whom could be intrusted the execution of an enterprise of such a nature, with the greatest confidence; such is the testimony which Count Frontenac gave in a letter which he wrote at the time to M. de Seignelay. That officer was the Sieur Hertel. In the small company which he commanded, he had three of his sons and two of his nephews; viz. The Sieur Crevier, Lord of S. François, and the Sieur Gatineau.

He left Three Rivers the 28 January 1690, proceeding direetly south into the country, leaving Lake Champlain to his left, then turning to the east, and after a long and rugged march he arrived on the 27* March, near Salmon Falls, which he had reconnoitred by his spies. He then divided his men into three companies; the first, composed of 15 men, was ordered to attack a large fortified house. The second, consisting of 11 men, was ordered to seize upon a fort, defended by four bastions. The third, which Hertel commanded in person, marched to attack a still greater fort, which was defended by cannon. All was executed with a conduct and bravery which astonished the English, who made at first stout resistance; but they could not withstand the fire of the assailants: the bravest were cut to pieces, and the rest, to the number of 54, were made prisoners of war. It cost the victors but one Frenchman, who had his thigh broken, and who died the next day: 27 houses were reduced to ashes, and 2000 § domestic animals perished in the barns, which had been set on fire.

Salmon Falls was but six leagues from a great town called Pascataqua,|| from whence men enough might be sent to swallow up Hertel, and cut off his retreat. In fact, upon the evening of the same day two savages gave notice that 200 ¶ English were advancing to attack them. Hertel expected it, and had taken his measures to frustrate those of his enemy. He drew up his men in order of battle upon the edge of a river,** over which there was a very narrow bridge, one extremity of which he had secured, and it was impossible for the English to come upon him at any other point. They, however, attempted it, despising the small numbers of the French, whom they engaged with great confidence. Hertel suffered them to advance without firing a gun, and all at once fell upon them, sword in hand; 8 were killed and 10 wounded in the first shock, and the rest fled with precipitation. He lost in this encounter the brave Crevier, his nephew, and one of the Sokokis. La Fresniere, his elder son, was shot in the knee; the scar of which wound he bore for 50 years. ‡‡

As Hertel §§ was returning to Canada, he fell in with another party of his countrymen, which proved to be that raised at Quebec, before mentioned, under M. de Portneuf, and with him agreed upon an expedition against

Belknap, Hist. N. H. i. 132, following Mather, Magnalia, vii. 68, dates this affair 18 March: there is in reality no error, allowing for the difference of style, (except one day;) the English not yet having adopted the Gregorian method, which the French had.-See Book II. CAP. II.

+ Près d'une bourgade Angloise, appellée Sementels.

About 30 were killed, according to Belknap, Hist. N. H. i. 132.

Charlevoix has been misconstrued by some authors, and made to say 2000 head of cattle were burned.-See Williamson, Hist. Maine, i. 619, who probably did not refer to the text of Charlevoix, or perhaps used an exceptionable translation. "Deux mille piéces de bétail perirent dans les etables, où l'on avoit mis le feu." Nouvelle France, ii. 51.

Sementels n'étoit qu'à six lieues d'une assez grosse bourgade de la Nouvelle Angleterre, nommée Pescadout. Nouvelle France, ii. 51.

T "About 140 men." Belknap, ii. 132.

** Wooster's River, in Berwick. Ibid.

tt The English advanced with great intrepidity, and a warm engagement ensued, which lasted till night, when they retired with the loss of four or five killed. Ibid.

The English, although warned by the fate of Schenectaday, "dreamt," says Mather," that while the deep snow of the winter continued, they were safe enough; but this proved as vain as a dream of a dry summer. On March 18, the French and Indians, being half one, half t'other, half Indianised French, and half Frenchified Indians, commanded by Monsieur Artel and Hoop-Hood, fell suddenly upon Salmon-falls," &c. Magnalia, vii. 68.

66 The English called him Artel, as his name was pronounced. See Magnalia, ibid.

The French wrote English names queer enough, but really I should be sadly puzzled to tell which should laugh at the other: however, modern writers should not copy old errors of ignorance. It is easy to see how we come by the name of Burneffe in our Histories of New England.-See Hist. Maine, i. 621.

302

HOPEHOOD.-DESTRUCTION OF CASCO.

[BOOK III Casco. As Portneuf marched through the country of the Abenakis, many of them joined him, and he came into the neighborhood of Casco, according to the French account, on the 25 May. On the following night, he prepared an ambush, and towards morning an Englishman fell into it and was killed. The Indians then raised the war-whoop, and about noon 50 English marched out from the garrison to learn what was the occasion of it; they made no discovery until they were within a few paces of the ambush, when they were fired upon; and before they could resist were fallen upon by the French and Indians with their swords and tomahawks with great slaughter: but four escaped, and these were badly wounded.

