The Token Economy: A Review and EvaluationSpringer US, 1977 - 342 Seiten Applications of operant techniques in treatment and education have proliferated in recent years. Among the various techniques, the token economy has been particu larly popular. The token economy has been extended to many populations included in psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, and the mental health fields in general. Of course, merely because a technique is applied widely does not neces sarily argue for its efficacy. Yet, the token economy has been extensively re searched. The main purpose of this book is to review, elaborate, and evaluate critically research bearing on the token economy. The book examines several features of the token economy including the variables that contribute to its efficacy, the accomplishments, limitations, and potential weaknesses, and recent advances. Because the token economy literature is vast, the book encompasses programs in diverse treatment, rehabilitation, and educational settings across a wide range of populations and behaviors. Within the last few years, a small number of books on token economies have appeared. Each of these books describes a particular token economy in one treatment ,etting, details practical problems encountered, and provides suggestions for ad ministering the program. This focus is important but neglects the extensive scholarly research on token economies. The present book reviews research across diverse settings and clients. Actually, this focus is quite relevant for implementing token economies because the research reveals those aspects and treatment variations that contribute to or enhance client performance. |
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Seite 35
... exchanged for food ( Cowles , 1937 ; Kelleher , 1957a , 1957b ; Wolfe , 1936 ) . Initially , animals could be trained to operate a vending machine with tokens . Insertion of a token was associated with food delivery . After the value of ...
... exchanged for food ( Cowles , 1937 ; Kelleher , 1957a , 1957b ; Wolfe , 1936 ) . Initially , animals could be trained to operate a vending machine with tokens . Insertion of a token was associated with food delivery . After the value of ...
Seite 36
A Review and Evaluation Alan Kazdin. namely , those that could be exchanged for back - up events and those that could not be exchanged and respond differentially . Fourth , the mere possession of tokens apparently served as a stimulus ...
A Review and Evaluation Alan Kazdin. namely , those that could be exchanged for back - up events and those that could not be exchanged and respond differentially . Fourth , the mere possession of tokens apparently served as a stimulus ...
Seite 57
... exchanged for various privileges . A list of some of the basic reinforcers is provided in Table 5. There were other reinforcers that were not always available or were unavailable to all individuals and are not listed in the table . For ...
... exchanged for various privileges . A list of some of the basic reinforcers is provided in Table 5. There were other reinforcers that were not always available or were unavailable to all individuals and are not listed in the table . For ...
Inhalt
Chapter | 1 |
Extinction | 8 |
Prompting and Fading | 14 |
Urheberrecht | |
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academic performance Achievement Place activities administered Applied Behavior Analysis attending aversive Ayllon Azrin back-up events back-up reinforcers Baer baseline behavior change behavior modification Behavior Therapy behaviors e.g. classroom clients clinical conditioned reinforcers decreased delivered delivery developed disruptive behavior environment evaluated example exchanged experimental extrinsic consequences feedback focused goals group contingency hospital implemented increased individuals instructions intervention involuntarily confined Journal of Applied Kazdin large number maintained Meichenbaum ment mentally retarded natural environment noncontingently number of tokens O'Leary peers Phillips praise primary reinforcers privileges problems procedures psychiatric hospital psychiatric patients Psychology received tokens reinforcement contingencies reinforcement programs reinforcement techniques reinforcing events relatively response cost retarded schedule self-care sessions settings situations Skinner social reinforcement specific stimulus studies target behaviors teacher tions token earnings token economy token program token reinforcement token system treatment variables verbal verbal behavior vicarious reinforcement ward withdrawn