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Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Judicial Circuit.

To fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of Judge Woods to the bench of the Circuit Court of Appeals, John H. Baker, of Goshen, was appointed district judge and served until December 18, 1902, when his resignation took effect. Judge Baker tendered his resignation to the President on May 1, 1902, to take effect upon the appointment of his successor, shortly after his son, Francis E. Baker, was appointed by President Roosevelt circuit judge in place of Judge Woods. Francis E. E ker, who, at the time of his appointment by President Roosevelt, was one of the justices of the Supreme Court of Indiana, was commissioned January 21, 1802, as judge of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Judicial Circuit, and is now in office.

U. S. court and postoffice building, Indianapolis, completed in 1904

After the resignation of Judge John H. Baker, Albert B. Anderson, of Crawfordsville, was appointed

district judge on December 8, 1902, and qualified on December 18, 1902, and is now in office.

(To be Continued)

FIRST GOOD ROAD BUILDER IN INDIANA

By GAVIN L. PAYNE

The State of Indiana possessed, up to the time of the World's Fair at Chicago, a relic, which would have been of particular interest now, in light of the wide movement for a good roads system. This was the first wooden plow used in road building in the State. It was a very substantial implement, and showed signs of unusually good workmanship, notwithstanding it was a home-made affair of pioneer days. Horatio Byfield, of Jefferson county, was the maker and the user of this big plow, which turned up the soil for roads north of Madison about the year 1816, or in the spring in 1817. Mr. Byfield had come down the Ohio river on a flatboat at the opening of the new State, and after first inspecting land in Clark county, settled in Jefferson county, where he entered a homestead south of Dupont and built his log cabin. In the early thirties, he supplanted the old log cabin with a pretentious two-story brick house, which is still standing. His land holding increased to three hundred acres, and in ante-bellum days, the old Byfield place was a scene of much hospitality. Mr. Byfield was one of the original advocates of internal improvements, and he lent a practical hand by building this plow and making a road to Madison. The old plow was stored away in the big barn until

the late William Wesley Woollen, formerly City Controller of Indianapolis, who knew the Byfield family intimately, discovered it and presented it to the State Museum, where the plow, properly placarded, reposed for many years. In 1893, it was taken to the Indiana building at the Chicago World's Fair, as an interesting feature of that exhibit, and from there it carelessly disappeared. A theory is that in the chill autumn days, vandals took the old plow and fed the fireplace with it.

Mr. Byfield was a well-known character in southern Indiana. It was related of him in a sketch by Mr. Woollen that in one famine year, Mr. Byfield's fine farm yielded corn abundantly and he was offered extravagant cash prices for it by buyers from along the river. Instead of selling, he distributed his entire crop among his neighbors for miles around, taking their two and three year plain notes for the corn. In this wise much distress was averted and the neighborhood had corn for seeding. The late Wm. H. English and Mr. Byfield were friends and when Mr. English came to Indianapolis and made realty investments that enabled him to accumulate several millions before he died, he urged Mr. Fyfield to sell his

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Indiana Libraries. In territorial times, when our Hoosier pioneers were struggling with their preservation-of-life problems, they not only were intelligent enough to establish schools and seminaries, but what is more remarkable, were wise enough to recognize the value of good reading an tod devise means to obtain it.

When, in 1816, the first State constitution was adopted at Corydon, our State's first capital, the provisions for county libraries included in the constitution, placed Indiana almost one hundred years in advance of other States. True, it has taken almost a century of science and invention for this State to realize the full benefits of a county library system. Telephones, trolley lines, automobiles, parcels post and library science, all the present methods of communication and expert librarianship as well as a desire on the people's part to read, are necessary to render practical the county library system. Our pride and wonder is that, antedating all the recent traveling libraries, county libraries, etc., the success of which are contingent upon the modern methods of travel, transportation and library training; the pioneer dwellers of Indiana, in the beginning stamped the "library habit" upon our State and through each decade in our State's history, we have sought to realize this dream of our forefathers.

Scarcely had Indiana entered upon its statehood when the lawmakers concerned themselves with the plan to establish a State library. Thus, upon the earliest statute books of the territory and the State may be found provisions for the various types of libraries which today are maintained in seventy-seven counties of Indiana.

From a paper prepared by Dr. Horace Ellis when president of Vincennes University, we learn something of the first circulating library organized in Indiana. In historic old Vincennes, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a notable assemblage of men gathered with purpose scarcely less exalted than that which animated the founders of Harvard University. The central figure of the group was General William Henry Harrison, whose face, bronzed by his Indian campaigns, was now aglow with this new

patriotism-of-peace plan, to disseminate goo litderature among the dwellers in this new Indiana country. Others, notable for their participation in the making of Indiana, were present at the meeting held at William Hay's home, July 20, 1806, when a number of citizens of Vincennes and vicinity met to promote the formation of a circulating library. A stock company was organized, called The Vincennes Library Company. Shares of stock were issued. On August 23, 1806, at this original "book shower," W. Buntin presented a number of books, the first probably offered for circulating library purposes in Indiana.

