United States Penitentiary.-In 1891 Congress provided for the estab lishment of three penitentiaries, one of which was to be located west of the Rocky mountains and two east. The act made no appropriation for the purchase of sites, and in consequence no prison was established under that act until 1895, when the 53d Congress converted the old military prison at Fort Leavenworth into a civil penitentiary. On July I of that year the old prison, which had been built for military purposes more than forty years before, ceased to be an institution under military supervision and passed under control of the department of justice. The suggestion for buildings was brought forward about this time, with the result that Congress passed a bill, which was approved on June 10, 1898, setting aside 700 acres of land on the south end of the Fort Leavenworth reservation for the site. An appropriation of $150,000 was made for a new building, sufficiently large to accommodate 1,200 convicts. An outside wall 2,600 feet long and 30 feet high has also been provided for. Prior to 1910 the sum of $643,000 had been appropriated for prison construction, about one-half of which had been expended. The labor of prisoners has been utilized in the construction work, which gave them an opportunity to learn useful occupations that would prove remunerative upon their discharge from prison. A school is also maintained for the improvement of the convicts in the prison, which in 1910 had an attendance of over 200, all illiterates being required to attend. R. W. McClaughry, connected with the penal and reformatory institutions of Illinois for years, has been warden since 1895. Other penitentiaries provided by Congress were located at McNeil's Island, Wash., and Atlanta, Ga. The U. S. military prison at Fort Leavenworth was again reëstablished early in 1896.

Universalist Church.-Universalism, according to its present theological meaning, is the name applied to those who believe in universal salvation, or the belief that it is the purpose of God, through the grace revealed in Jesus Christ, to save all of the human race from sin. Universalists claim this interpretation of the Bible dates back to the Sibylline Oracles, the teachings of Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Marcellus and others, and that four of the early theological schools taught this idea. From the 7th century to the Reformation there was no great progress in the growth of Universalism, though it was manifest in the teachings of some, such as Almarac, John of Goch and Albertus Magnus. With the Reformation, Universalism received fresh impetus, and from it dates the modern history of the church. Some of the Protestant bodies advocated universal salvation, but it was not until 1750 that any organization bore the name, believers in universal salvation prior to that time being affiliated with various sects and religious organizations.

As early as 1636, the doctrine of Universalism was preached in Massachusetts colony and Rhode Island by Samuel Gorton. Some of the early Moravians who came to America in 1735 and settled in Pennsylvania were believers in universal salvation, and it was also advocated in Episcopal pulpits. Early in the 18th century Universalism gained a foothold

among Congregationalists, but organized Universalism and the establishment of the Universalist church in America was the work of John Murray, who came to this country in 1770. The movement spread during the years of his teaching and associations were formed in Philadelphia and Massachusetts, where on Sept. 14, 1785, the "Independent Christian Society, commonly called Universalists," was formed at Gloucester by people who had left the First Parish church. The "Charter of Compact,' drawn up by the Gloucester Universalists was generally accepted and in 1803, the annual session of the general convention, three articles of belief were agreed upon.

Universalist churches were established in Kansas in the late '60s and early '70s. The state census of 1875 gives 16 church organizations with a membership of 381. In 1890 there were six church buildings and all the organizations had a membership of 411, while in 1906 Kansas had 12 organizations, with a total membership of 937.

University Extension began in England about the year 1880 and in the United States six or seven years thereafter. Its purpose is to carry instruction to the people who on account of circumstances are denied the privileges of attending a university. While it assumes to give the same instruction to non-resident as to resident students, it can never be made the same in character or quality. For a number of years the professors of the University of Kansas and of other educational institutions. of the state had been accustomed to give lectures to the public on scientific subjects, but it was not until 1891 that the work was organized at the University of Kansas. It was placed in the hands of a committee of which Prof. F. W. Blackmar was chairman. An aggressive campaign was inaugurated to organize extension societies in the towns of Kansas and to give systematic courses of lectures and instruction. These lectures were on education, literature, science, political economy, history and art.

In the year 1890-91 over one hundred such lectures were given by the chancellor and instructors of the university to forward the cause of education. In 1891-92 this number was augmented. It was only necessary to systematize the work and supplement it with collateral readings to complete the extension idea. Prof. Lucian I. Blake of the University of Kansas was engaged to deliver a course of ten lectures on electricity and magnetism at Topeka. Soon after this, a local association was organized in Kansas City and Prof. F. W. Blackmar was chosen to give a course of lectures on economic problems. In other towns courses were given by Prof. C. D. Dunlap in English literature of the 19th century; by Prof. H. S. Carruth in German literature; by Prof. E. H. S. Bailey in "The Chemistry of Every-day Life;" by Prof. E. Miller in astronomy, and by Prof. Williston in geology.

