nection with the latter; but William Penn, by his wise and conciliatory deportment, had disarmed them, so as then to have staved off their intention. At this time, however, their jealousies were again awakened, and this upon bare surmises. They thought a time might come when the Province might be divided into more counties, and that an additional number of representatives for these might be required. In this case they conceived that those for the Province might out-number them in their votes; and they actually went so far as to declare in the Assembly, that they would not consent to the confirmation of the union, but on the condition, "that at no time hereafter the number of the representatives of the people in legislation in the Province should exceed those of the Territories; but if, hereafter, more counties were made in the Province, and thereby more representatives were added, that then the union should cease." To this condition the members for the Province would not consent. Both parties, however, agreed to have a conference with the Governor on the subject. This conference accordingly took place. The Governor proposed, "that, in all matters and things whatsoever, wherein the Territories were or should be particularly concerned, in interest or privilege, distinct from the Province, then, and in that case, no act, law, or ordinance, in any wise, should pass in any Assembly in this Province, unless two parts in three of the members of the said Territories, and the majority of the members of the Province, should concur therein." This impartial proposal produced peace for the present, the members for the Territories agreeing to postpone all discussions on the subject of the union to the next session.

But, scarcely was this matter settled, when another was necessarily brought forward, which divided them again. In consequence of the report of one of the committees, it was agreed, "that a sum of money should be raised out of the Province and Territories for the Proprietary and Governor, in order to a supply for the support of the government;" but, when they came to confer upon the raising of it, they could not agree upon what should be the proportion between the Province and Territories. It was proposed, first, that three pence per pound should be laid upon all estates, both real and personal, in the Province and Territories, for this purpose, This proposition was negatived. It was then moved, that two pence in the pound and eight shillings per head for every freeman in the Province and Territories should be raised. This was negatived also. It was then moved, that three halfpence in the pound and six shillings per head to every freeman should be substituted for the former mode. This was negatived also. It was then moved, that three pence per pound and twelve shillings per head should be collected, but that one penny per pound of what it raised in the Territories should be returned to the latter in consideration of their extraordinary charge in legislation. This was negatived also. And here it must be observed, that the members of the Territories voted to a man exactly the reverse of what those of the Province did on every one of these occasions.

In this awkward situation the supply never would have been carried, if it had not been for the wisdom of William Penn, who had entered into all the objections on both sides with great minuteness and impartiality, and who desired a conference with the Assembly on the subject. It was proposed by him, that nineteen hundred pounds should be raised in the Province and Territories, four hundred of which should be paid out of the Territories, clear of all charges of collection, and fifteen hundred out of the Province, clear of the same charges, for the support of the government. It was immediately afterwards proposed, that one hundred pounds should be added to the aforesaid nineteen hundred, seventy-three pounds of which should be paid out of the Province, and the residue, twenty-seven pounds, out of the Territories, for the same purpose. It was proposed, lastly, that the counties should pay their proportion as follows:-Philadelphia county, one thousand and twenty-five pounds; Chester, three hundred and twenty-five; Bucks, two hundred and twenty-five; Newcastle, one hundred and eighty; Kent, one hundred and thirty-nine; and Sussex, one hundred and six. These propositions were severally agreed to. They were then incorporated into a bill, and, in this shape, brought again before the house and passed. Thus, at length, was completed a law, the principle and equity of which were admitted by the discordant parties, and which provided permanently, for the first time, for the good government of the two fœderated countries.

William Penn having obtained this supply, which was more immediately wanted either than the alteration of the charter or the revision of the laws, was not so urgent for their determination upon the latter. These, indeed, were so important both to them and their posterity, that they could not well be too often or too seriously discussed. He, therefore, prorogued the Assembly on the twenty-seventh of November, after having kept it sitting for about six weeks.

