The expedition, which had been fitted out from Lisbon in the autumn of 1822, for the relief of Bahia, arrived in that port on the 30th of October. As soon as the troops landed, general Madeira prepared an attack on the headquarters of general Labatut; for which purpose a body of about 400 men embarked at Bahia, and attacked the Brazilians at Cabrito, while another detachment of equal force marched by land to Piraja.

among them, after which, every thing was quiet. In the morning, they took off the hatches, to remove the dead, and they found only four out of the 256 alive! The place presented a most appalling spectacle of lacerated and mangled bodies. Some had their eyes thrust out: the tongues of some hung out of their mouths others had their ribs driven in; others, their mouths torn from ear to ear. Some were hanging by their hammock-strings by the neck; others by their middle, with their heads down;

and soine had undergone mutilation too horrible to be described. It appears the carnage commenced by a party of them wishing to murder all the Europeans, who were their fellow prisoners (about 10 or 12 in number); being in the dark, they dispatched many who were not Europeans, which excited ill blood (a). They did not, morever, all agree upon escaping by force, which increased the animosity amongst them,

and a mutual massacre of the most

savage nature commenced; for they had no edged weapons, nor any thing but their hands and their hammock-ropes.

They were all naked, their clothes being torn from their backs. They had piled up the dead bodies under the hatches, to form a kind of platform to enable them to reach the gratings; and most of these were bodies of Europeans. About 20 were killed by the discharges of musketry. The four, who were found alive, had hidden themselves under the water-casks at the commencement of the fray, and had not suffered in health.

(a) Other accounts suppose, that they had destroyed each other in a fit of insanity or desperation.

The result of their joint attack, according to Madeira's account, was, the defeat of the Brazilians, with the loss of 250 men and five fieldpieces. The Brazilians, on the con⚫ trary, asserted, that their advanced posts at first retired in good order, leaving a few pieces of artillery behind them; that, on arriving at the main body, intrenched on a hill commanded by some artillery, they made a vigorous stand, and repulsed the Portuguese in three successive attacks, with considerable loss; that the Brazilians, having now brought up some additional pieces of artillery, obliged the enemy to fly into the town with such precipitation, that they left behind them the field-pieces which they had taken in the morning, besides two of their own; and that the Brazilians immediately advanced nearer to the town.

Many skirmishes followed, which produced no important re

sult.

On the 7th of January, Madeira made an attack on the island of Taporica. His force consisted of 1,500 men, on board of two brigs, 20 gun-boats, and some smacks, all provided with guns of considerable calibre. The assault lasted five hours, and ended in his being compelled to retire with a loss of 200 men.

In February, the Brazilians made a vigorous attack on the left wing of the Portuguese, but were repelled with considerable slaughter and dislodged from their positions. The independents, dissatisfied with the repeated failures of their general Labatut, deposed and arrested him. On the 2nd of May, colonel J. J. de Lima e Silva took the command of the besieging troops.

Though Madeira had a force capable of repelling assault, his situation was becoming every day

more embarrassed. On the 14th of December, 1822, he had under him 4,301 troops of the line, and 4,374 militia. On the 14th of February, his strength was reduced to 4,222 troops of the line, and 3,851 militia, forming a total of 8,073. Thus, in the course of two months, the militia lost 523 men, nearly all by desertions. The sick of the troops of the line, alone, in the hospitals and quarters, amounted to 739. And the difficulty of procuring supplies from without, increased every day.

In proportion as affairs seemed to be drawing to a crisis, Madeira acted with augmented vigour. He took into his own hands the whole civil authority, and made active preparations for defending the city to the last extremity. He subjected the inhabitants to martial law, and, provisions having become extremely scarce, compelled the women, children, and all persons incapable of bearing arms, to quit the city. The excluded population having been refused a conveyance from St. Salvador's by sea, were forced to go in the direction of the interior; but there being no place of refuge within a considerable distance, and most of them being ill-provided with necessaries for the journey, great numbers perished by the way, of fatigue and hunger.

