line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe enters from the southwest, crossing the county in a northeasterly direction, a branch diverging at Meriden and running east into Leavenworth county; and the Union Pacific crosses the extreme southern border, following the Kansas river. The total mileage of railroad is 121.44. The population of the county in 1910 was 15,826.

Jefferson, Thomas, 3d president of the United States, was born at Shadwell, Albemarle county, Va., April 2, 1743. A mention of him in connection with the history of Kansas is appropriate because to him, more than to any other one man, is due the acquisition of the territory now forming the state through the Louisiana purchase in 1803. Mr. Jefferson was educated at William and Mary College, and after graduating he began the practice of law in 1767. His first public service was as a member of the Virginia house of burgesses, where he served from 1769 to the beginning of the Revolution. In 1775 he was elected to the Continental Congress and the following year was one of the committee of five to draft the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted on July 4. In October following he resigned his seat in Congress to become a member of the Virginia legislature, and on June 1, 1779, he succeeded Patrick Henry as governor of that state. In 1800 he was elected president, and soon after his inauguration learned that the province of Louisiana had been ceded back to France by the secret treaty of St. Ildefonso. Late in the year 1802 W. C. C. Claiborne, governor of Mississippi territory, wrote to the secretary of state that the Spanish authorities, still in control of Louisiana affairs, were about to restrict the navigation of the Mississippi river and the right of deposit at New Orleans. The correspondence was submitted to Congress in December, and on Jan. 11, 1893, the president sent to the senate a message nominating Robert R. Livingston as minister plenipotentiary and James Monroe as minister extraordinary "to enter into a treaty or convention with the First Consul of France for the purpose of enlarging and more effectually securing our rights and interests in the river Mississippi and in the territories eastward thereof."

In the same message, not knowing the exact provisions of the St. Ildefonso treaty, he named Charles Pinckney and James Monroe as ministers plenipotentiary to enter into a convention with the king of Spain for the same purpose. It was not Mr. Jefferson's intention to purchase the province of Louisiana, and when the word came from Paris that Livingston and Monroe had concluded a treaty by which the entire territory was ceded to the United States, he had some doubts as to the constitutionality of the action, as well as misgivings as to whether the cession would meet the approval of Congress and the people. That these doubts and misgivings were without cause is seen in the fact that Congress promptly ratified the treaty and the people in 1804 reëlected Mr. Jefferson to the highest office within their gift. Hence, it was under his administration that new territory-an empire in extent was added to the United States, and Kansas is a part of

that territory. Mr. Jefferson retired from public life at the close of his second term, and died on July 4, 1826. (See Louisiana Purchase.) Jennings, an incorporated city of the third class in Decatur county, is located on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. 17 miles southeast of Oberlin, the county seat. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper (the Echo), express and telegraph offices and a money order postoffice with two rural routes. The population in 1910 was 259. The

town was founded in 1888.

Jennison, Charles Ransford, physician and soldier, was born in Jefferson county, N. Y., June 6, 1834. He was of English descent, some of his father's ancestors having settled in Vermont in the colonial days and fought in the Revolution. He was educated in the common schools until he was twelve years old, when his parents went to Wisconsin. At the age of nineteen years he began to study medicine. After completing his medical course he practiced for a short time in Wisconsin and then came to Kansas, settling at Osawatomie in 1857. Within a short time he removed to Mound City, where he remained for three years, and then went to Leavenworth. Dr. Jennison was one of John Brown's stanch supporters. Gov. Robinson commissioned him. captain of the Mound City Guards on Feb. 19, 1861, and on Sept. 4 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Seventh Kansas cavalry, which became known as "Jennison's Jayhawkers." He was assigned command of the western border of Missouri with headquarters at Kansas City. He determined to clear the border of guerrillas and his name soon became a terror to lawless bands. His conduct was such that Gen. Hunter appointed him acting brigadier-general, and he was placed in command of "all the troops in Kansas west of and on the Neosho." At the time of the Lawrence massacre Gov. Carney called upon Jennison to raise a regiment, of which he was made colonel on Oct. 17, 1863, with headquarters at Leavenworth. While in command at Fort Leavenworth he was authorized on March 5, 1864, to raise and organize a post battery. On July 20, 1864, he was placed in command of a regiment in the field and had command of the district of southern Kansas. During the summer he made a foray into Platte and Clay counties, Mo., against bushwhackers who had been committing depredations in Kansas, and in other ways he successfully protected the border until Price's raid. At the time of this raid he met Price's forces at Lexington, Mo., while reconnoitering under orders from Gen. Curtis. With his regiment he took part in the engagement at the Little Blue, where he was in command of the first division. In the fall of 1864 he was elected a member of the Leavenworth council, was made president of that body and ex-officio mayor. In 1865 he was elected to the legislature from Leavenworth county; was reëlected in 1867, and in 1872 was elected to the state senate. He died at Leavenworth June 21, 1884.

