7. In an indefinite sense, some; as, a certain man told me this.

How bad soever this fashion may justly be accounted, certain of the same countrymen do pass far beyond it. Carew's Survey.

Some certain of your brethren roar'd, and ran Shakspeare. From noise of our own drums. Let there be certain leather bags made of several bignesses, which, for the matter of them, should be tractable. Wilkins.

CERTAINLY. adv. [from certain.] 1. Indubitably; without question; without doubt.

Certainly he that, by those legal means, cannot be secured, can be much less so by any private attempt. Decay of Piety. What precise collection of simple ideas modesty or frugality stand for, in another's use, is Locke. not so certainly known.

2. Without fail.

CERTAINNESS. n. s. [from certain.] The same with certainty. CERTAINTY. n. s. [from certain.] 1. Exemption from doubt.

Certainty is the perception of the agreement or disagreement of our ideas. Locke. 2. Exemption from failure; as the certainty of an event, or of a remedy. 3. That which is real and fixed.

Doubting things go ill, often hurts more Than to be sure they do; for certainties Or are past remedies, or timely knowing, The remedy then born.

4. Regularity; settled state.

Shakspeare.

CERTES. adv. [certes, Fr.] Certainly; in truth; in sooth: an old word.

Certes, sir knight, you 've been too much to
blare,

Thus for to blot the honour of the dead,
And with foul cowardice his carcase shame,
Whose living hands immortaliz'd his name.

Spenser. Shakspeare. Certes, our authors are to blame. Hudibras. CERTIFICATE. n. s. [certificat, low Lat. he certifies.]

For certes, these are people of the island.

1. A writing made in any court, to give notice to another court of any thing done therein. Corvell

CESAREAN. adj. [from Cæsar.]

The Cesarean section is cutting a child out of the womb, either dead or alive, when it cannot otherwise be delivered. Which circumstance, it is said, first gave the name of Casar to the Roman family so called. Quincy. CESS. n. s. [probably corrupted from cense; see CENSE; though imagined by Junius to be derived from saisire, to seize.]

1. A levy made upon the inhabitants of a place, rated according to their property.

The like cess is also charged upon the country sometimes for victualling the soldiers, when they lie in garrison. Spenser.

2. The act of laying rates. 3. [from cesse, Fr.] It seems to have been used by Shakspeare for bounds or limits, though it stands for rate, reckoning.

I pr'ythee, Tom, beat Cutts's saddle, put a few flocks in the point; the poor jade is wrung in the withers out of all cess. Shakspeare. To CESS. v. a. [from the noun.] To rate; to lay charge on.

We are to consider how much land there is in all Ulster, that, according to the quantity thereof, we may cess the said rent, and allowance issuing thereout. Spenser on Ireland.

To CESS. v. n. To omit a legal duty. See CESSOR.

CESSA'TION. . s. [cessatio, Lat.] 1. A stop; a rest.

The day was yearly observed for a festival, by cessation from labour, and by resorting to church. Hayward.

True piety, without cessation tost; By theories, the practick part is lost. Denham. 2. Vacation; suspension.

There had been a mighty confusion of things, an interruption and perturbation of the ordinary course, and a cessation and suspension of the laws of nature. Woodward's Natural History. The rising of a parliament is a kind of cessation from politicks. Addison's Freeholder. 3. End of action; the state of ceasing to

act.

The serum, which is mixed with an alkali, being poured out to that which is mixed with an acid, raiseth an effervescence; at the cessation of which, the salts, of which the acid was composed, will be regenerated. Arbuthnot.

4. A pause of hostility, without peace. When the succours of the poor protestants in Ireland were diverted, I was intreated to get them some respite, by a cessation. King Charles. CESSAVIT. n. s. [Lat.] A writ that lies upon this general ground, that the person against whom it is brought, hath, for two years, omitted to perform such service, or pay such rent, as he is obliged by his tenure; and hath not, upon his land or tenement, sufficient goods or chattels to be distrained.

