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claims, it has not for more than forty years permitted them to abuse its enormous strength, as most European nations possessed of similar strength have in time past abused theirs. — BRYCE.

EXERCISE 94.

Do you discover anything corresponding to the order of climax in the following selections? Mark the stages.

It was after the Revolution. Manufactures, trade, all business was flat on its back. A silver dollar was worth seventy-five; corn was seventy-five dollars a bushel, board five hundred dollars a week. Landed property was worthless, and the taxes were something awful. So the general dissatisfaction turned on the courts and was going to prevent collections. Grandfather Cobb was a judge of the probate court; and when he heard that a mob was howling in front of the court-house, he put on his old Continental regimentals, the old buff and blue, and marched out alone. 66 Away with your whining!" says he. "If I can't hold this court in peace, I will hold it in blood; if I can't sit as a judge, I will die as a general!" Though he was one man to hundreds, he drew a line in the green, and told the mob that he would shoot with his own hand the first man that crossed. He was too many for the crowd, standing there in his old uniform in which they knew he had fought for them; and they only muttered, and after a while dispersed. They came again the next term of court; but he had his militia and his cannon all ready for them, then; and this time when they got their answer they took it, went off, and never came back. OCTAVE THANET: A Son of the Revolution.

Thackeray announced to me by letter in the early autumn of 1852 that he had determined to visit America, and would sail for Boston by the Canada on the 30th of October. All the necessary arrangements for his lecturing tour had been made without troubling him with any of the details. He arrived on a frosty November evening, and went directly to the Tremont House, where rooms had been engaged for him. I remember his delight in getting off the sea, and the enthusiasm with which he hailed the announcement that dinner would be ready shortly. A few friends

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were ready to sit down with him, and he seemed greatly to enjoy the novelty of an American repast. In London he had been very curious in his inquiries about American oysters, as marvellous stories, which he did not believe, had been told him of their great size. We apologized-although we had taken care that the largest specimens to be procured should startle his unwonted vision when he came to the table for what we called the extreme smallness of the oysters, promising we would do better next time. Six bloated Falstaffian bivalves lay before him in their shells. I noticed that he gazed at them anxiously with fork upraised; then he whispered to me, with a look of anguish, "How shall I do it?" I described to him the simple process by which the free-born citizens of America were accustomed to accomplish such a task. He seemed satisfied that the thing was feasible, selected the smallest one in the half-dozen (rejecting a large one, "because," he said, "it resembled the High Priest's servant's ear that Peter cut off "), and then bowed his head as if he were saying grace. All eyes were upon him to watch the effect of a new sensation in the person of a great British author. Opening his mouth very wide, he struggled for a moment, and then all was over. I shall never forget the comic look of despair he cast upon the other five over-occupied shells. I broke the perfect stillness by asking him how he felt. 66 Profoundly grateful," he gasped, "and as if I had swallowed a little baby."- FIELDS.

EXERCISE 95.

Re-arrange the propositions of the following outlines so that they shall come in the order of their importance, the most important last.

Why Good Manners should be Cultivated.

1. They react upon the character of the person.

2. They are based upon the idea of consideration for others.

3. They avoid needless friction in social gatherings. 4. They are beautiful to see, in themselves.

5. They make friends for us.

6. They put salutary restraints upon us at times.

Getting Along with People.

1. One should not be ready to take offence.

2. Conversation may be managed so as to avoid disputation on long-standing differences.

3. There is not often need of a direct attack upon the beliefs and opinions of others.

4. To refer to the weakness of a friend is ungenerous. 5. The golden rule is the only safe guide.

6. To betray a secret at the expense or discomfort of a friend is reprehensible.

EXERCISE 96.

Write an essay on one of the foregoing outlines after revision.

EXERCISE 97.

Make two antithetical statements under each of the headings of the following outline, contrasting Bryant's Thanatopsis and Longfellow's Psalm of Life.

1. Subject-matter. 2. Kind of emotion appealed to. 3. Depth of emotion shown. 4. Faith revealed.

EXERCISE 98.

Expand the points of the preceding outline into four paragraphs.

EXERCISE 99.

Read Bacon's essay on "Beauty" and his essay on "Deformity," (or Milton's L'Allegro and Il Penseroso) and combine the contrasting thoughts and sentiments of the two in a single antithetical essay.

EXERCISE 100.

Read Lowell's poem, The Heritage, and combine the contrasting thoughts and sentiments of the poem in a brief antithetical essay.

LESSON 30.

The Logical Order.

In Lessons 18 and 19 we found that the order of presenting thoughts in a paragraph is sometimes the statement of a cause and the statement of the effect of that cause; or is the statement of a proposition and the statement of proofs of that proposition. The same methods may be effectively applied in planning a longer essay consisting of several paragraphs.

Thus in the following outline the arrangement is by cause and effect.

Foreign Immigration should be Restricted.

I. Fact as cause: (1) Many immigrants are paupers. (A paragraph of proofs involving statistics or statements of authorities on this point.) II. Fact as effect: (2) They fill our almshouses and become a public charge. (A paragraph of proofs

involving statistics or statements of authorities.)

III. Fact as cause: (3) Some of them are criminals. (A paragraph of proofs.)

IV. Fact as effect: (4) They reinforce the criminal classes. (A paragraph of proofs.)

V. Fact as cause: (5) Many of them know nothing of the duties of free citizenship. (A paragraph of proofs.)

VI. Fact as effect: (6) Such immigrants recruit the worst element in our politics. (A paragraph of proofs.)

The order indicated above may be followed, or all of the facts as causes (I., III., V.) may be stated and proved first in successive paragraphs, and then all of the facts as effects (II., IV., VI.) may be stated and proved in successive paragraphs.

A third order that might be followed with the same material puts the effects first and the causes afterward; thus:

I. Fact as effect: (1) Our almshouses are crowded with people who have become a public charge.

II. Fact as cause: (2) Pauper immigrants make up a large percentage of the almshouse population. III. Fact as effect: (3) The criminal classes continue to grow in spite of efforts at repression.

IV. Fact as cause: (4) Immigrants in large numbers recruit the criminal classes.

V. Fact as effect: (5) The worst elements in politics are with difficulty kept from securing control of affairs. VI. Fact as cause: (6) Immigration feeds the ranks of ignorant voters.

Conclusion: Foreign immigration should be restricted.

A fourth order would put the effects (I., III., V.) first in successive paragraphs, and would follow these by the causes (II., IV., VI.) in successive paragraphs.

Compare the following outlines of the same proposition : The study of English should be encouraged in the schools.

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II.

The schools should

1. Have a practical end in their teaching.

2. Give their pupils an interest in the best thinking.

3. Improve the taste for the better things of life.

4. Interest pupils in the world about them.

5. Offset an inclination for less worthy things.

These purposes of school work (as effects) may be fulfilled by the study of English as an efficient cause. Hence, etc.

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