the Bipontine edition of the classics,
IX. 126.
Emigration, effect of the facility of, on
the rate of wages in Europe, II. 443.
To whom it might prove beneficial,
470. Examination of a proposed act
of Parliament for preventing, IV. 458.
No legislation required in reference
to, 461. Nor likely to be effectual,
462. Nor politic, 463. Injustice of
such legislation, 464. From Scotland
to the United States, IX. 486. That
it multiplies instead of diminishing a
nation, X. 131.

EMMONS, NATHANIEL, his discourse on
the present of Franklin to the town
which bears his name, X. 159.
Enabling Act of Parliament alluded to,
IX. 314, 315.

Enemy, on the means of disposing an,
to peace, VII. 216.

England, intelligence of the people of,
VII. 246. Facility of travelling in,
296. Disposition of the people of,
VIII. 177. See Great Britain.
English Language, how to render the
study of it more general, X. 415.
English School, Sketch of an, II. 125.
Engraver, Franklin's remarks to a
French, on a print commemorating
American Independence, VIII. 277.
Enthusiasm, advantages of, VII. 453.
ENVILLE, Duchess d`, her death, X. 295.
ENVILLE, LAROCHEFOUCAULD D', in-
troduces Mr. Gallatin to Franklin,
VIII. 454.

Ephemera, an Emblem of Hunan Life,
II. 177. Circumstances under which
it was written, VIII. 473.
Episcopal Church, of the ordination in
England, of American clergy of the,
X. 109. Remarks on the practicabili-
ty and expediency of establishing a
bishop in America, 202.

Essays on Religious and Moral Subjects,
and the Economy of Life, II. 1.
ESTAING, Count d', his military char-
acter, VIII. 306. And judicious con-
duct, 307. His character, 457.
Ether, experiment with, to produce cold
by evaporation, VI. 213.
Europe, opinions in, respecting the
American war, VIII. 494. Prevail-
ing spirit of liberty in, X. 321.
EVANS, CADWALLADER, promotes the
culture of silk, VII. 454, 485, 512,
527, 535.

EVANS, JOHN, is appointed deputy-gov.
ernor of Pennsylvania, III. 160. At-
tempts to unite the territories and the
province, and disagrees with the As-
sembly, 161. Expresses to the As-
sembly the resentment of the pro-
prietary, 179. Refers to the charter

of privileges as the only rule of gov.
ernment, 181. Protects Logan, the
Secretary, against the Assembly, 185.
Evans, Lewis, his map of the middle
colonies referred to, IV. 326. Again,
together with his Essays, VI. 110.
Mentioned, VIII. 125.

Evaporation, of cooling by, V. 379.
Of oil, VI. 129. Production of cold
by, 209. Experiment with ether, for
producing cold by, 213. Cooling of
water by, 214. And of the body, 215.
Surface of the earth and vegetation,
216. Same subject, 255.
Examination of Dr. Franklin, in the
British House of Commons, extracts
from its Journals on the subject, IV.

Famine, provision made in China
against, II. 381.

FARISH, his account of stilling waves
by oil, VI. 355.

Farmer's Letters, quoted, relative to
the carelessness with which acts of
Parliament are passed on the subject
of the colonies, IV. 251. Franklin's
preface to the, 257. Lord Hillsbor-
ough's opinion of the, VII. 391.
FAUCITT, WILLIAM, mentioned, IX.
113.

Felons, on the transportation of, to
America, II. 495.
FENELON, his remark to the Pretender
quoted, II. 279.
Fermentation, generation of wind by,
VI. 196.

Ferers, conjecture respecting the cause
of the cold and hot fits of some, VI. 97.
FEVRE, Franklin's servant, mentioned.
VIII. 173.

FILANGIERI, GAETANO, his work on

Fire, a cause of earthquakes, VI. 2.
Some of its properties, 37. Certain
phenomena of, 239. On securing
houses from, 332. Construction of
the French houses in this respect,
333. Suggestion that it exists in a
subtile fluid, 454.

Fireplaces, account of the Pennsylva
nia, invented by Franklin, VI. 35.
Old fashioned, 38. Those designed
to warm the air as it enters the
room, described, 39. Description of
the Pennsylvanian, 44. Manner of
using it, 50.

Fisheries, condition of the, at the close
of the revolutionary war, II. 465.
Mr. Livingston's vindication of the
claim of the United States to the, on
the Banks of Newfoundland, IX. 135.
Of indispensable importance in a
treaty with Great Britain, 381. Dis-
position of Great Britain to cede
them to the United States, 405, 408,
425.