Corvell.

CESSIBILITY. n. 3. [from cedo, cessum, Lat.] The quality of receding, or giving way, without resistance.

If the subject strucken be of a proportionate cessibility, it seems to dull and deaden the stroke; whereas, if the thing strucken be hard, the stroke seems to lose no force, but to work a greater efDigby on the Soul,

CE'SSIBLE. adj. [from cedo, cessum, Lat.] Easy to give way.

If the parts of the strucken body be so easily cessible, as without difficulty the stroke can divide them, then it enters into such a body, till it has spent its force. Digby on the Saul, CE'SSION. n. s. [cession, Fr. cessio, Lat.] 1. Retreat; the act of giving way.

Sound is not produced without some resistance, either in the air or the body percussed: for if there be a mere yielding, or cession, it pro duceth no sound. " Bacon's Nat. History. 2. Resignation; the act of yielding up or quitting to another.

A party in their council would make and secure the best peace they can with France, by a cession of Flanders to that crown, in exchange for other provinces. Temple. CE'SSIONARY. adj. [from cession.] As, a cessionary bankrupt, one who has delivered up all his effects. Martin. CE'SSMENT. n. s. [from cess.] An assess

ment or tax.

Dict. CE'SSOR. n. s. [from cesso, Lat. In law.] He that ceaseth or neglecteth so long to perform a duty belonging to him, as that by his cess, or ceasing, he incurreth the danger of law, and hath, or may have, the writ cessavit brought against him. Where it is said the tenant cesseth, such phrase is to be understood as if it were said, the tenant ceaseth to do that which he ought, or is bound, to do by his land or tenement.

Cowell. CE'STUS. n. s. [Latin.] The girdle of

Venus.

Venus, without any ornament but her own beauties; not so much as her own cestus. Addi. CETACEOUS. adj. [from cete, whales, Lat.] Of the whale kind.

Such fishes as have lungs or respiration are. not without the wezzon, as whales and cetacebur animals. Brown's Val. Er.

He hath created variety of these cetaceous fishes, which converse chiefly in the northern seas, whose whole body being encompassed round with a copious fat or blubber, it is enbled to abide the greatest cold of the sea-water.

Ray on the Creation. C FAUT. A note in the scale of musick. Gamut I am, the ground of all accord; A re, to plead Hortensio's passion;

B mi Bianca, take him for thy lord, C faut, that loves with all affection. Shakspeare. CH has, in words purely English, or fully naturalized, the sound of tsh ; a peculiar pronunciation, which it is hard to describe in words. In some words derived from the French, it has the sound of sh, as chaise; and, in some derived from the Greek, the sound of k, as cholerick.

CHACE. See CHASE.

CHAD. n. s. A sort of fish.

Of round fish there are brit, sprat, whiting, chad, eels, congar, millet. Carga To CHAFE. v. a. [echauffer, French.] 1. To warm with rubbing.

They laid him upon some of their garments, and fell to rub and chafe him, till they brought him to recover both breath, the servant, and warmth, the companion, of living. Sidney,

Have I not heard the sea, puff'd up with winds,

Rage like an angry boar chafed with sweat? Shakspeare.

3. To perfume.

Lilies more white than snow

New fall'n from heav'n, with violets mix'd, did grow;

Whose scent so chaf'd the neighbour air, that you Would surely swear Arabick spices grew.

Suckling. 4. To make angry; to inflame passion. Her intercession chaf'd him so, When she for thy repeal was suppliant, That to close prison he commanded her. Shaks. An offer of pardon more chafed the rage of those, who were resolved to live or die together. Sir John Hayward.

For all that he was inwardly chafed with the heat of youth and indignation, against his own people as well as the Rhodians, he moderated himself betwixt his own rage, and the offence of his soldiers. Knolles's History of the Turks. This chaf'd the boar; his nostrils flames expire, And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryd. To CHAFE. v. n.

a. To rage; to fret; to fume; to rave; to boil.

