form of expression in this line is that of the invitation to attend sacrifices. – 9. vivax, sc. nimium. digerit, counts up; referred by Gierig to the consultations with astrologers to ascertain the hour of her death. — 10. premit, oppresses. · II. Tantalidae fratres, i.e. Atreus and Thyestes. uxor, Medea. 12. quae. . dedit, Ino. 13. soror, Philomela. -15. Dis generis, the Manes. Ky.; the Lares. Py., who admits that there was no clear distinction between the two. 17. libate, offer a first por

tion of.

18. incinctos, i.e. succinctos, refers to the peculiar dress of the Lares, called cinctus Gabinus, which was a peculiar way of wearing the toga. Py. patella, the technical name of the dish on which offerings of food were made to the gods. 21. vos, you Lares, sc. valere precor, or volumus: This to your health. Caesar, i.e. Augustus. Tiberius refused the title of patriae pater. Hm. 22. ter, the conjecture of Heinsius, adopted by Merkel and Ky. bona verba, sc. haec. The readings of the Mss. are per or post or sint, the first of which has been generally adopted: per bona verba, amid silence.

23-68. The Terminalia, Feb. 23d. The maintenance of this, one of the primitive Italian festivals, was probably found expedient as one of the principal safeguards of landed property. Py. — 25. Cf. Tibullus, I, 11, 12. - 26. quoque, i.e. even though represented by an emblem so humble. numen habes, i.e. coleris. 27. domini, the owners of adjoining lands. 28. bina, here = duo. A. 95, d; G. 95, Rem. 3; H. 174, 2, 4. 31. minuit, chops up. — 32. ramos, stakes to serve as a support for the pile, which he is building up. Ry. - 33. inritat, excites, coaxes. — 34. canistra, large, flat, open baskets of wicker-work without handles, carried on the head, used to hold the articles employed in sacrificing. See Rh. s. v. — 36. incisos favos, the honey-combs already cut across. Py.— 37. libantur. . . flammis, a portion of each is thrown upon the flames. Py. 38. candida, dressed in white. linguis favet, observe a solemn silence.

43-62. The song of the people in honor of Terminus.

44. litigiosus, the subject of lawsuits. See Lex., s. v. II, B. — 45. ambitio, partiality. See Lex., s. v. II, A. - 47. Thyreatida terram. Thyrea was a territory common to the Argives and Spartans, and the subject of the well-known contest between three hundred champions on each side, described in Herodotus, I, 82. – 49. Othryades was the Spartan champion, who alone survived on his side and raised a trophy on the spot from the spoils of the enemy, on which he wrote his name in blood as conqueror, and was therefore read on the piled arms. The two surviving Argives ran off to announce the supposed victory of their countrymen, while Othryades afterwards killed himself on the spot. 50. quantum sanguinis, sc.

because the battle was renewed between the two nations, in consequence of his claiming the victory. 51. nova... dedit. When the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was to be built, the older shrines and altars on the site were cleared away. 53. An old stone, a long forgotten Terminus, was dug up (inventus) and allowed to remain in the new temple. Py. Ky. takes in aede as an adjunct of inventus, found in the place selected for its site. -57. post illud, i.e. after resisting Jupiter so effectually, there is no reason why you should give way to the encroachments of men and allow yourself to be moved for the gratification of unjust cupidity. Ky. levitas, movableness. See Lex., s. v. I, B. 62. tuus suus, the reading of most Mss., and retained by Merkel. Py. and Ky. reverse this order, Hm. reads tuus tuus, and Ry. Meus tuus. Py. doubts the Latinity of suus, unless it signify its own property. 64. Dardanio duci, i.e. Aeneas. regna, in apposition with Laurentes agros. 65. Illa, sc. via.-66. sextus lapis, the traditional boundary of the ancient Ager Romanus. 68. orbis, the earth. est idem, sc. now.

VIII.

THE Floralia, the festival in honor of Flora, an Italian deity, the goddess of gardens, blossoms, and flowers; which extended from April 28th to May 1st inclusive.

I. ludis iocosis. Originally a festival of the country-people, the Floralia was afterwards introduced into Rome (B.C. 238) and other cities, where, besides the feasting and merriment, there were theatrical and mimic representations, which gradually assumed a more dissolute character; while the country-people continued to celebrate it in the old and merry but innocent manner. See Dict. Antiqq., s. v. — 2. partes tuas, the portion of my work which belongs to you. Ry. mense priore. Cf. Bk. IV, 943:

"Cum Phrygis Assaraci Tithonia fratre relicto

5. mensum.

6. ille vel ille.

Sustulit immenso ter iubar orbe suum,

Mille venit variis florum dea nexa coronis,

Scena ioci morem liberioris habet,

Exit et in Maias sacrum Florale kalendas.

Tunc repetam: nunc me grandius urget opus."

For the form see A. 59; H. 62, V, footnote 3.· So Ky., Py., and Hm. ille vel iste is preferred by Pr. and Ry. Both readings are found in the Mss. 7. Circus, sc. Maximus, i.e. the Ludi Circenses, which were exhibited during the Floralia. Ky.

hunc, sc. mensem. exit, extends. clamata palma, the meed of praise, proclaimed with shouts; palma being used here in a figurative sense, probably. 8. cum... munere, with the exhibition in the Circus. Hm. eat, pass on, sc. in hunc mensem. So Pr. and Hm. IO. auctor, interpreter. 13. Chloris... sono, a false etymology, of course. See Lex., s. Chloris. — 15. campi felicis, the isles of the blest, described by Hesiod as the happy abode of the champions of the heroic age. Ry. Py. remarks: "These (isles of the blest) were not wholly imaginary, but they so called the beautiful group of the Canary islands, which had early become known to the Greeks by hearsay from Phenician navigators." 16. rem ... viris, the lot of the blessed heroes once was cast. - 17. forma, beauty, as often. 19. abibam, tried to escape. A. 277, c; G. 224; H. 469, 1.