FITCH, JOHN, his steamboat, X. 232.
Certificate of Rittenhouse respecting
it, 233. Again mentioned, 363.
Five Nations, History of the, referred
to, VII. 18.

Fixed Air. See Air.

Flanders, Franklin's tour in, VII. 229.
Flemish Ships, of the capture of, by
American privateers, IX. 368.
FLETCHER, BENJAMIN, is appointed
governor of New York and Pennsyl-
vania, by the same commission, III.
136. His controversy with the As-
sembly of Pennsylvania, 137. Threat-
ens to arinex the province to New
York, 139. Admits the principle of
the Quakers upon the subject of bear-
ing arms, 143.

Flies, their tenacity of life, VI. 3×2.
Flora, representation of Franklin to
the Adiniralty court at Cherbourg re-
specting the prize, VIII. 453.
Florida, difficulty of finding settlers
for, IV. 355. Parliamentary grants
for, 369. Government of East and
West, as erected by royal proclama-
tion, 375.

FLORIDA BLANCA, Count de, gives

Mr. Jay a copy of Sir J. Dalrymple's
Memoir, VIII. 547.

Fluid, thoughts on a universal, and its
character, VI. 458. Application of
this idea to the explanation of some
phenomena of heat and cold, 459.
Fogs, electricity of, in Ireland, V. 209
Suggestion as to their connexion with
cold seasons, VI. 456.

FOLGER, PETER, his writings, I. 8, 9.
Food, proper quantity of, II. 86.
Foreign ministers, salaries of, IX. 401.
FORTH, his secret mission, IX. 205.
Fort Pitt, conference with the Indians
at, IV. 345.

Forts, erection of, in the back settle-
ments, an inadequate protection
against the French and Indians, IV.
11. A few likely to be useful, 15.
Proposal to prevent the erection of, in
the colonies, 21.

FOTHERGILL, JOHN, his conversation
with Franklin on the restoration of
harmony between Great Britain and
the colonies, V. 10. Communicates
to Franklin the result of conferen-
ces upon the Hints for accommoda-
tion, 55. Attends Franklin during
his illness, VII. 150. His account of
Franklin's examination before the
House of Commons, 312. His death
and character, VIII. 529. His ef-
forts to prevent the war with the Uni-
ted States, 532. His character, IX.
493. Dr. Lettsom's Memoirs of, X.

267.

Foundlings, their number in Paris, X.
133. Of hospitals for, 148, 174.
FOX, CHARLES JAMES, Secretary of
State, sends Mr. Grenville to Paris to
arrange the preliminaries of a treaty
of peace,
IX. 267. Claims for his
department the power to treat, 336.
Resigns, 360, 365. His coalition with
Lord North, 490. Franklin's esteem
for, X. 1.

Fragment of Polybius, Sir W. Jones's
supposed, VIII. 543.

France, efforts to engage the Indians
in the cause of, III. 8. Conduct of
the Indians in her interest, IV. 7.
Respecting cessions of territory by, 8.
Facilities enjoyed by, for harassing
our frontier, 14. Evils which would
result from leaving her in possession
of Canada, 16. Of the aid given by,
for the purpose of producing disaffec-
tion in the colonies, 44. Check upon
their growth, which would be the re-
sult of her continued possession of
Canada, 46. Invalidity of her claim
to lands of the Six Nations on the
Ohio, 329. Compliment paid to
Franklin in, for his electrical writ

Of a

ings, VI. 162. Of travelling, and
women in, VII. 359. Interest taken
in American affairs in, 470. Com-
missioners to, appointed by Congress,
VIII 190. Supplies of military stores
furnished by, 191. Her conduct in
regard to the United States, 235.
Remarks on the treaty of commerce
with, 239. War of England with,
would be fatal to the reconciliation
of the former with America, 253.
Her good faith commended, 281. War
between England and, 293. Mr. Ad-
ams's view of her faith, 324. Alli-
ance of the United States with, an
obstacle to peace with Great Britain,
312 Objections to quitting the al-
liance with, 316. Character of the
people of, 327. That a truce between
Great Britain and the United States
would be for her interest, 332
projected invasion of England by, 379.
Of the aid given to the United States
by, 42. Importance of the alliance
with, 439. Ainerican feeling towards,
479. Of the aid furnished by, to
meet the drafts of Congress, 499. In-
structions to Franklin to procure a
further loan in, 526. Further loan
made by, to the United States, IX. 1.
Declines the mediatica of Russia and
Austria, 4. Of supplies to the United
States by, 32. Advantage to, of em-
ploying a large naval force in this
country, 100. Feeling in America
towards, 104. Her concurrence Le-
cessary in the negotiations for peace,
141. Relations of the United States
with, 174. The United States not to
treat without, 203. Great Britain
proposes a separate treaty with, 204.
Canada offered to, to induce her to
treat, 210. Answer of the court of,
to the offer, 210, 213. Her aid to the
United States for 1782, 260. No aid
given to the United States by, till
their independence was declared, 274.
Of the obligations of gratitude for
her aid, 281. Debt of the United
States to, 383. Substance of the pre-
liminary articles of peace between
Great Britain and, 442. Application
of Robert Morris to, for a loan, 445.
Preliminary articles of peace signed
between Great Britain, Spain, and,
473. Her good faith in reference to
the treaty, 533. Her financial difli-
culties, X. 23. Placed by the United
States on the most favorable footing
in regard to commerce, 138. State
of affairs in, in 1787, 318. In 1788,
355. Revolutionary proceedings and
distracted state of affairs in, in 1789,
387, 409.