Therewith he 'gan full terribly to roar, And chafed at that indignity right sore. Spenser. He will not rejoice so much at the abuse of Falstaff, as he will chafe at the doctor's marrying my daughter, Shakspeare. Be lion mettled, proud, and take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are. Shakspeare. How did they fume, and stamp, and roar, chafe,

And swear!-not Addison himself was safe.

and

The murmuring surge,

That on th' unnumber'd pebbles idly chafes, Cannot be heard so high." Shakspeare's K. Lear. CHAFE. n. s. [from the verb.] A heat; a rage; a fury; a passion; a fume; a pett; a fret; a storm.

When sir Thomas More was speaker of the parliament, with his wisdom and eloquence he so crossed a purpose of cardinal Wolsey's, that the cardinal, in a chafe, sent for him to Whitehall. Camden's Remains. At this the knight grew high in chafe, And staring furiously on Ralph, He trembled. CHAFE-WAX. n. 5. An officer belonging to the lord chancellor, who fits the wax for the sealing of writs. Harris. CHA'FER. n. s. [ceapon, Saxon, kever, Dutch.] An insect; a sort of yellow

beetle.

Hudibras.

CHA'FERY. n. s. A forge in an iron mill, where the iron is wrought into complete bars, and brought to perfection. Phillips,

He set before him a sack of wheat, as it had been just threshed out of the sheaf; he then bid him pick out the chaff from among the corn, and lay it aside by itself. Spectator

2. It is used for any thing worthless. To CHAFFER. v. n. [kauffen, Germ, to buy. To treat about a bargain; to haggle; to bargain.

Nor rode himself to Paul's, the publick fair, To chaffer for preferments with his gold, Where bishopricks and sinecures are sold. Dryd.

The chaffering with dissenters, and dodging about this or t'other ceremony, is but like open, ing a few wickets, and leaving them a-jar. Swift.

In disputes with chairmen, when your master sends you to chaffer with them, take pity, and tell your master that they will not take a farthing less. Swift.

To CHA'FFER. v. a. [The active sense is obsolete.]

And breach of laws to privy farm did let. Spenser. 2. To exchange.

Approaching nigh, he never staid to greet, Ne chaffer words, proud courage to provoke. Fairy Queen CHA'FFERER. n. s. [from chaffer.]`A buyer; bargainer; purchaser. CHA'FFERN. n. s. [from eschauffer, Fr. to heat.] A vessel for heating water. Dict.

CHA'FFÉRY. 1. n. s. [from chaffer.] Traffick; the practice of buying and selling.

The third is, merchandize and cbaffery; that is, buying and selling. Spenser's State of Ireland. CHAFFINCH n. s. [from chaff and finch.] A bird so called, because it delights in chaf, and is by some much admired for its song. Phillips' World of Words. The chaffinch, and other small birds, are inju rious to some fruits. Mortimer's Husbandry. CHAFFLESS. adj. [from chaff.] Without chaff.

The love I bear him,

Made me to fan you thus; but the gods made you, Unlike all others, chaffless. Shakspeare's Cymb CHAFFWEED. n. s. [gnaphalium, Latin.] An herb, the same with cudweed. CHAFFY. adj. [from chaff.] Like chaff; full of chaff; light.

If the straws be light and chaffy, and held at a reasonable distance, they will not rise unto the middle. Brown's Vulgar Errours. The most slight and chaffy opinion, if at a great remove from the present age, contracts a veneration. Glanville.

CHAFINGDISH. n. s. [from chafe and dish.] A vessel to make any thing hot in; a portable grate for coals.

Make proof of the incorporation of silver and tin in equal quantities, whether it will endure the ordinary fire which belongeth to chafingdishes, posnets, and such other silver vessels. Bacon

CHAGRI'N. n. s. [chagrine, Fr.] Ill hu mour; vexation; fretfulness; peevishness. It is pronounced shagreen.

