lower and less forcible tone than the preceding words, it indicates not only that the sense, but the sentence is concluded.

It must be carefully noted, therefore, that whenev er the falling inflection is said to be on a word, it is not meant that this inflection is to be pronounced in a low and feeble tone, unless the sentence is concluded; and that even a perfect sentence is not always to be pronounced with this inflection in a low tone, will be shewn hereafter, under the article Final Pause, or Period.

See a farther explanation of this definition, Plate III. No. I. and IV.

The rising inflection is denoted by the acute accent, thus (').

The falling inflection is denoted by the grave accent, thus ().

Compact Sentence.

Direct Period.

Rule I. Every direct period, so constructed as to have its two principal constructive parts connected by correspondent conjunctions, requires the long pause with the rising inflection at the end of the first principal constructive member.

EXAMPLES.

As we cannot discern the shadow moving along the dial. plate, so the advances we make in knowledge are only perceivable by the distance gone over.

As we perceive the shadow to have moved, but did not perceive it moving; so our advances in learning, consisting of insensible steps, are only perceivable by the distance.

As we perceive the shadow to have moved along the dial, but did not perceive it moving; and it appears that the grass has grown, though nobody ever sáw it grow: so the advan

ces we make in knowledge, as they consist of such minute steps, are only perceivable by the distance.

Each of these three sentences consists of two principal correspondent parts; the first commencing with as, and the last with so as the first member of the first sentence is simple, it is marked with a comma only at dial-plate; as the second is compounded, it is marked with a semicolon at moving; and as the last is decompounded, it is marked with a colon at grow this punctuation is according to the general ruies of pausing, and agreeable to good sense; for it is certainly proper that the time of the pause should increase with the increase and complexity of the members to which it is annexed, as more time is required to comprehend a large and complicated member than a short and simple one: but whatever may be the time taken up in pausing at the different points, the inflection annexed to them must always be the same; that is, the comma, semicolon, and colon, must invariably have the rising inflection. See page 76.

The same may be observed of the following sentences: See page 46.

Although I fear it may be a shame to be dismayed at the entrance of my discourse in defence of a most valiant man ; and that it no ways becomes me, while Milo is more concerned for the safety of the state than for himself, not to show the same greatness of mind in behalf of hím; yet this new form of prosecution terrifies iny eyes, which, whatever way they turn, want the ancient custom of the forum, and the former manner of trials. Cicero's Oration for Milo.

Although, son Marcus, as you have now been a hearer of Cratippus for a year, and this at Athens, you ought to abound in the precepts and doctrines of philosophy, by reason of the great character both of your instructor and the city, one of which can furnish you with knowledge, and the other with examples; yet, as I always to my advantage joined the Latin tongue with the Greek, and I have done it not only in oratory,

but likewise in philosophy; I think you ought to do the same, that you may be equally conversant in both languages. Cicero's Offices, book 1. chap. i.

These sentences begin with the concessive conjunction although, and have their correspondent conjunction yet; and these conjunctions form the two principal constructive members. The words him, and examples, therefore, at the end of the first members, must have the rising inflection, and here must be the long pause.

Rule II. Every direct period, consisting of two principal constructive parts, and having only the first part commence with a conjunction, requires the rising inflection and long pause at the end of this part. See p. 47.

EXAMPLES.

As in my speculations I have endeavoured to extinguish passion and préjudice, I am still desirous of doing some good in this particular. Spectator.

Here the sentence divides itself into two correspondent parts at prejudice; and as the word so is understood before the words I am, they must be preceded by the long pause and rising inflection.

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of justice, as insolence does in the country and places of less resórt; Aulus Cæcina would submit as much to the impudence of Sextus Ebutius in this cause, as he did before to his insolence when assaulted by him.

If I have any genius, which I am sensible can be but very small ; or any readiness in speaking, in which I do not deny but I have been much conversant; or any skill in oratory, from an acquaintance with the best arts, to which I confess I have been always inclined: no one has a better right to demand of me the fruit of all these things than this Aulus Licinius.

Cicero's Oration for Archias.

If, after surveying the whole earth at once, and the several planets that lie within its neighbourhood, we contemplate those

wide fields of ether, that reach in height as far as from Saturn to the fixed stars, and run abroad, almost to an infínitude; our imagination finds its capacity filled with so immense a prospect, and puts itself upon the stretch to comprehend it.

Addison's Spectator, No. 411.

In the first of these examples, the first part of the sentence ends at resort, and the second begins at Aulus Cacina: in the second sentence, the first part ends at inclined, and the second begins at no one; and in the third the first part ends at infinitude, and the second begins at our: between these words, therefore, in each sentence, must be inserted the long pause and rising inflection.

All these sentences commence with a conjunction, and may be said to have a correspondent conjunction commencing the second part of the sentence, not expressed, but understood. In the first sentence commencing with if, then is understood at the beginning of the second part; the sense of this conjunctive adverb then may be plainly perceived to exist by inserting it in the sentence, and observing its suitableness when expressed :

If impudence prevailed as much in the forum and courts of justice, as insolence does in the country and places of less resórt, then Aulus Cæcina would submit as much to the impudence of Sextus Æbutius in this cause, as he did before to his insolence when assaulted by him.

The same insertion of the word then might be made in the two last examples commencing with if, and the same suitableness would appear; for though correct and animated language tends to suppress as much as possible the words that are so im plied in the sense as to make it unnecessary to ex-. press them, yet if, when inserted, they are suitable to the sense, it is a proof that the structure of the sentence is perfectly the same, whether these superfluous words are expressed or not.

The exception to this rule is, when the emphatical word in the conditional part of the sentence is in direct opposition to another word in the conclusion, and a concession is implied in the former, in order to strengthen the argument in the latter; for in this case the middle of the sentence has the falling, and the latter member the rising inflection.

EXAMPLES.

If we have no regard for religon in youth, we ought to have some regard for it in áge.

If we have no regard for our own character, we ought to have some regard for the character of others.

In these examples, we find the words youth, and own character, have the falling inflection, and both periods end with the rising inflection; but if these sentences had been formed so as to make the latter member a mere inference from, or consequence of the former, the general rule would have taken place, and the first emphatick word would have had the rising, and the last the falling inflection.

EXAMPLES.

If we have no regard for religion in youth, we have seldom any regard for it in age.

If we no regard for our own character, it can scarcely be expected that we could have any regard for the character of others.

Rule III. Direct periods, which commence with particles of the present and past tense, consist of two parts; between which must be inserted the long pause and rising inflection.

EXAMPLE.

Having already shown how the fancy is affected by the works of nature, and afterwards considered in general both the works