Correlative—either and or, with their negatives, neither and nor, are called correlatives (having a mutual relation), because they are generally used in pairs, introducing the alternatives.

Subordinate connectives are those which join elements of unequal rank.

They connect substantive clauses, adjective clauses, and adverbial clauses. The principal subordinate connectives are:

That, if, lest, unless, notwithstanding, though, although, after, before, since, for, till, until, because, except.

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NOTE. A subordinate connective, like a preposition, always shows a relation of dependence. A preposition is a word that denotes the relation in which one thing stands to another. A subordinate conjunction connects a dependent sentence with an independent proposition.

INTERJECTIONS.

An interjection is an exclamatory word used for the purpose of expressing feeling.

The common interjections are those expressing:

Joy, hey, huzza; surprise, aha, hah; attention, ho, halloo; aversion, fie, pshaw; sorrow, alas, woe; silence, hist, hush, mum.

Interjections are sometimes combined with other words to make exclamatory phrases; as,

Ah me! Alas the day! O horror! What ho! O for rest!

NOTE. As the interjection is not the sign of an idea, but merely an expression of emotion, it cannot have any definable signification or grammatical construction.

CONJUNCTIONS.

In parsing a conjunction tell:

1.

The kind coördinate or subordinate.

2. What it connects.

1. Carthage and Rome were rival powers.

2. Men must be taught as if you taught them not.

3. Since the trouble cannot be cured, it must be endured. 4. Word came that the king had escaped.

5. Come back as soon as you can.

6.

7.

Do your work, otherwise you will get no pay.

Hannah the housemaid

Laughed with her eyes as she listened, but governed her tongue, and was silent.

8. Neither the sunbeams, nor the birds, nor the red clouds which morning and evening sailed above him, gave the little tree any pleasure.

9.

What recked the chieftain if he stood

On Highland heath or Holy rood? - Scott.

10. And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes

Of the beautiful Annabel Lee. - Poe.

11. The coming and going of the birds is more or less a mystery and a surprise.

In parsing an interjection, tell that the word or phrase is an interjection and what feeling it expresses.

NOTE. An interjection is a sound which expresses an emotion, but does not enter into the construction of the sentence.

LESSON XXIV.

THE VARIED USE OF WORDS IN ENGLISH.

The fundamental principle of English grammar may be stated with little exaggeration as being this, that any word may be used as any part of speech. Edwin A. Abbott.

In the English language, a word does not belong exclusively to a single part of speech. The part of speech to which a word belongs in a particular sentence depends upon its use in that sentence. The following brief survey of the words most widely used as more than two parts of speech, will illustrate that use decides classification :

1. Relative: Such as I have give I to thee. 2. Conjunctive adverb of time: taking his leave.

I arrived as he was

3. Conjunctive adverb of manner: Speak as you think. 4. Adverb of degree: You are as old as I am.

5. Part of a phrase: As to that matter, he was silent.

6. Preposition: His place as a thinker is difficult to fix.

BUT.

1. Conjunction: He is not sick, but faint. 2. Preposition: They gave him all but one. 3. Adverb: If they kill us we shall but die.

1.

CONSIDERING.

Participle: Louis, carefully considering the offer, deci

ded to accept.

2. Gerund:

ing affairs of state.

The Queen's time was occupied with consider

3. Verbal noun: The considering of the bids took the commission several days.

4. Preposition: Considering the difficulties, the journey was quickly made.

MUCH.

1. Noun: Where much is given much is required.

2. Adjective: Much ado is made.

3. Adverb: I was much pleased with the visit.

ONLY.

1. Adjective: The only lesson heard was reading.

2.

Adverb: I wrote only to amuse myself.

3. Conjunction: It is the right kind only it is too small.

SINCE.

1. Conjunction denoting time: She has improved, since you gave her lessons.

2. Conjunction denoting cause: Since you can solve the problem, you may do so.

3. Temporal adverb: He died three months since.

4. Preposition: Since that time, we have not spoken.

STILL.

1. Adverb: The man still lives.

2. Adjective: The child fell into the still water. 3. Conjunction: It is too small, still it will do.

THAT.

1. Relative pronoun: The man that I met.
2. Adjective pronoun: That is what I mean.
3. Adjective: That book belongs to me.

4. Substantive conjunction: I knew that the man would

very soon come.

5. Conjunction of purpose: We study mathematics that we may learn how to think.

WHAT.

1. Relative pronoun: It is what [that which] I wanted. 2. Interrogative pronoun: What [things] do you want? 3. Interrogative adjective: What excuse does he make? 4. Interjection: What! Have you come at last?

5. Indefinite interrogative pronoun: He asked what had happened.

6.

Indefinite relative adjective:

For in that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,

Must give us pause.

WHICH.

1. Interrogative pronoun: Which did you take?

2. Interrogative adjective: Which horse did you buy? 3. Relative pronoun: The horse which I sold.