While Madeira was thus arranging his plans for the effectual defence of his post, an indiscreet exertion of his power increased his danger. On the 20th of May, he issued an order for the removal of Jean Felix, the Portuguese admiral, on the ground of incompetency, from the command of the navy. The sailors, however, who were much attached to him, mutinied; the admiral continued in his

command, in despite of Madeira, and on the 25th put to sea with his whole fleet. Before sailing, he despatched a letter to Madeira, in which he informed him, that, affected by the state of severe privation to which Bahia had been reduced, and convinced of the ultimate impossibility of preserving the province for Portugal, he was resolved not to co-operate any longer in that object that he intended putting to sea for a cruise of ten days, which period he would allow to the governor for deliberation; but that, if on his return he was not prepared to embark with the troops under his command, he should cease to act with him, and should pursue for himself that course, which appeared, under the circumstances, to be most advisable.

At last, Madeira found, that, by the end of June, the provisions remaining would be adequate to little more than 30 days consump tion; which would scarcely be sufficient for the voyage to Europe. He caused all the troops, subjects, stores, and property of Portugal, to be embarked on board the ships in the harbour: and at noon on the 2nd of July, the fleet and the merchant ships, consisting of upwards of ninety sail, got under weigh for Lisbon. The city was immediately occupied by Silva's

forces.

Lord Cochrane, who had entered with the approbation of the Chilian government, into the service of don Pedro, had taken the com→ mand of the Brazilian fleet, in the month of March: and with a small squadron was off the harbour of Bahia, at the moment when Madeira set sail. The Portuguese force, consisting of thirteen ships of war, besides numerous armed merchant-men, was too strong to

be attacked by an armament so inconsiderable as his. But he watched and followed them: and by skilful manœuvres, succeeded in making several captures. More than twenty of them, it is said, fell into his hands.

Monte Video also surrendered in the course of the year to the Brazilians: so that Portugal no longer possessed a single station in South America.

On the 6th of September, the corvette called the Voador with two Portuguese commissioners, the count de Rio Maior and don Francisco Jose Vieira, late minister of Brazil, arrived at Rio de Janeiro, to announce the restoration of the king of Portugal, to his former power. The Voador, with the commissioners on board, entered the harbour under Portuguese colours, and without hoisting a flag of truce. She fired a royal salute, which was not returned. Soon after, an intimation was sent on board, that no person would be permitted to land: the rudder was unshipped and deposited in the arsenal; the corvette was laid up under the guns of the batteries; and the government treated her in every respect as a prize. The commissioners, not being able to declare that they had authority to recognize the independence of Brazil in the first instance, were not allowed to negociate on any other point, and were immediately sent back to Europe in the Portuguese brig of war Treire de Maio.

From a statement of the finances, which was laid before the congress on the 26th of September, the exchequer of Brazil appeared to be in no very flourishing state. The estimated ordinary revenue for the half year was 1,767,000 milreas; and the expenditure for the same

time was expected to exceed this sum by 900,000 milreas. The debt amounted to 30,500,000 crusadoes, or about four millions sterling. The local revenues of the different provinces were likewise inadequate to their local expenditure. The annual deficit of Minas Geraes amounted to near 60,000 milreas ; that of Goiaz, to near 20,000; that of Matto Grosso to 10,544 milreas; that of Santa Catherina to 34,870; making in all more than 125,000 milreas. The other provinces of Spirito Santo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Rio Grande, Alagoas, Paraiba, Maranhao, &c. were likewise in arrear. Santo Spirito presented an annual deficit of 33,172 milreas.

The charges thrown upon the treasury by these deficiencies in the local revenues, amounted to 280,000 milreas annually. In the midst of such difficulties, the government had sought relief in forced loans and contributions, donations, and even sequestrations, by which means they had obtained about a million of crusadoes. they now hoped to find a more effectual resource in a loan, the negotiation of which had been commenced in London. The proposed terms of it were-that 2,500,000Z. should be raised by the sale, at 75 per cent, of 3,333,3331. stock, bearing 6 per cent interest.*

But

The statements of the minister of finance specified with extreme minuteness, all the sums advanced in support of the emperor or his household. The expenses incurred at the christening of the emperor's daughter amounted to 5,006 milreas (about 1,2007.): there was paid for books and the charges of the imperial library, about 2501. A new tiling to the emperor's palace and to the coronation cost only 67,200 milreas, or adjoining houses cost 8001. Don Pedro's somewhat less than 17,000/

ITAL

TALY continued tranquil under her despotic administrations. In Naples and Lombardy, prosecutions for the political transgressions of 1820 still went on, and several of the accused were condemned to death but enveloped in secrecy as these proceedings were-the precise nature of the charges unknown as well as the evidence by which they were supported-that they were carried on, is all that can be safely stated with respect to them.