The English seeing now they must stand a siege, abandoned four garrisons, and all retired into one, which was provided with cannon. Before these were abandoned, an attack was made upon one of them, in which the French were repulsed, with the loss of one Indian killed and one Frenchman wounded. Portneuf began now to doubt of his ability to take Casco, fearing the issue; for his commission only ordered him to lay waste the English settlements, and not to attempt fortified places; but in this dilemma Hertel and HOPEHOOD arrived.* It was now determined to press the siege. In the deserted forts they found all the necessary tools for carrying on the work, and they began a mine within 50 feet of the fort, under a steep bank, which entirely protected them from its guns. The English became discouraged, and on the 28 May surrendered themselves prisoners of war. There were 70 men, and probably a much greater number of women and children. All of whom, except Captain Davis, who commanded the garrison, and three or four others, were given up to the Indians, who murdered most of them in their cruel manner; and if the accounts be true, Hopehood excelled all other savages in acts of cruelty. In the course of the same month, with a small party he fell upon Fox Point, in New Hampshire, killed about fourteen persons, and carried away six, after burning several houses. This was as easily done, says Cotton Mather," as to have spoiled an ordinary hen-roost." Two companies of English soon collected and pursued them; came up with them, killed some, and recovered considerable plunder. In this action Hopehood was wounded, and lost his gun. §

Many were the horrid acts of barbarity inflicted on the prisoners taken at this time. Not long after this, Hopehood went to the westward, "with a design, says Mather, to bewitch another crew at Aquadocta into his assistance." The Indians of Canada and the Five Nations were then at war, and he being in their country, was met by some of the Canada Indians, who, taking him to be of the Iroquois nation, slew him and many of his companions. He had been once a captive to the English, and served a time in Boston as a slave. There appears to have been another Nerigwok chief of the same name, who treated with Governor Dudley at Casco, in 1703. ‡

We have, in narrating the events in the life of Madokawando, noticed the voyage of Major Waldron to the eastern coast of Maine, which was at the close of Philip's war. How much treachery was manifested at that time by the Indians, which caused the English to massacre many of them, we shall not take upon us to declare; yet this we should bear in mind, that we have only the account of those who performed the tragedy, and not that of those who suffered in it.

Captain Charles Frost, of Kittery, was with Waldron upon that expedition, and, next to him, a principal actor in it; and, like him, was killed by the Indians afterwards. Mr. Hubbard gives this account of his taking a noted warrior as follows:-"Capt. Frost seized an Indian called Megunneway, a notorious rogue, that had been in arms at Connecticut last June, at the falls,

* Madokawando was also at the taking of Casco, as were the Doneys and the Higuers [Higgins] Captain Davis's Nar. in 3 Coll. Mas. Hist. Soc. 104, 5.-Hopehood had been taken prisoner, and held as a hostage, with about a dozen others, and was set at liberty by Andros, some time before. Ibid.

This agrees with the English accounts, abating 10 days, as observed in a note on the last page. Magnalia Christ. Americana, b. vii. 73.

"An heathen Indian would rather part with his head than with his gun." Loskiel, ii. 214 At his native place, 4 July, 1697. MS. letter of John Farmer, Esq.

*

and saw that brave and resolute Capt. Turner, when he was slain about Green River; and helped to kill Thomas Bracket at Casco, [11th] August last, [1676.] And with the help of Lieut. Nutter, according to the major's order, carried him aboard" their vessel. "By this time," the same author continues, “some of the soldiers were got ashore, and instantly, according to their major's command, pursued the enemy towards their canoes. In the chase, several of the enemy were slain, whose bodies these [soldiers] found at their return, to the number of seven; amongst whom was Mattahando, the sagamore, with an old powow, to whom the Devil had revealed, as sometimes he did to Saul, that on the same day he should be with him; for he had a little before told the Indians, that within two days the English would come and kill them all, which was at the very same time verified upon himself." Here we must acknowledge, notwithstanding our great respect for this author, that his commentary upon that passage was rather gratuitous. He might have considered that Sauls among the English would not be wanting of whom parallels might be made. Indeed, the historian of Kankamagus might say the Devil was less deceitful with this powwow than he was afterwards in the case of Major Waldron.

The English took much plunder from the Indians at this time, among which were about 1000 lbs. of dried beef, and various other commodities. Megunneway, after having fallen into their hands as we have stated, was shot without ceremony.

2000

CHAPTER IX.