Jericho, a country postoffice in Larabee township, Gove county, is located 12 miles southeast of Gove, the county seat, and 15 miles from Quinter, the nearest shipping point.

Jerome, a country postoffice in Jerome township, Gove county, is located on the Smoky Hill river, 12 miles south of Gove, the county seat, and 10 miles north of Shields, Lane county, the nearest shipping point. The population in 1910 was 12. The town was founded about 1886. J. L. Cook was the first merchant. E. B. Miller built the first hotel. It had a newspaper (the Smoky Hill Globe), a number of stores, several professional men and was at one time a flourishing town.

Jetmore, the county seat of Hodgeman county, is located very near the geographical center of the county on Buckner creek, a tributary of the Pawnee river. It was settled in the spring of 1879 and was at first called Buckner. After the organization of Hodgeman county (q. v.) the people voted at the general election of Nov. 4, 1879, for the location of a permanent county seat, and the choice fell on Buckner. Three days after that election T. S. Haun issued the first number of the Buckner Independent. The exact date when the name was changed to Jetmore cannot be ascertained, but the issue of the Independent for June 24, 1880, was dated at Jetmore, which would indicate that the change was made in the spring of that year. Jetmore is the western terminus of a division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., which connects with the main line at Larned. It has a bank, 2 weekly newspapers (the Western Herald and the Republican), a number of business concerns, Congregational, Methodist and Presbyterian churches, telephone, telegraph and express facilities, a graded public school, and an international money order postoffice. The population in 1910 was 317.

Jewell, an incorporated city of Jewell county, is located in Buffalo. township, on the Missouri Pacific R. R. and on Buffalo creek, 8 miles. south of Mankato, the county seat. It has banking facilities, flour mills, grain elevators, electric lights, weekly newspapers, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice with five rural routes. The population in 1910 was 839. The railroad name is Jewell City.

Jewell is one of the older settled communities in the county. Among the first settlers were W. D. Street, Benjamin Lewis, Charles Lewis and L. M. Stultz in 1869, and James A. Scarborough, Henry Sorrick, A. J. Davis and H. Burnett in 1870. The first store was opened by James A. Scarborough in June, 1870, with a stock that invoiced $130. In the fall John D. Robertson of Lake Sibley opened a general store. The firm of Scarborough & Street handled most of the real estate. The town was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1880, with H. C. Jennings as the first mayor.

Jewell County, one of the northern tier, is the second county west of the 6th principal meridian. It contains 900 square miles and is divided into 25 civil townships, each of which is a Congressional township. It is bounded on the north by the State of Nebraska; on the east by Republic and Cloud counties; on the south by Mitchell, and on the west by Smith. Jewell was one of the counties on the line of the historic Pawnee road, and also one of the counties crossed by

Lieut. Pike in 1806. The surface is rolling prairie gradually rising to table lands in the central portion. The branches of the Republican and Solomon form its water system.

This county was named in honor of Lewis R. Jewell, lieutenantcolonel of the Sixth Kansas cavalry, who died of wounds received in the battle of Cane Hill, Ark. The earliest known settlement was made by William Harshberger and wife on White Rock creek in 1862. They were driven out by the Indians and no other attempt to settle the county was made until 1866, when a number of families, including those of William Knapp, John Rice and Nicholas Ward, settled on White Rock creek. Two raids by the Cheyennes, one in Aug., 1866, and the other in April, 1867, broke up the settlement. Many were killed, including the Ward family, and the others were driven away. In the spring of 1868 another attempt at settlement was broken up by Indians and again in October of the same year the extension of the Scandinavian colony up White Rock creek from Republic county was driven back. In May, 1869, the Excelsior colony (q. v.) from New York, numbering about 100 people, took claims along White Rock creek and built a blockhouse at a point 8 miles north of the present town of Mankato. By June, 1869, they were all driven out, and the county was in the hands of the Indians. In the fall of 1869 a number of land entries were made and the next year the flood of immigration coming into Kansas. extended into Jewell county in spite of the dangers. In the early part of May, 1870, great excitement prevailed over the news that the Cheyennes were on the war-path. On the 13th the settlers met at "Hoffer's Shanty" to devise means of protection. A company of 28 men, known as the "Buffalo Militia," was organized with William D. Street as captain; Charles Lew, first lieutenant; Louis A. Dapron, second lieutenant; James A. Scarborough, orderly sergeant. The personnel of the company was as follows: L. J. Calvin, F. A. May, W. M. Jones, Samuel Krape, Louis A. Dapron, C. L. Seeley, J. A. Scarborough, Cyrus Richart, Chris. Bender, J. H. Worick, David J. Rockey, James W. Hall, Richard D. Fardy, Charles J. Lewis, C. A. Belknap, A. J. Wise, John Hoffer, William Cox, S. R. Worick, Allen Lightner, James F. Queen, J. F. Fogel, J. A. Sorick, R. F. Hudsonpiller, I. A. Swain, Henry Sorick, William D. Street and John R. Wilson.