On the 20th of August Pope Pius 7th breathed his last, regretted by his subjects and revered by the whole Christian world. [Vide Biography, p. 210.*] On the 27th of September, the cardinal Della Genga was elected his successor, and assumed the name of Leo the Twelfth. The new pope was born on the 2nd of August, 1760, at the Castle de la Genga, situated between the Duchy of Urbin and and the March of Ancona. He was Nuncio during 14 years in the electorates of the Rhine, and at the period of the persecutions exercised by Buonaparte against the head of the Church, was obliged to quit Rome. In 1814 he was sent by Pius 7th to congratulate Louis 18th on his

restoration to the throne. At the moment of his election, he was Cardinal Vicar, that is, administrator, in spiritual affairs, of the diocese of Rome. He has the character of being a man of great learning, accustomed to business, and of irreproachable morals.

The Ionian islands continued to enjoy, under our dominion, quiet, and increasing prosperity: and, at length, those groundless and so often refuted charges of oppression and misgovernment, which enmity to England invented, and party spirit at home foolishly circulated, against sir Thomas Maitland, began to sink into the oblivion which their falsehood deserved. A new parliament was elected, and met at Corfu on the 1st of March. The session was opened by a speech from the lord commissioner. With respect to the war in Greece he observed, "These unfortunate hostilities are, as usual, attended with the greatest horrors and atrocities. The Ionian government, however, will continue to scize on every opportunity of exercising the duties of hospitality and humanity, in favour of the unhappy victims of that wide desolation which forms the peculiar character of this cruel

and bloody warfare." In regard to the internal quiet of the islands themselves, he stated that he felt confident of the continuation" of the present calm and unruffled tranquillity;" and recommended, in consequence, to the Ionian Executive government, "the recall to their native island Zante, of those turbulent individuals, being five in number, whose behaviour, during the late crisis in the Morca, forced the government to remove them from the island for a time. They comprise the whole of the individuals treated in this manner; nor is there a single person within the states in a state of arrest or detention on this account."

The speech then adverted to the finance of the islands. The public accounts reached to the 31st of January, 1823, the close of the financial year. The receipt during the year was 707,875 Spanish dollars; the expenditure, 590,518; leaving a surplus revenue of 117,357. "Your financial affairs" (said the general)" continue to wear a promising aspect. Certain it is, that this is not the result of fresh taxation, for you well know that no additional imposts have been laid on the people, since the establishment of the present constitutional government of 1817, unless the modification of the then existing taxes, made by parliament in 1818, is considered in that light. But to settle this point at once, there is laid on your table a return of the present commercial duties, and taxes of all descriptions, together with a statement showing how they stood at the period of and antecedent to, the connexion between Great Britain and the Islands. From these documents it appears, that mitigations, not aggravation, of taxation, was the

result of the regulations of 1818, alluded to."

The crops during the preceding year failed in Corfu. In the island of Cephalonia, Zante, and Ithaca, the year was one of unexampled prosperity, in consequence of the goodness of the crops and the price for currants being high beyond all precedent, owing to the total destruction of the currant plantations of the Morea by the contest in that peninsula.

On this point sir Thomas Maitland said- From real documents which have been submitted to me, it appears, that the proprietors of Cephalonia, Zante, and Ithaca, have received in one year a return, clear of all charges whatever, of 20 to 30 per cent on the value of their respective properties; and it affords me the highest gratification, at a time when the agriculturists in all other parts of the world find the greatest difficulty in obtaining sale for their produce, that the inhabitants of these islands form the happiest exception to the general distress; and that the praiseworthy industry they have shown, since the establishment of the present government, in the material extension of the cultivation of their lands, has met its due reward."

In regard to the expenditure, the civil list was laid on the table for the consideration of the assembly; also an account enumerating every item of the whole expenditure. The chief heads of it were alluded to in the speech; such as the government new buildings at Corfu, the new market and lazzaretto in Cephalonia, and the new military hospital in Zante; the money expended in all the islands in the making of roads, and in paying, during the last year, an extra body of the militia to guard the coasts a pre