The first librarian was Peter Jones, who was also auditor of the territory and keeper of a tavern. The meetings of the shareholders were held at "Jones' Inn."

Library Lottery. In 1815, the Vincennes Library Company, emulating the Vincennes University, arranged a lottery, when books and clocks were offered as prizes. The progress of this affords interesting reading, as human nature is the same whether concerned with affairs in early Vincennes or present-day Indianapolis. When Vincennes University was incorporated on November 29, 1806, the Territorial Legislature vested authority in the trustees of the university by means of which they might raise funds not to exceed $20,000. The trustees claimed this as a vested right as late as 1883, when the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision that there could be no vested right in a lottery. Citizens of Indiana prior to this decision, bought tickets and took chances as freely as did others in the famous Louisiana lottery.

Thus, when Indiana was struggling for its initial existence as an abiding place, probably nine-tenths of the American citizens within its borders could read and write. These gave evidence of their appreciation of libraries, appropriately termed the "people's universities."

CLUBS.

Indiana Union of Literary Clubs.-Since it is customary to celebrate founder's days in various institutions which have had a part in the State's intellectual development, Indiana has every reason to

observe club founders' days, for not only was the Minerva Club at New Harmony the first woman's club organized in this country, but the Indiana Union of Literary Clubs was the first state organization of clubs in the United States. True, the "Union," shorn of its men's clubs, has been merged into the Federation, but it proved to be a tower of strength to the latter organization.

When, in the fall of 1889, Mrs. Coburn, president of the Indianapolis Woman's Club, requested the executive committee, of which Miss Elizabeth Nicholson was chairman, to provide the program for President's Day, there was set in motion, forces which have wrought mightily for intellectual freedom and the strengthening of the social fabric of Indiana. The executive committee, feeling that good would result from becoming better acquainted with the work of other societies invited delegates to meet with the Indianapolis Woman's Club on October 4, 1889. The promptness with which delegates responded and the number of clubs that came to notice, showed that the time was ripe for the union of the literary clubs of our State. Mrs. Coburn, in her address of welcome, expressed the hope that the meeting might result in a closer union of the women of the State, the better and more effective work that comes from strong organization and mutual help.

In creating this first State organization of clubs in the United States, the influence of members of Friends societies is discernible and we naturally find that three Richmond clubs, the Cycle, Aftermath and Tuesday Clubs co-operated, through their committees, with the original executive committee, acting in provisory capacity. Miss Emma Zeller, the first secretary, has recorded the fact that Miss Elizabeth Nicholson originated the idea of the State "Union of Literary Clubs." Miss Nicholson in turn says that upon the executive committee, of which Mrs. Edson, Mrs. Eaglesfield, Mrs. Holliday and Mrs. Spruance were also members, rests the responsibility for the Union. The first convention of the new organization was held at Richmond, June, 1890, when fifty delegates were present and adopted the constitution and by-laws. The constitution and by-laws of Sorosis Club and the Quincy Illinois Club were used as guides in preparing the Indiana plan of organization. The object of the "Union" was "the discussion, in open annual meeting of all questions pertaining to social, educational and literary matters."

To trace the influence of this club movement in art, education, libraries, social welfare and legislation with their various ramifications will be our endeavor.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY II.

State Seminary Becomes Indiana College. While the constitution of 1816 provided for a "system of education, ascending in regular gradation from township schools to a State university"; economic conditions, as evidenced by legislative enactments, somewhat retarded the "ascending." Thus, Indiana College came into existence as the best expedient in the transition period of our educational progress. Later,

when the law and medical departments were added, the "University" embodied in our organic law became a reality.

To make the college "respectable, or indeed useful," it was deemed necessary to appoint a president, three professors and one or more assistants or tutors. These constituted the faculty of the college to enforce the rules and regulations for the government of the students and to grant "such degrees in the liberal arts and sciences as were usually granted and conferred in other colleges in America."

Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D., president of Washington College, Pennsylvania, was appointed president of Indiana College and gave instruction in polite literature, political economy, mental and moral philosophy. Professors Hall and Harney, instructors in the State Seminary, were retained in the college, and Mr. W. H. Stockwell was made superintendent of the preparatory department. It was specifically stated that no member of the faculty or officer of the college should ever be required to profess any religious opinions. Later, legislative inquiry was made as to alleged religious bias and the assurance was given by the trustees that the members of the board belonged to different religious denominations of Christians.