Hear me, and touch Belinda with chagrin; That single act gives half the world the spleen. Pope. I grieve with the old, for so many additional inconveniencies and chagrins, more than their small remain of life seemed destined to undergo. Pope's Letters. To CHAGRIN. v. a. [chagriner, Fr.] To vex; to put out of temper; to tease; to make uneasy.

CHAIN. n. s. [chaine, French.]

1. A series of links fastened one within another.

And Pharaoh took off his ring, and put it upon Joseph's hand, and put a gold chain about his neck. Genesis. s. A bond; a manacle; a fetter; something with which prisoners are bound. Still in constraint your suff'ring sex remains, Or bound in formal, or in real chains. Pape. 3. A line of links with which land is measured.

A surveyor may as soon, with his chain, meaeure out infinite space, as a philosopher, by the quickest flight of mind, reach it; or, by thinking, comprehend it.

Locke. 4. A series linked together, as of causes or thoughts; a succession; a subordination.

Those so mistake the christian religion, as to think it is only a chain of fatal decrees, to deny all liberty of man's choice toward good or evil. Hammond.

As there is pleasure in the right exercise cf any faculty, so especially in that of right reasoning; which is still the greater, by how much the consequences are more clear, and the chains of them more long. Burnet's Theory of the Earth. To CHAIN. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To fasten or bind with a chain.

They repeal daily any wholesome act established against the rich, and provide more piercing statutes daily to chain up and restrain the poor. Shakspeare's Coriolanus. The mariners he chained in his own galleys for slaves. Knolles

Or march'd I chain'd behind the hostile car, The victor's pastime, and the sport of war?

Prier.

easily mended; but takes up a great deal of room, and makes a disagreeable noise. Chambers.

It is not long since the striking of the topmast, a wonderful great ease to great ships, both at sea and in harbour, hath been devised; together with the chainpump, which takes up twice as much water as the ordinary did; and we have lately added the bonnet and the drabble.

Raleigh's Essays. CHAINSHOT. n. s. [from chain and shot.] Two bullets or half bullets, fastened together by a chain, which, when they fly open, cut away whatever is before

them.

The committee of the commons appointed

Mr. Pym to take the chair.

Clarendon

In this high temple, on a chair of state, The seat of audience, old Latinus sate. Dryden. 3. A vehicle born by men; a sedan.

Think what an equipage thou hast in air, And view with scorn two pages and a chair. Pept. CHAIRMAN. n. s. [from chair and man.] 1. The president of an assembly.

In assemblies generally one person is chosen chairman or moderator, to keep the several speakers to the rules of order. Watts. 2. One whose trade it is to carry a chair. One elbows him, one justles in the shole; A rafter breaks his head, or chairman's pole. Dryden.

Troy chairmen bore the wooden steed, Pregnant with Greeks, impatient to be freed; Those bully Greeks, who, as the moderns do, Instead of paying chairmen, run them through. Savift CHAISE. n. s. [chaise, Fr.] A carriage of pleasure drawn by one horse.

Instead of the chariot he might have said the chaise of government; for a cbaise is driven by the person that sits in it. Addison.

CHALCO'GRAPHER. n. s. [xxxoygåpC', of Xaλ brass, and yaw, to write or en> grave.] An engraver in brass. CHALCO'GRAPHY.n.s.[xλxygapía.] Engraving in brass.

CHA'LDER. n. s. A dry English meaCHA'LDRON. sure of coals, consisting CHAUDRON. of thirty-six bushels heaped up, according to the sealed bushel kept at Guildhall, London. The chaldron should weigh two thousand pounds. Chambers. CHALICE. n. s. (calic, Sax. calice, Fr. calix, Latin.]

1. A cup; a bowl.

When in your motion you are hot,

And that he calls for drink, I'll have prepar'd

him

Shakspeare.

2.

To call to a contest.