=

22. praemia 23. nomina. Ovid

— 21. ius omne, full precedent and authority. Pr. praedam, i.e. Orithyia, the daughter of Erectheus. often uses the plural of nouns for the singular. 24. in toro, i.e. in the matter of my marriage. See Lex., s. Torus, IV, B. - 25. Vere semper. Cf. Lucretius, V, 153, et seqq. Semper... annus, “For me each season blooms with beauty." - 26. arbor, used collectively, as is flore, v. 29. Various horticultural productions -as fruit and flowers- - as well as the different species of grain, are, in Latin, named in the singular, when it is intended to designate the whole kind, or an indefinite quantity. M. 50, Obs. 2. 27. dotalibus, the epithet applied to anything a wife brings to her husband as a marriage portion. — 31. digestos, sc. in horto. See III, I, note. 35. Horae, the goddesses of the seasons. See Lex., s. v. III. - 41. Therapnaeo. Therapne, a town on the Eurotas, in Laconia, was the birthplace of Hyacinthus, from whose blood sprung a flower having words of lamentation inscribed on its petals. For the story see Metamorph., X, 162, et seqq. florem, the hyacinthus of the ancients, not our hyacinth, but the "Martagon" or "Turks-cap" lily, the petals of which are pencilled (scripta) with small black strokes. Py. - 44. alter et alter, i.e. because you and your shadow were not different persons. See Metamorph., III, 407, et seqq. 45. Attin, changed into a pine. Metamorph., X, 103; according to another legend, into a violet. Cinyra creatum, sc. Adonis, changed into an anemone. Met., X, 734. quorum, etc. Respecting the order of the words see M. 474.

46. de

47. in ... tantum coronis esse, is concerned with fragile garlands only. Hm. coronis, i.e. the flowers of which garlands were made. 48. arva, i.e. the produce of the fields.

51. floruerint, the emphatic

- 52. proventum, so several

word. nitidissimus, shining with oil. of the best Mss., followed by Ry., Pr., and Merkel. poma quoque eventum (the outcome), is preferred by Py. and Hm. temporis huius, i.e.

derived from the flowering season or dependent on it. Pr. — 54. advena, foreign. 55. Vina florent. Flos vini was a technical term for the light scum or "crust" (nebulae) which collected on the surface of new wine. 59. idem facimus, bloom in like manner. Hm. But Gierig, Py., and Pr. explain: Meum quoque munus est. Flora claims the vigor of mind and body in youth as the result of her beneficence and power. Pr.

To his wife Marcia.

IX.

Written at Tomi, in exile.

1. Clario poetae, sc. Antimachus of Claros (a small town in Ionia, near Colophon), the husband of Lyde. He sought consolation for her death in the composition of an elegy called Lyde, which was very celebrated in antiquity. See Dict. Biog. 2. Coo suo, i.e. Philetas of Cos, her lover. - 4. meliore, more affectionate. 7. His wife, though not permitted to accompany him, continued faithful to her husband during his long exile, and protected his property from the rapacity of his enemies. 12. sub nulla positum humo, i.e. unburied. 13. rebus acerbis, my grievous calamity. — 14. in bona venturus fuit, would have seized my estate. See A. 308, b; G. 599, Rem. 3; H. 5-11, 2. 20. Laodamia. See I, Introduction to the notes. -21. Maeonium vatem, i.e. Homer. sortita fuisses, sc. to celebrate your worth in song. nova luce, sc. of life, i.e. you were born virtuous and noble. princeps, sc. Livia, the wife of Augustus, a personal friend of Marcia. 27. assuetudine, intimate association.

- 24. cum 25. femina

1

NOTES TO LUCAN.

INTRODUCTION.

M. ANNAEUS LUCANUS was born in the reign of Caligula,

in A.D. 39, at Corduba, one of the oldest Roman colonies in

Hispania Baetica, surnamed Patricia on account of the large number of patricians among the original colonists, from the advantages of its location a flourishing commercial city, and generally regarded as the capital of the province.

"The great Iberian peninsula," is the assertion of Merivale in his History of the Empire, "was more thoroughly Romanized than any other part of the dominions of the republic"; and for a long period in the first century of our era most of the eminent men in literature were natives of that country, so that the epoch has been called that of the Spanish latinity."

66

To this distinction the family of which Lucan was a member in no small degree contributed. He was the son of a wealthy knight, L. Annaeus Mela, and Acilia, a Spanish lady of high birth, and thus a grandson of M. Annaeus Seneca, the noted rhetorician and a nephew of L. Annaeus Seneca, the philosopher.

Taken to Rome at an early age, in the reign of Claudius, and placed under the care of his uncle, he became an intimate friend of Persius the satirist, and with him attended the lectures of the Stoic Cornutus; but was especially devoted to the study of rhetoric, and with such success as to be entitled ultimately to a place among the foremost of his countrymen in the exercise of that art. De Quincey remarks: "In the literature of Rome it is that we find the true El Dorado of rhetoric, as we might expect from the sinewy compactness of the language. The two Plinys, Lucan, Petronius Arbiter, Quintilian, but above all the Senecas have left a body of rhetorical composition such as no modern nation has rivalled."

By his uncle, Lucan was introduced to the acquaintance of Nero, a youth of about the same age with himself, and they were com