In looking over the journals of the proceedings of this session, we are furnished with certain facts, trifling in themselves, but which yet, as matters of curiosity, may be worth noticing. It appears, first, that but very few members absented themselves during the whole session. They used to meet twice a day for the dispatch of business, namely, at eight in the morning and three in the afternoon. They were called together by the ringing of a bell. Any member who was half-an-hour behind the time was fined ten pence. Every member had an allowance of three pence per mile for travelling charges, and six shillings a day for his attendance in Assembly. The Speaker's daily allowance was ten shillings. Aurelius Hoskins had twenty pounds for his attendance as clerk. The Assembly was to sit, în future, once in three times in the Territories, and the county in which they sat to pay the expense of room, fire, and paper.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

A. 1701.-SETS OUT FOR EAST JERSEY TO QUELL A RIOT THEREEXTRACTS FROM A LETTER WRITTEN ON THAT OCCASION-MAKES A TREATY WITH THE SUSQUEHANNAH AND OTHER INDIANS— SUGGESTS A PLAN OF TRADE WITH THEM, TO SECURE THEM FROM IMPOSITION AND TO IMPROVE THEIR MORALS-CALLS THE ASSEMBLY -THEIR PROCEEDINGS- ISSUES AN ORDER TO WATCH AGAINST INVASION-RENEWS A TREATY WITH ANOTHER TRIBE OF INDIANS -ACCOUNT OF IT-BEING CALLED TO ENGLAND, SUMMONS THE ASSEMBLY AGAIN-ITS PROCEEDINGS-SEVERAL TRIBES OF INDIANS COME TO TAKE THEIR LEAVE OF HIM-HIS REPLY TO THE SAME -SIGNS A NEW CHARTER-CONSTITUTES AND INCORPORATES PHILADELPHIA A CITY--APPOINTS A COUNCIL OF STATE-AND A DEPUTY GOVERNOR-EMBARKS FOR ENGLAND-ARRIVES THERE.

WILLIAM PENN was with his wife and family at Pennsbury, when he received the news that a riot had taken place in East Jersey, during which some of the persons concerned in it had taken arms. It appears that a criminal had dared to put insolent questions to a magistrate in court, and because the magistrate had refused to answer them the commotion had arisen. William Penn, on the receipt of the intelligence, hastened to Philadelphia, and there selected twelve of the most respectable of his own society, with whom he was proceeding to assist the government in East Jersey to get the better of the insurgents; but being informed, on his way, that the matter had been settled, he returned home. He dispatched, however, a letter to his Friends in that government, by which we see his sentiments in such cases; and that, though he was meek and tender in his nature, he could yet be firm where the cause of justice required it. He tells his Friends, that he "had received the surprising news of the practices of some East Jersians, which were as unexpected to him as dishonourable and licentious in them. It would be hard to find temper enough to balance extremes; for he knew not what punishment those rioters did not deserve, and he had rather live alone than not have such people corrigible. Their leaders should be eyed, and some should be forced to declare them by the rigour of the law; and those who were found to be such should bear the burthen of such sedition, which would be the best way to behead the body without danger. If lenitives would not do, coercives should be tried; but, though men would naturally begin with the former, yet wisdom had often sanctioned the latter as remedies, which, however, were never to be adopted but with regret." Further on in the letter, he says, "that by being an old, and not the least pretender to East Jersey, and a neighbour in his station, if he could yet be serviceable to compose or countenance a just prosecution of such rebellious practices, let an express reach him, and, God permitting, he would immediately take horse and go to them."

Soon after this he left Pennsbury for Philadelphia again. He met there Connoodaghtoh, King of the Susquehanna Indians; Wopaththa, King of the Shawanese; Weewhinjough, Chief of the Ganawese; and Ahookassong, brother of the Emperor of the Five Nations, with about forty Indians in their retinue, who came to renew the good understanding which had subsisted between him and them, by one general treaty for the whole. It is said that he received them in Council, and that many kind speeches passed between them. This was on the twenty-third of April; when it was agreed that there should be for ever after a firm and lasting peace between William Penn and his heirs, and the said Kings and Chiefs and their successors, in behalf of their respective tribes; and that they should be as one head and one heart; and that they should at no time hurt, injure, or defraud each other, or suffer each other to be hurt, injured, or defrauded; but that they should be ready at all times to do justice, and perform all acts and offices of friendship and good-will to each other.That the Indians should behave themselves regularly and soberly, according to the laws of Pennsylvania, while they lived in it, and that they should have, in return, the same benefit from the said laws as the other inhabitants of it.That they should not aid or assist any other nation, whether Indians or others, that were not in amity with England and the government of Pennsylvania.