When Henry Clay was invited to deliver a commencement address the invitation was termed by a Democrat as "an iniquitous intent to seize the college of the state as a theater for the enactment of their partisan schemes." Henry Clay declined.

In the preparatory department, the pupils were taught arithmetic, English grammar and composition, geography, elementary Latin and Greek. The collegiate course of study included Latin, Greek, composition themes, mathematics, mental and moral philosophy, evidences of Christianity, rhetoric, logic, political economy and the constitution of the United States. All members of the college were engaged on Saturdays with exercises in oratory, elocution and composition. It is little wonder that many Hoosiers of the thirties became imbued with the idea of excelling in oratorical arts. Thus were our Indiana youths instructed "in the American learned and foreign languages, the useful arts, sciences and literature," as taught in the Indiana College. The library numbered some four or five hundred books, which Dr. Wylie probably secured by donation.

Board and lodging were obtained for a dollar and a quarter, or one dollar and a half per week. An additional contingent fee of one dollar being required for "wood and sweeping." These items were probably eliminated by many of the students, who "came to Bloomington generally on their own resources, depending on money they had earned or borrowed." The rooms for the accommodation of students in the new college building diminished their expenses and afforded improved opportunities for advancement in study and for the cultivation of the "college spirit," so necessary to all such higher institutions of learning. This college building, as may be seen in the early illustrations, is described as resembling "an

old-fashioned New England cotton mill," but it probably afforded adequate space and equipment for the needs of the growing institution.

Some sixty students were first enrolled. Though this number decreased when Professors Hall and Harney resigned, the attendance after the reorganization steadily increased.

Absolute control of the college was vested in a board of fifteen trustees, who were made self-perpetuating. To these trustees were transferred the money derived from the land sales in Monroe and Gibson counties, which, it was stipulated, should "forever remain a permanent fund."

The demand for instruction in law and medicine finally induced the General Assembly, by an act passed February 25, 1838, to enlarge the scope of the institution, and Indiana College thus became Indiana University.

TEACHERS' COLLEGE, INDIANAPOLIS. Administration.-Under the wise management of the Board of Trustees and the able administration of Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, President; the Teacher's College of Indianapolis has become one of the most favorably known teacher-training schools of the United States and occupies a unique position in the City of Indianapolis. It has also wielded an undaunted influence in the betterment of the social welfare as well as of the educational conditions of Indiana. The officers are Mrs. C. F. Sayles, President; Mrs. Meredith Nicholson, Vice-President; Mrs. W. W. Critchlow, Secretary; Mrs. George W. Hufford, Treasurer. Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker is President of the College. The above officers with the following, constitute the Board of Trustees: Mrs. John B. Elam, Mrs. J. George Mueller, Mrs. R. S. Tucker. The Advisory Council is comprised of the following members: F. M. Ayers, John N. Carey, E. W. Clippinger, Charles E. Coffin, Charles W. Fairbanks, Charles A. Greathouse, Albert Metzger, O. D. Odell, Samuel M. Ralston, G. A. Schnull, Warren H. Simmons, Thomas Spann, Thomas Taggart, Clemens Vonnegut. The Legal Adviser is Mr. John B. Elam.

Organization. Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, the President of Teachers College and Supt. of the Free Kindergarten Schools of Indianapolis since their organization in 1882, was born and educated in Philadelphia. After her marriage to the late Mr. Louis Blaker, she was called to Indianapolis by Mr. A. C. Shortridge, to establish a Kindergarten in the Hadley-Roberts Academy. Later she organized the System of Free Kindergartens in Indianapolis which has received the endorsement of Indianapolis citizens and the substan tial support of the General Assembly of Indiana. Teachers College of Indianapolis was first founded in 1882 under the name of Kindergarten Normal Training School which later was changed to the Indiana Kindergarten and Primary Normal Training School. In 1893 the name was again changed to the Teachers College of Indianapolis. The President of the first Board of Trustees was Mrs. Stanton J. Peele.

Mrs. Lois J. Hafford has been a member of the Board, continually since its organization.

Purpose and Training.-The aim of the school during its formative period was the training of Kindergartners. While this is still continued as an essential department of the teacher-training, the courses of instruction now included in the curriculum of the College, are not only arranged for the training of Kindergartners and Grade School Teachers, but also afford the specialized training so necessary to the teachers of Domestic Science, Art, Music and Manual Work. In 1907 the Teachers College was fully accredited by the State Board of Education and thus has obtained official recognition. In addition, the students are also fitted for Play Ground work, for teaching defective children and for work in social settlements.

The course of study includes: Philosophy of Education, English Composition and Literature, Modern Languages, Principles and Methods of teaching

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metic. The members of the faculty are graduates of colleges and special schools of Pedagogy and are well qualified for their important work..