BOMAZEEN-Treachery of the whites towards him-Is imprisoned at Boston-Saves the life of a female captive-Captures Saco-Is killed-ARRUHAWIKWABEMT— His capture and death-EGEREMET-Seized at Pemmaquid-Barbarously murdered-Treachery of Chubb-Its requital-Captain Tom-Surprises HamptonDONY-His fort captured by Colonel Church-Events of Church's expedition—Captain SIMMO-Treats with the English at Casco-His speech-WATTANUMMON- -Captain SAMUEL-His fight at Damaris Cove-HEGAN-One of the name barbarously destroyed by the whites-MoGG-Westbrook burns Nerigwok-Some account of the Jesuit Rasle-Moulton's expedition to Nerigwok-Death of Mogg-Death of Father Rasle-Notice of Moulton-Charlevoix's account of this affair-PAUGUS-Bounty offered for Indian scalps—Captain John Lovewell's first expedition-His second hunt for Indians-Falls in with PAUGUS-Fights him, and is slain-Particulars of the affair Incidents--Songs composed on the event.

We will continue here our catalogue of eminent chiefs of the east, which, though a remote section, has no less claim than any other; and the first of them which we shall introduce was called, by the whites,

BOMAZEEN, who was a sachem of a tribe of the Canibas, or Kennebecks, whose residence was at an ancient seat of sagamores, upon a river bearing their name, at a place called Norridgewock. † Whether Bomazeen were the leader in the attack upon Oyster River in New Hampshire, Groton in Massachusetts, and many other places, about the year 1694, we cannot determine, but Hutchinson says he was a principal actor in the carnage upon the

66

*He was brother to Anthony, and was killed the 11 August, as we have mentioned in our account of Symon. These Indians, or some of their party [that captured Anthony Bracket] went over upon the neck, where they shot John Munjoy and Isaac Wakely. Three men, who were going to reap at Anthony Bracket's, having heard from Munjoy and Wakely of the transaction there, left them to return, when, hearing the guns, they turned towards Thomas Bracket's, who lived near Clark's Point, where they had left their canoe, having probably crossed over from Purpooduck. Here they saw Thomas Bracket shot down, and his wife and children taken; they then made their escape to Munjoy's garrison, at the lower end of the neck, which had become a place of refuge. Willis's Hist. Portland, i. 144.-This was an extensive depredation, 34 persons having been killed and carried into captivity.

Nerigwok is believed to be the most proper way of spelling the name of this place, as agreeing best with its orthoepy; at least, with that heard at and in the vicinity of it, at this day, as pronounced by the oldest inhabitants. It is a delightful place, and will be found elsewhere described.

304

ARRUHAWIKWABEMT.-TAKEN AND KILLED.

[Book III. English," after the treaty which he had made with Governor Phips, in 1693. In 1694, he came to the fort at Pemmaquid with a flag of truce, and was treacherously seized by those who commanded, and sent prisoner to Boston, where he remained some months, in a loathsome prison. In 1706, new barbarities were committed. Chelmsford, Sudbury, Groton, Exeter, Dover, and many other places, suffered more or less.* Many captives were taken and carried to Canada, and many killed on the way. A poor woman, one Rebecca Taylor, who had arrived at the River St. Lawrence, was about to be hanged by her master, an "overgrown Indian," named Sampson. The limb of the tree on which he was executing his purpose gave way, and, while he was making a second attempt, Bomazeen happened to be passing, and rescued her.

We hear of him just after the death of Arruhawikwabemt, in October, 1710, when he fell upon Saco with 60 or 70 men, and killed several people, and carried away some captives. He is mentioned as a "notorious fellow," and yet but few of his acts are upon record. Some time after the peace of 1701, it seemed to be confirmed by the appearance of Bomazeen, and another principal chief, who said the French friars were urging them to break their union with the English, "but that they had made no impression on them, for they were as firm as the mountains, and should continue so as long as the sun and moon endured." On peace being made known to the Indians, as having taken place between the French and English nations, they came into Casco, with a flag of truce, and soon after concluded a treaty at Portsmouth, N. II., dated 13 July, 1713. Bomazeen's name and mark are to this treaty.

When Captain Moulton was sent up to Nerigwok, in 1724, they fell in with Bomazeen about Taconnet, where they shot him as he was escaping through the river. Near the town of Nerigwok, his wife and daughter were, in a barbarous manner, fired upon, the daughter killed, and the mother taken.

We purposely omit Dr. C. Mather's account of Bomazeen's conversation with a minister of Boston, while a prisoner there, which amounts to little else than his recounting some of the extravagant notions which the French of Canada had made many Indians believe, to their great detriment, as he said; as that Jesus Christ was a French man, and the Virgin Mary a French woman; that the French gave them poison to drink, to inflame them against the English, which made them run mad. We hear of others, who, to excite them against the English, endeavored to make them believe, among other absurdities, that they put Jesus Christ to death in London.

