of officers of the medical or sanitary department, and a similar inspection has been carried out in two districts of the northwest frontier province. This is one of the most important extensions of the education service thus far attempted.

Attention should here be called to a change in the scope of the reports which makes it somewhat difficult to measure progress exactly. This change consists in excluding entirely from the tables statistics pertaining to schools in certain native states, so that the present volume deals exclusively with education in the British provinces.

The following table summarizes the statistics of public instruction for the year under review:

Statistical summary of colleges, schools, and scholars in British India at the end of the official year 1914-15.

The total male population of British India is 124,182,692, and the total female population 118,806,255. It appears, therefore, that the number of males under instruction in 1914-15 was 5 per cent of the total males, and the number of females under instruction was ninetenths of 1 per cent of the total females. The enrollment in public institutions is 90 per cent of the total in all classes of institutions, and the enrollment in public primary schools is 73 per cent of the total enrollment.

The total direct and indirect expenditure for public instruction, as shown in the foregoing tables, amounts to 109,170,492 rupees, equivalent to $35,371,239 United States currency.

MODERN EDUCATION IN CHINA.

The spread of modern education in China continues, notwithstanding the political changes and foreign complications which have disturbed the country during the last year. From its enormous extent and population and the independence of the 18 Provinces in educational matters, it is difficult to form a comprehensive idea of the movement which is gradually substituting the ideals and methods of modern education for the system which it is destined to replace. The endeavor made by President Yuan to centralize the control of education has had the effect of calling together in Peking conferences of the chief education authorities in the different Provinces, and thus a degree of unity as regards the provincial administrations and the classification of schools has been secured. No general census of the school population and of the number of schools established in the several Provinces has been published, and, therefore, available reports deal with individual Provinces. Several reports of this character were summarized in the Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1915, and through the efforts of American consuls in China who have collected and sifted educational data relative to their respective consular districts, the survey comprised in the previous report can be somewhat extended.

Recent information has also been received relative to agencies that are having a powerful effect in exciting enthusiastic interest in the modern system and securing support for measures directed to the development of medical education and technical training, both of which concern the vital interests of the Republic.

61355°-16- -42

GENERAL AGENCIES.

Chief among the agencies referred to is the Young Men's Christian Association, which is carrying on a work of propaganda in the most systematic manner. A national committee has been formed representing all the Young Men's Christian Associations of China. This committee, which has its headquarters at Shanghai, has established a lecture department organized in five divisions as follows: Education, science, visual instruction and science, health, and conservation. Each section is in charge of a secretary highly competent in his own specialties. The secretaries deliver lectures illustrated, as a rule, in the cities, and where the interest is sufficient they organize lecture institutes with the object of training selected men to become itinerant lecturers. By this means it is hoped in a short time to reach every part of this vast country. The character of this work is indicated in the following extracts from a report to the Commissioner of Education on the educational campaign carried on in Shanghai by Mr. David Z. T. Yui, executive of the education division.

This campaign was conducted under the joint auspices of the Educational Association of Kiangsu Province, the Shanghai Educational Association, and the Shanghai Young Men's Christian Association. Two objects were proposed, first, to stir up a real interest in education among the people in Shanghai, and second, to organize a committee which would conserve the interest and thereby promote some much needed reforms in the city. The three associations named issued invitations to different classes of people to come to the four lectures given on the afternoons of January 3, 4, and 5 of the current year, with the result that a total attendance of 1,050 was secured. Subsequent lectures given in different parts of the city increased this attendance by 1,390 persons, including officials, educators, and industrial and mercantile people. As to the effect of this campaign Mr. Yui says:

The Shanghai campaign is marked by two special features. The first is the fact that in addition to the great interest and appreciation shown, 107 of those who attended the lectures were so deeply moved and strongly convinced that they voluntarily communicated with the three associations under whose auspices the lectures were given, requesting that these lectures be extended to other cities in China and that some ways and means should be provided to conserve their results. Of the 107 communications, 52 were from educators and school-teachers, 33 from students, 4 from officials, and 18 from business men. The second feature is that the Kiangsu provincial government was so very much impressed by the usefulness and power of these lectures that plans were being formulated to request the Educational Association of Kiangsu Province and the lecture department to organize a lecturers' institute in Shanghai during the month of April this year. The object of the institute is to train about 30 men selected by the provincial government to become itinerant lecturers in Kiangsu.

