CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF TREATIES.

413

1797 October 17: treaty of Campo Formio, between France and Austria, the latter power yielding the Low Countries and the Ionian Islands to France; and Milan, Mantua, and Modena, to the Cisalpine republic; Venice assigned to the Emperor.

1797 December 9: congress of Radstadt commenced its labours to treat concerning a general peace with the Germanic powers.

1798 Switzerland invaded by the French.

1798 September 12; war declared against France by the Porte, and an alliance, offensive and defensive, entered into between the latter power, Russia, and Great Britain.

1798 October 3: Naples and Sardinia commence hostilities against France. 1798 December 29: a treaty of alliance and subsidies, agreed upon between Great Britain and Russia, against France.

1799 June 22: the second coalition against France, by Great Britain, the Emperors of Germany and Russia, part of the German empire, the Kings of Naples and Portugal, Turkey, and the Barbary States. Conference of Radstadt broken up.

1800 June 20: a treaty of subsidies ratified at Vienna, between Austria and England, stipulating that the war should be vigorously prosecuted against France, and that neither of the contracting powers should enter into a separate peace.

1800 December 16: a treaty of armed neutrality ratified, between Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, at Petersburgh, in order to cause their flags to be respected by the belligerent powers.

1801 February 9: peace of Luneville, between the French Republic and the Emperor of Germany, confirming the cessions made by the treaty of Campo Formio, stipulating that the Rhine, to the Dutch territories, should form the boundary of France, and recognizing the independence of the Batavian, Helvetic, Ligurian, and Cisalpine republics.

1801 March 3: war declared by Spain against Portugal.

1801 March 21: a treaty signed at Madrid between France and Spain, whereby the estates of Parma were yielded to France, who in return ceded Tuscany to the Prince of Parma, with the title of King of Etruria.

1801 March 28: a treaty of peace between France and the King of Naples, signed at Florence, by which France acquired the Isles of Elba, Piombino, and Presides.

1801 June 17 a treaty concluded between Great Britain and Russia at Petersburgh.

1801 July 15: the Concordat between Bonaparte and Pius VII., signed at

Paris.

1801 August 8: a treaty of peace concluded between Spain and Portugal.

1801 September 29: a treaty of peace signed at Madrid, between France and Portugal.

1801 October 1: preliminary articles of peace between France and England, signed at London by Lord Hawkesbury and M. Otto.

1801 October 8: a treaty of peace ratified at Paris between the Emperor of Russia and the French government.

1802 March 25: peace of Amiens between Great Britain, France, Spain, and

Holland.

1802 June 25 definitive treaty between France and the Ottoman Porte.

The Peace a precarious armistice-Demands of Bonaparte-English in France-French encroachments-The king's allusion to them in his Speech-French expedition to St. DomingoToussaint L'Ouverture-Mr. Addington's policy-Bonaparte and lord Whitworth-Trial of Peltier-Speech of Macintosh-Despard's conspiracy-Militia called out-Violence of Bonaparte towards the British ambassador-Malta-War declared-Negotiations for Mr. Pitt's return to power-Detention in France of English travellers-Great Britain roused -Preparations for invasion-Emmett's insurrection-Rapid enrolment of VolunteersBonaparte at Boulogne-Pitt at Walmer-The Volunteers reviewed-Weakness of the Addington ministry-The king's illness-Negotiations for a change of ministry-Pitt presses for an administration on a broad basis-His failure-Pitt prime minister-Conspiracy against the First Consul-Murder of the Duc d'Enghien.

LET us compare the opinions of two historians on the likelihood of the duration of peace. "The treaty of Amiens had scarcely been signed, when the restless ambition and the insupportable insolence of the First Consul convinced the great body of the English people that the peace, so eagerly welcomed, was only a precarious armistice."* We turn from the view of Macaulay to that of Thiers: "The treaty of Amiens had been signed only a few months, and their joy at the peace had a little cooled amongst the English, when there remained before their eyes, as if it were a bright and troublesome light, the grandeur of France, unhappily too little disguised in the person of the First Consul. Some civilities to Mr. Fox, on his visit to Paris, did not prevent their seeing that the First Consul had the attitude of