During the thirty-two years of its existence some 3,000 students have received diplomas while at least double that number have taken partial courses and work in certificate courses. Graduates of Teachers College of Indianapolis have been and now are engaged in the pursuit of their professions in the following countries: England, Japan, China, India, South Africa, Porto Rico and Cuba. They are also found in all parts of the United States including Hawaii and Alaska.

Building and Equipment.-Largely through the untiring efforts of Mrs. Rena S. Tucker and Mrs. Eliza A. Blaker, the funds for the Teachers College building were secured, a lot valued at $9,000 was purchased at the northeast corner of Alabama and Twenty-third streets and a building costing forty thousand dollars was erected. An adequate equipment has been installed at an expense of $10,000 not including a well selected library endowed with some twelve thousand dollars. Recently Mrs. Tucker's plan for the College Dormitory has been put into operation, the ground adjacent to the college has been purchased and the erection of the building will soon

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Dublin Convention.-In our last issue appeared the account of the resolution offered by Amanda M. Way, the Mother of Woman Suffrage in Indiana and active agent of the "Underground Railway." This resolution was adopted by the anti-slavery meeting held at Greensboro in 1851. Henry county thus became the birthplace of the "Woman's Rights" movement in Indiana. To Wayne county, however, must be given the honor of holding the first "Woman's Rights" meeting in the State, for it was at Dublin that the first convention was held in October, 1851. Thus, October becomes the anniversary of the organized effort to secure woman suffrage for Indiana. Amanda M. Way, Joel Davis and Fanny Hiatt were the members of the committee appointed at Greensboro to make the necessary arrangements for this first meeting.

The convention was called to order (probably by Miss Way), and the following officers chosen: Hannah Hiatt, president; Amanda M. Way, vice president; Henry Hiatt, secretary. Miss Way made the opening address and in her direct and forceful manner, introduced the object of the convention and called for "a full, free and candid discussion of the legal and social position of women." The meetings continued for two days and were productive of wide influence. Henry C. Wright was one of the eloquent speakers at the evening sessions which were largely attended. Though Mary F. Thomas, of North Manchester, could not be present, she wrote a letter "urging all who believed in woman's rights to be firm and outspoken. She encouraged young ladies to enter trades and professions to fit themselves in some way for pecuniary independence," and closed by saying: "Although a wife, mother and housekeeper, with all that means, I am studying medicine and expect to practice, if I live."

Resolutions Adopted October, 1851.-Nothing that may be written concerning this historic suffrage meeting can equal the statements which appear below as adopted by the Dublin convention of 1851. It presents sound arguments for the present as it did for the past: "Resolved, That all laws and customs having for their perpetuation, the only plea that they

are time-honored, which in anyway infringe on woman's equal rights, cramp her energies, cripple her efforts, or place her before the eyes of her family, or the world as an inferior, are wrong and should be immediately abolished.

"Resolved, That the avenues to gain in all their varieties should be as freely opened to women as they now are to men.

"Resolved, That the rising generation of boys and girls should be educated together in the same schools and colleges and receive the same kind and degree of education.

"Resolved, That woman should receive for equal labor, equal pay with man.

"Resolved, That as the qualifications for citizenship in this country are based on capacity and morality and as the sexes in their mental condition are equal, therefore woman should enjoy the same rights of citizenship (as) man."

Charter Members.-An association was formed as a result of this meeting. The constitution adopted was signed by the following persons: Amanda M. Way, Minerva Maulsby, Jane Morrow, Agnes Cook, Rebecca Shreves, Rebecca Williams, Wilson D. Schoolly, Samuel Mitchell, Edna Ann Smith, Dr. O. P. Baer, Mrs. O. P. Baer, Hannah Birdsall, Melissa J. Diggs, Hannah Hiatt, James P. Way, B. F. Diggs, Mary B. Birdsall, Fanny Hiatt, Henry Hiatt, Thomas Birdsall, Elizabeth Hoover, Elijah C. Wright, Elizabeth Wright, A. W. Pruyne, Dr. Mary F. Thomas, Dr. Owen Thomas, Emi B. Swank, Joel P. Davis, Lydia P. Davis, Thursey A. Way, Rebecca A. C. Murray.

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, CIR-
CULATION, ETC., REQUIRED BY THE ACT
OF AUGUST 24, 1912.

Of "Indiana Past and Present," published monthly at Indianapolis, Ind., for October, 1914.

Editor-George S. Cottman, Indianapolis, Ind.
Managing Editor-Max R. Hyman, Indianapolis, Ind.
Business Manager-Max R. Hyman, Indianapolis, Ind.
Publisher Max R. Hyman, Indianapolis, Ind.
Owner-Max R. Hyman, Indianapolis, Ind.

MAX R. HYMAN, Publisher. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 5th day of October, 1914. [SEAL]

H. F. STEVENSON, Notary Public.

My commission expires March 5th, 1917.

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