A fort was built where Jewell City now stands, and was held by the "Buffalo Militia" for about a month, when the Third U. S. mounted artillery took possession and relieved the settlers. (See Fort Jewell.) No more attacks were made, and from that time Jewell county has been free from hostile Indians.

Some time during this year the ruins of what is supposed to have been an old Spanish fort were discovered, which seemed to be a landmark of some former occupation of the country by white men. It was located on the claim of Oliver Smith 2 miles east of Fort Jewell, and is described as an "irregular inclosure containing some 2 or 3 acres

of ground." At that time it was overgrown with sod and was 2 feet high and 4 feet thick. Its origin is not known.

A number of settlements were made in 1870. William Friend, C. J. Jones, O. F. Johnson, M. Hofiveimer, Lewis Spiegle and Silas Mann settled the Marsh creek district, and at Burr Oak the settlers were A. W. Mann, Zack Norman, Lee M. Tingley, Richard Comstock, Frank Gilbert, A. J. Godfrey, D. H. Godfrey, Allen Ives, John E. Faidley and E. E. Blake. A claim was preëmpted by Jack Mango at Jewell Center (Mankato); A. N. Cole homesteaded near the present town of Ionia in 1869; and in 1871 H. M. George and H. L. Browning started a steam sawmill on the freight road between Cawker City and Hastings, Neb., where Salem now stands.

In July, 1870, Col. E. Barker and Orville McClurg petitioned Gov. Harvey for county organization and on July 14 the governor appointed C. L. Seeley, E. T. Gandy and A. I. Davis county commissioners, and James A. Scarborough, county clerk. The first meeting of the commissioners was held at Jewell City on Aug. 22. On Sept. 27 an election was held, at which Jewell City was chosen the county seat, and the following county officers were elected: Dennis Taylor, Thomas Coverdale and Samuel C. Bowles, commissioners; James A. Scarborough, clerk; Henry Sorick, treasurer; N. H. Billings, surveyor; S. O. Carman, register of deeds; Charles L. Sully, probate judge; A. J. Davis, sheriff; R. S. Worick, county superintendent. At the November election Felix T. Candy was elected the first representative in the legislature. The population of the county at that time was 207.

The first marriage was that of a couple from Cloud county, the ceremony being performed by O. F. Johnson, justice of the peace, Jan. 2, 1871. The first marriage of residents was between Lawton McCord and Evaline Davis of Highland township. Feb. 22, 1872. The first birth occurred in Aug., 1870, on the Buffalo creek, the child being Jewell Rittenhouse. He was presented with a lot by the town company of Jewell City. The first regular mail was established in July, 1870, weekly from Sibley, John Hoffer, carrier. The first postoffices were Amity, Highland township, 1872, James Mitchell postmaster; Burr Oak, Burr Oak township, James McCormack, postmaster; Jewell Center, Center township, 1872, J. D. Vance, postmaster; Johnsonville, Vicksburg township, 1872, P. F. Johnson postmaster.

Before 1873 the following towns had been established: Jewell City, Jewell Center, Burr Oak, Salem, Ionia and Holmwood, and the county. had six newspapers. By 1886 Randall, Omia, Gregory and Rubens had been added to the list of towns. Some of these towns have ceased to exist and the present list is as follows: Athens, Burr Oak, Dentonia, Esbon, Formosa, Gregory, Harrison, Ionia, Jewell, Lovewell, Mankato, Mayview, Montrose, North Branch, Otego, Randall, Rubens, Salem, Steuben and Webber.

The townships of Jewell county are: Allen, Athens, Brown Creek, Burr Oak, Buffalo, Calvin, Center, Erving, Ebson, Grant, Harrison,