About $15,000 will be set aside by the Government for training these men, for equipping them with lecture apparatus, and for traveling and lecturing from district to district during 1916. The lecture department will be asked to take charge of the institute. Courses on educational principles, city educational systems and administration, social service, social psychology, physical education, public health, etc., will be conducted. Invitations will be issued to the Provinces of Chili, Shantung, and Chekiang also to send delegates to the institute. It is hoped that the proposed institute will be carried out and made a real success. The success of this year will doubtless inspire similar institutes to be held next year with delegates from perhaps a larger number of Provinces. The close of the campaign was marked by a teachers' institute held in the University of Nanking under the direction of the Kiangsu primary school board. On this occasion Mr. Yui delivered a public address on present day educational problems in China and their solution, and also conducted a sectional conference. The total attendance was 635, mostly teachers. Campaigns have also been conducted by Mr. Yui at Tientsin, North Tungchow near Peking, and at Peking. Similar lecture itineraries have been undertaken by the executive secretaries of the other divisions and in every case with marked success.

The office is also indebted to Mr. David Z. T. Yui for an account of the third meeting on medical terminology which was held in the building of the Educational Association of Kiangsu Province on February 12, current. The 31 delegates present represented— the China Medical Missionary Association, the Chinese National Medical Association, the Medical-Pharmaceutical Association of China, medical schools and colleges in Kiangsu, the Medical-Pharmaceutical College of Chekiang, the Army Medical Department of the General of Chekiang, at Hangchow, the Chekiang Hospital, the Army Hospital of Foochow, the Medical-Pharmaceutical Association of Hangchow, and the Educational Association of Kiangsu Province. A number of letters were received from Chinese medical men in different parts of the country, and also in Japan, regretting their inability to attend the meeting and offering their greetings and some helpful suggestions on the question of medical terminology.

These delegates reported the progress made by committees of their several associations appointed to standardize Chinese translations of medical terms with a view of securing the final recognition of the Chinese Government for terms sanctioned by the medical fraternity. As a result of the discussions before this body, important resolutions were adopted which provided, among other things, for the appointment of a special terminology committee with authority to call a conference during the coming summer, at which time it was hoped the first manuscript of terms on anatomy would be completed. It was decided also that the headquarters of the Educational Association of Kiangsu Province should be the office of the several medical associations united for this important work, and that the ministry of edu

cation in Peking should be requested to send delegates to the forthcoming conference. Mr. Yui calls attention to the fact that

the question of translating medical terms into Chinese has been very vexatious and difficult. There has been much confusion and misunderstanding, as different men used different translations for the same terms in medical science. Medical missionaries in China and the Chinese medical men of the new school realize the importance of obtaining the best Chinese for the medical terms, of standardizing them in a conference of medical associations in China, and of their being recognized and promulgated by the Chinese Government.

In his opinion the steps already taken in this direction give promise of thorough work and final success.

CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOLS.

Modern schools in China are classified on the basis of control as Government schools, that is, established by the central, provincial, or local authorities; mission schools; and private schools. As regards their scope, these schools are classified as elementary, middle or high schools, special schools, i. e., agricultural, technical, etc., and higher institutions. The mission schools are the pioneer agencies in this work, and, as a rule, are at the present time the best equipped in respect to teachers, material aids, and effective organization. The mission schools also enjoy the confidence of the official authorities and endeavor, as a rule, to conform to all official requirements. This general statement is subject to modifications, as will be seen by particulars here given for individual provinces.

The American consul at Changsha, Mr. Nelson T. Johnson, has forwarded an important report on modern education in the Province of Hunan, from which the following information is derived:

The Province of Hunan comprises a population estimated at from eighteen to twenty millions of people, being sixth in this respect in the country. Educational facilities adequate for 10 per cent of the population would comprise accommodation for two million students and an army of 40,000 teachers. When the new schools began, it is estimated that there were not a score of well-trained and qualified teachers available. The lack of funds (an ever present difficulty in China) and the friction between old and new ideas which was particularly strong in this most conservative of the provinces presented almost insuperable obstacles to the new movement. In view of these early conditions the opinion is expressed that

great strides have been made with the result that one now meets with schools on every hand. Temples and public buildings have been turned into schoolhouses to meet the growing demand for a modern education, and we find Chinese private schools, Government schools, and foreign mission schools all working harmoniously toward the same goal.