That, if any of them heard any unkind or disadvantageous reports of the Pennsylvanians, as if they had evil designs against them (the Indians), then such Indians should send notice thereof to William Penn, his heirs, or lieutenants, and not give credence to such reports till, by these means, they could be fully satisfied concerning the truth of the same; and that William Penn, his heirs, or lieutenants, should, in such case, do the like by them.

-That they should not bring nor suffer any strange nations of Indians to settle on the further side of Susquehanna, nor about Potomack River, nor in any other part of the province, but such as were already seated, without the permission of William Penn, his heirs, or lieutenants.- -That for the prevention of abuses, that were too frequently put upon them in trade, William Penn, his heirs, or lieutenants, should not permit any person to traffic with them but such as should have been first approved and authorised by an instrument under their own hands and seals, and that the Indians on their part should suffer no person whatsoever to trade with them but such as should have been so licensed and approved.—That they should not sell their skins, furs, or other produce, to persons out of the said province, but only to those publicly authorised to trade with them as before mentioned, and that, for their encouragement, care should be taken that they should be duly furnished with all sorts of necessary goods, and at reasonable rates. That the Potomack Indians should have free leave to settle upon any part of Potomack River within the bounds of the province, so long as they conformed themselves to the articles of this treaty.

The treaty having been read (by which the Conestogo Indians acknow

ledged and bound themselves to all the bargains for lands made between them and William Penn, as well those formerly as in the preceding year), the parties confirmed it by mutual presents, the Indians in five parcels of skins, and William Penn in various parcels of English merchandise, and also by putting their hands and seals to the same.

Soon after this William Penn, in conformity with the said treaty, conferred with his Council as to the best means of preventing impositions on the Indians in the way of trade. After deliberation upon the subject, it was resolved, that persons should be selected for their integrity, who should form a sort of company, with a joint stock, and who should be authorised by the government to hold a commercial intercourse with them. These, however, were to be instructed to take care to keep from them spirituous liquors as much as possible. They were also to use all reasonable means to bring them to a true sense of the value of Christianity, but particularly by setting before them examples of probity and candour, and to have them instructed in the fundamentals of it. This was probably the first time that rade was expressly made subservient to morals, and to the promotion of the Christian religion.

In the month of June (the sea coast having been infested by pirates, and danger being then apprehended of French invasion), he summoned his Council again, after which the following order appeared:-" The magistrates for the county of Sussex shall take care that a constant watch and ward be kept on the hithermost cape near Lewis; and in case any vessel appear from the sea, that may, with good grounds, be suspected of evil designs against any part of the government, ordered, that the said watch shall forthwith give notice thereof, with as exact a description and account of the vessel as they possibly can, to the sheriff of the said county, who is required immediately to dispatch a messenger express with the same to the county of Kent, from thence to be forwarded, from sheriff to sheriff, through every county, till it be brought to the government of Philadelphia; which watch and expresses shall be a provincial charge."

In the month of July, having received a letter from the King, urging him to bring the Province and Territories into union with the other proprietary governments for their mutual defence, he called the Assembly. They met accordingly on the first of August. He informed them, in substance, that the occasion of his calling them together at this time (though it was with reluctance, considering the season) was to lay before them the King's letter, requiring three hundred and fifty pounds sterling from the government towards the fortifications intended on the frontiers of New York, and, though he might have some other matters to lay before them, yet he deferred all till they had considered this point.

This message, which it must have been difficult for William Penn, as a Quaker, to communicate, as well as for those who professed the same religious faith, to accede to, could not but disturb the Assembly. Indeed, it