ARRUHA WIKWABEMT, just mentioned, was a sachem of the same tribe, and was said to be of Norridgewock also. We can find but very few particulars of him, but, from the fate he met with, it is presumed he had been very instrumental in continuing or bringing about the eastern war of 1710. In that year, Colonel Walton made an expedition to the eastern coast of Maine with 170 men. As they were encamped upon an island, the smoke of their fires decoyed some of the Indians into their hands, among whom was Arruhawikwabemt. Penhallow says, he was "an active, bold fellow, and one of an undaunted spirit; for when they asked him several questions, he made them no reply, and when they threatened him with death, he laughed at it with contempt! At which they delivered him up unto our friendly Indians, who soon became his executioners. But when the squaw saw the destiny of her husband, she became more flexible, and freely discovered where each party of them encamped." The savage perpetrators of this act called themselves Christian warriors! and it must be acknowledged that civilization gains nothing in contrasting the conduct of the whites, under Walton, and that of Bomazeen towards a captive, just related.

EGEREMET, as we have seen, was chief sachem of Kennebeck in 1620, and his principal residence appears to have been at Machias. This chief, and HONQUID, with three or four others, having been invited to a conference at Pemmaquid, were treacherously murdered there, 16 February, 1696. Their seizure and murder could not have been outdone, by the greatest barbarians,

* Bomazeen was supposed to have led the party that attacked the south part of Oyster River, now Durham, in which 10 persons were killed. This was on 27 April.

for faithlessness; and we shall learn that its author paid for it in due time with his life. We are not disposed to add to transactions which are in themselves sufficiently horrible, but we will venture to give the account as we find it in Dr. C. Mather's decennium luctuosum :

"Let us, before the year be quite gone, see some vengeance taken upon the heads in the house of the wicked. Know then, reader, that Capt. March petitioning to be dismissed from his command of the fort at Pemmaquid, one Chub succeeded him. This Chub found an opportunity, in a pretty chubbed manner, to kill the famous Edgeremet and Abenquid, a couple of principal sagamores, with one or two other Indians, on a Lord's day. Some that well enough liked the thing which was now done, did not altogether like the manner of doing it, because there was a pretence of treaty between Chub and the sagamores, whereof he took his advantage to lay violent hands on them."

Thus the manner is seen in which this horrid and cold-blooded act is related!! Few are the instances that we meet with in history, where Indian treachery, as it is termed, can go before this. The reverend author adds, "If there were any unfair dealing (which I know not) in this action of Chub, there will be another February not far off, wherein the avengers of blood will take their satisfaction." By this innuendo, what befell Captain Chubb afterwards is understood, and of which we shall presently give an account.

The point of land called Trott's Neck, in Woolwich, in the state of Maine, was sold, in 1685, by Egeremet and several other sachems. In 1693, on the 11 August, with 12 other chiefs, he made a treaty with Sir William Phips, at Pemmaquid, to which their names stood as follows, and without marks, in the printed account.

Before this, in 1691, "New England being quite out of breath," says Dr. C. Mather, a treaty, or truce, was entered into between the eastern sachems and Messrs. Hutchinson and Townsend, of Boston, and others of the eastern coast, at Sagadahock. Here ten captives were given up by them, and the English gave up eight captive Indians. One was a woman by the name of Hull, who had been of great service to them, having written letters on various occasions, such as their affairs required, and with whom they regretted much to part. Another was Nathaniel White, who had been bound and tortured in a wretched manner. His ears were cut off, and, instead of food, he was forced to eat them, after which, but for this time y treaty, the sentence of burning would have been executed upon him. This truce stipulated that no hurt should be done the English until May, 1692, and that, on the first of that mouth, they would deliver, at Wells, all English captives in their hands, and, in the mean time, would inform of any plots that they might know of the French against the English. Egeremet being the chief sachem, and most forward in this business, Dr. Mather utters his contempt for him by saying, "To this instrument were set the paws of Egeremet, and five more of their sagamores and noblemen."‡

This treaty may be seen at length in the Collections of the Mass. Hist. Soc., but is dated one year earlier than it is in the Magnalia. The fact that it was made upon the water, as Dr. C. Mather says, and as we have quoted in the life of Madokawando, appears from the last paragraph of that instrument,

* Magnalia, b. vii. 89.

It may be seen in the Magnalia, vii. 85.

Magnalia Christ. Americana, book vii. art. xxviii. p. 94.