arrival in London, he was appointed Director-general of the office of countroul, with the rank of Colonel in the Army, under the command of Prince Ferdinand, in Germany. While in this situation, having permitted some oats to pass from Bremen for the use of the army, Mr. John Guest, who had been appointed Inspector of the magazines in Germany, declared they were damaged, and unfit for use: and he sent a memorial to the Lords of the Treasury in London, charging Governor Pownall with misconduct in this matter. After some examination, the charge appeared to be unfounded, and, in consequence, Mr. Guest was dismissed from his employment. Guest came to London, and, in the spirit of revenge, sent a copy of his memorial to Mr. Wilkes, who caused it to be printed in the fortieth number of " The North Briton." At the end of the war, Governor Pownall returned to England. His accounts were examined, and passed with honour. At thẻ general election 1768 he was chosen representative in Parliament for Tregony in Cornwall. At this time the hostile designs of the British Cabinet against America were become perfectly obvious. All America saw them, and every colony was seized with a general alarm. These designs, and the measures which were founded upon them, Governor Pownall strenuously and uniformly opposed in Parliament. His first essay was against the Bill for suspending the Legislature of New York. In the debate on that Bill he declared, with a warm and strong emphasis, "That it was a fact, of which the House ought to be apprized of in all its extent, that the people of America, universally, unitedly, and unalterably, are resolved not to submit to any internal tax imposed upon them by any Legislature in which they have not a share by representatives of their own election. At this time very few people in England believed that America would make any serious resistance; but, in a few years, Governor Pownall's words were found to be strictly true. His other speeches in Parliament, which are many in number, and very interesting, were all printed by Mr. Almon, in his Parliamen tary Register, from Governor Pownall's own manuscripts. The Governor also assisted Mr. Almon very considerably in his American Remembrancer, twenty volumes; a work that is now become extremely scarce. At the general election in 1775 Governor Pownall was elected representative in Parliament for Minehead, in Somersetshire. Throughout this Parliament he continued to

oppose

"Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica. No. I. Containing, 1. Queries for the better illustrating

oppose every measure that was inimical to America. He approved of Mr. Grenville as a Minister, but not of his American measures; which, he said, were suggested and recommended by those persons in America to whom he had refused to give his confidence; and who, he said, were the enemies of both countries. He highly esteemed the late Lords Chatham and Temple, whom he always considered to be the truly-disinterested friends of their country. With Dr. Franklin he was also upon terms of sincere friendship. And he was, with equal ardour, the opponent of that system of government which Mr. Burke so happily denominated" a double cabinet." At the general election in 1780 he retired from Parliament; but he preserved his connection and friendship with Mr. Almon. Some time after he quitted Richmond, and retired to Bedfordshire; but frequently visited London and Bath, at which latter place he died, Feb. 25, 1805, in his S5th year. In August 1765 Governor Pownall was married to Lady Fawkener, relict of Sir Everard Fawkener, who was many years Ambassador at the Porte; and who, while resident there, wrote a very elaborate description of Constantinople, more curious and entertaining than any in our books. It has never been printed. Her ladyship died in March 1777; to whose memory he erected a sarcophagus on the North side of the Lady chapel in Lincoln cathedral, with the following inscription: "Here is entombed Dame HARRIET, daughter of Lieut.-gen. Churchill;

wife, in her first marriage, to Sir Everard Fawkener, knt.; in her second, to Governor Pownall.

She died Feb. 6, 1777, aged 51.

Her person was that of animating beauty, with a complexion of the most exquisite brilliancy, unfaded when she fell. Her understanding was of such quickness and reach of thought, that her knowledge, although she had learning, was instantaneous and original. Her heart, warmed with universal benevolence to the highest degree of sensibility, had a ready tear for pity, and glowed with friendship as with a sacred and inviolate fire. Her love, to those who were blessed with it, was happiness. Her sentiments were correct, refined, elevated. Her manners so chearful, elegant, amiable, and winning, that, while she was admired, she was beloved; and, while she enlightened and enlivened, she was the delight of the world in which she lived. She was formed for life; she was prepared for death; which being a gentle wafting to immortality, she lives where life is real."

The Governor was married to her at Chelsea, Aug. 3, 1765. He took to his second wife, Aug. 2, 1784, Mrs. Astell, of Ever. ton-house in the county of Bedford. He left directions to be buried in Walcot church, Bath, and that he might be laid in an oaken coffin, without ornament or inscription; that eight men should carry him to the grave, without any pall; and that a

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