The work was not fully organized until 1909 when the university extension division was organized as a separate division of the university, with Prof. Richard R. Price as director. The extension division is now in four departments-the lecture-study department, the correspondence

study department, the department of general information and welfare, the department of debating and public discussion. The extension lecture system is directed by the lecture study department. All non-residents' work of the university is conducted through the university extension division, under one of its four departments. There are two classes of people to whom the lecture courses appeal. The first is composed of people who have neither time nor inclination to pursue a systematic course of study, but who wish to attend the lectures to receive inspiration for profitable reading and some knowledge of the latest advances. in certain branches of study; the second class of people to obtain profit from the extension work is composed of persons of studious inclination who not only listen to the lectures but also do collateral reading and take the final examination for university credit. This second class includes students preparing for college and professional schools, college students who are unable to pursue continuous resident study, grammar and high school teachers who cannot avail themselves of resident instruction, professional and business men who wish to supplement their training, men too old to go to school, but find a need for more knowledge in their own professions, and club women who wish to pursue a systematic line of study.

In 1911 some 85 or 90 university courses were offered through correspondence. It is possible through this means to obtain credit for as much as ten semester hours of college work each year. In 1911 there were 184 students enrolled in the correspondence study department. The many people who desire and need intellectual stimulus, but cannot go to the university, are glad the university can come to them.

University of Kansas.-The University of Kansas formally opened its doors to students in Sept., 1866, but the history of the institution commenced in 1855, when the first legislature made provision for a Kansas University, the buildings of which were to be erected when Congress or some kind friend would give money for their construction.

In 1856 Amos A. Lawrence of Boston, in whose honor the town of Lawrence was named, made plans for a college on the north end of Mount Oread, the hill west of the town, and gave notes and stocks amounting to $12,696.14 for the foundation of his proposed "Free State College." This money was to be held in trust, Charles Robinson and S. C. Pomeroy having been appointed trustees, and the income therefrom was "to be used for the advancement of religious and intellectual education of the young in Kansas Territory." An imperfect deed to the property, which is that part of the campus where North College now stands, caused a cessation in the plans of Mr. Lawrence.

In 1858 the Presbyterian church of the United States of America, believing that the funds of Mr. Lawrence could be secured to help it, took steps to establish a school on Mount Oread. The Kansas directors were Richard Cordley, Charles Robinson, John M. Coe, Charles E. Miner, G. W. Hutchison, James A. Faley and C. L. Edwards. In 1859 the legislature granted a charter to this institution under the name of “The Law

rence University," a board of 22 trustees was appointed, and in Jan., 1859, the city of Lawrence gave to these trustees a quit claim deed to the present North College campus, "on condition that said university is permanently located at Lawrence, Kan., Ter.; that a brick building not less than 36 feet in width and 60 feet in length and two stories high, be erected and completed within one year from date, and that a school be commenced within six months from this date, and that, failing to comall right to said lot of ground, and it shall again become the property of ply with the above conditions, said Lawrence University shall forfeit the city of Lawrence."

In an effort to meet the conditions of the deed a preparatory school was opened in the basement of the Unitarian church. This was discontinued in three months because there were no pupils. However, the Presbyterians continued with their building until winter. The following year, 1860, was one of hard times, so their project was abandoned until more money could be raised. They spent $1,623.50.

The Congregationalists had appeared on the scene meantime, with the idea of building a "monumental college, commemorating the triumph of liberty over slavery in Kansas." Mr. Lawrence through his trustees agreed to give the college his fund if it was to be under Congregational jurisdiction. The breaking out of the war put an end to the plans of the Congregationalists temporarily, and when they later established their school it was in Topeka.

In 1861 the Episcopal church became interested in education in Lawrence. Under its auspices a new board of trustees took out incorporation papers for "The Lawrence University of Kansas." The Presbyterians gave up their claims to the Episcopalians, who later surrendered theirs to the state.

Tracing the history of the University of Kansas as shown by the territorial and state laws, it is seen that the first constitution, adopted in 1855, contained the following provisions: "The general assembly may take measures for the establishment of a university with such branches as the public convenience may hereafter demand, for the promotion of literature, the arts, sciences, medical and agricultural instruction." The free-state legislature, which met at Topeka in 1857, enacted a law "For establishing a state university at Lawrence." In the Lecompton constitution, framed in 1857, is found "That 72 sections or two entire townships shall be designated by the president of the United States, which shall be reserved for the use of a seminary of learning, and appropriated by the legislature of said state solely to the use of said seminary."

The Leavenworth constitution of 1858 provided that, "as the means of the state will admit, educational institutions of a higher grade shall be established by the law, so as to form a complete system of public instruction, embracing the primary, normal, preparatory collegiate and university departments."

The Wyandotte constitution of 1859 reads, "Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, at some eligible and central point, of a (II-53) ·