A chalice for the nonce. 2. It is generally used for a cup used in acts of worship.

All the church at that time did not think emblematical figures unlawful ornaments of cups or chalices. Stilling fleet. CHALICED. adj. [from calix, Lat. the cup of a flower.] Having a cell or cup: applied by Shakspeare to a flower, but now obsolete.

Hark, hark! the lark at heav'n's gate sings, And Phoebus 'gins arise,

Shakspeare.

His steeds to water at these springs, On chalic'd flowers that lies. CHALK. n. s. [cealc, cealcrtan, Saxon, calck, Welsh.]

Chalk is a white fossile, usually reckoned a stone, but by some ranked among the boles. It is used in medicine as an absorbent, and is celebrated for curing the heartburn. Chambers. He maketh all the stones of the altar chalk stones that are beaten in sunder.

Isaiah.

Chalk is of two sorts; the hard, dry, strong chalk, which is best for lime; and a soft, unctuous chalk, which is best for lands, because it easily dissolves with rain and frost. Mortimer.

With chalk I first describe a circle here, Where these ethereal spirits must appear. Dryd. To CHALK. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To rub with chalk.

The beastly rabble then came down From all the garrets in the town, And stalls and shopboards in vast swarms, With new chalk'd bills and rusty arms. Hudibras. 2. To manure with chalk.

Land that is chalked, if it is not well dunged, will receive but little benefit from a second balking. Mortimer.

3. To mark or trace out as with chalk.

Being not propt by ancestry, whose grace Chalks successours their way. Shakspeare. His own mind chalked out to him the just proportions and measures of behaviour to his fellow-creatures. South.

With these helps I might at least have chalked out a way for others, to amend my errours in a like design. Dryden.

The time falls within the compass here chalked out by nature, very punctually. Woodward. CHALK-CUTTER. n. s. [from chalk and cut.] A man that digs chalk.

Shells, by the seamen called chalk eggs, are dug up commonly in the chalk-pits, where the chalk-cutters drive a great trade with them. Woodward.

CHALK-PIT, N.s, [from chalk and pit.] A

Thus form'd for speed, he challenges the wind, And leaves the Scythian arrow far behind. Dryd. I challenge any man to make any pretence to power by right of fatherhood, either intelligible or possible. Locke.

3. To accuse.

4.

Many of them be such losels and scatterlings, as that they cannot easily by any sheriff be gotten, when they are challenged for any such fact. Spenser. Were the grac'd person of our Banquo present, Whom may I rather challenge for unkindness. Shakspeare [In law.] To object to the impartiality of any one. [See the noun.]

Though only twelve are sworn, yet twentyfour are to be returned, to supply the defects or want of appearance of those that are challenged off, or make default. Hale.

5. To claim as due.

That divine order, whereby the pre-eminence of chiefest acceptation is by the best things wor thily challenged. Hooker. Which of you, shall we say, doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend Where nature doth with merit challenge. Shaki. And so much duty as my mother shew'd To you, preferring you before her father; So much I challenge, that I may profess Due to the Moor, my lord.

Shakspeare. Had you not been their father, these white flakes

Did challenge pity of them.

Shakspeare

So when a tyger sucks the bullock's blood, A famish'd lion, issuing from the wood, Roars loudly fierce, and challenges the food. Dryden. Hast thou yet drawn o'er young Juba? That still would recommend thee more to Cæsar, And challenge better terms. Addison.

6. To call any one to the performance of conditions.

zonry.

I will now challenge you of your promise, to give me certain rules as to the principles of blaPeacham on Drawing. CHALLENGE. n. s. [from the verb.] 1. A summons to combat.

I never in my life Did hear a challenge urg'd more modestly. Shak. 2. A demand of something as due. Taking for his younglings cark, Lest greedy eyes to them might challenge lay, Busy with oker did their shoulders mark. Silney. There must be no challenge of superiority, or discountenancing of freedom. Cullier. 3. In law.