Trident, 6,790 feet. To the northeast are the cones of Douglas, Fourpeaked, and Kugak, and to the west, Peulik. Far down the peninsula are the volcanoes of Venaminof and others, ending at the terminus with the striking peak of Pavlof, whose smoking signal ever gives warning of possible future eruptions.

Of the volcanic community of Asia and America, Doctor Griggs says: "Directly in line with the prolongation of the Aleutian Chain are the volcanic Commander Islands, carrying our chain over to the shores of Kamchatka, where it meets a line of very lofty and notable volcanoes running down through the Kurile Islands to northern Japan."

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Griggs: The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.

CHAPTER XXVII

INHABITANTS-THE WHITES

DEFINITE information as to the population of Alaska is not obtainable, and among the reasons therefor are the rapid and frequent changes necessitated by Alaskan industries. Including those engaged in the fishery industries, it is believed that the summer population is fully 15,000 greater than that in winter, when the demand for skilled labor falls off greatly. For instance, in the summer industry of the fisheries there were employed in 1922, 21,974 persons, of whom only 4,192 were natives. The winter placer mines of 19211922 were worked by 1,800 less men than those in summer. The Governor in his report of 1923 states that an increase is now indicated, and a larger and more stable population is to be expected.

Census Reports

The population of Alaska by the last five censuses was as follows: 1880, 33,426; 1890, 32,052; 1900, 63,592; 1910, 64,356; 1920, 55,036. In the report of 1920 the term white refers to pure-blooded white persons. The white persons were: 1900, 30,493; 1910, 36,400; 1920, 27,883. Of the whites in 1920, 16,286 were native born, while 11,597 were foreign born. Divided between the sexes there were 20,586 males

and 7,297 females. Foreign countries contributing more than a thousand were: Canada, 1,716; Norway, 2,169; Sweden, 1,688. The decrease in 1920 was due to two causes,-numerous volunteers for war service and the closing of many mines due to increased cost under war conditions.

Married whites numbered 18,522, and those single 11,274. As bearing on permanency it is to be noted that in 1920 the school attendance numbered 6,455, 46.7 per cent, as against 4,631, 40.1 per cent in 1910. The illiteracy fell from 0.9 per cent in 1910 to 0.6 per cent among the whites of native parentage in 1920. Inability to speak English fell from 3.8 per cent in 1910, to 1.0 per cent in 1920. These figures show a white population very largely American, British, Germanic, and Scandinavian, with an unusual high degree of literacy and homogeneity of language. Of the 361 white farmers, no less than 335 are of American, British, German, or Scandinavian nationality.

Alaskan Legislation

The general character of a new community is indicated by the laws that they enact and enforce. The constructive and progressive laws of Alaska are remarkable for a new territory, necessarily heterogeneous in its population. Among Alaskan laws may be named the following: Forbidding sale of tobacco to minors, pensions to dependent mothers, rescue of lost persons, establishing citizenship schools for aliens, care of insane, excluding minors from poolrooms,