FRANCIS, JOHN W., his Life of Colden
cited, VI. 18, 19.
FRANKLIN, ARIAH, mother of Benjamin,
1.7, 13. Her death, VII. 58.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN.

His Life. Good fortune which ac-
companied him through life, I. 2. Res-
idence of his ancestors, 3. His resem-
blance in character to one of his un-
cles, 5. His second cousin Samue
Franklin, 6. Marriage of his father, 7.
His birth, 8. His occupations in child-
hood, 10. Account of his father, 11.
Death of his parents, and their monu-
ment, 14. His early reading, 15. His
ballads, 16. Intimacy with John Col-
lins, 17 Reads the Spectator, 18. Re-
sorts to a system of vegetable diet, 19.
Becomes fond of argument, 21. Writes
for his brother's newspaper, 23. Ex-
amined before the Council for a pub-
lication offensive to the Assembly, 24.
Determines to leave his brother, 27
Goes to New York, 28 Accident on
his journey to Philadelphia, 30. Ar-
rives in that city, 33. Visits Andrew
Bradford, the printer, 35. Lodges
with Mr. Read, 37. Is advised by
Sir W. Keith to set up in Philadel
phia, 38. Returns to Boston, 39. Sir
W. Keith's proposal declined by his
father, 40. Who consents to his re-
turn to Philadelphia, 41. Visits Gov-
ernor Burnet of New York, 43. Is
promised assistance by Sir W. Keith,
45. Abandons the use of animal food,
47. Of his associates, Osborne, Wat-
son, Ralph, 48. Their exercises in
composition, 49. Determines, by the
advice of Keith, to visit England, 52.
Sails for London, 53. Discovers that
he has been deceived by Keith, 55.
Being without money engages to work
for Palmer, a printer, 56. Prints a
tract upon Liberty and Necessity,
Pleasure and Pain, 57. Frequents a
club, consisting of Dr Mandeville
and others, 57 Disagrees with, and
separates from Ralph, and removes to
Watts's printing office, 59. His tem-
perate habits, 59. Mode of living, 61.
His skill in swimming, 63. Engages
in mercantile business with Mr Den-
ham, 65. Returns to Philadelphia, 67.
His plans of business broken off by
the death of Mr. Denham, 68.
gages to superintend Keimer's print-
ing establishment, 69. Is ill treated
by Keimer, 71. And separates from
him, 72. Engraves the plates for
New Jersey paper money, and prints
the bills, 73. His moral and reli-
gious views, 74. His new version of
the Lord's Prayer, 77. Enters into

En-

Is ap-

army, 184. His services commended
by Braddock, but ill rewarded, 193.
Engages in forming a society for the
relief and instruction of Germans in

partnership with Hugh Meredith, 77.
Forms the Junto, 81. Writes the
Busy Body, 84. Anecdote showing
his independence as an editor, 85.
His separation from Meredith, 89.
Writes a pamphlet on paper curren-
cy, 91. Opens a stationer's shop, 92.
His attention to business, 93. Mar-
ries Miss Read, 96. His agency in
establishing the Philadelphia Library,
99. Mode of obtaining subscriptions
for it, 101. Anecdote of the silver
spoon and China bowl, 102. His re-
ligious sentiments, 103. Proposes to
arrive at moral perfection, 105. His
list of the virtues, 106. Resolves to
give attention to them in succession,
109. His difficulty in practising that
of order, 113. His project of a work
to be entitled, The Art of Virtue, 115.
Proposes to raise a united party for
virtue, 119. Publishes Poor Richard's
Almanac, 121. His mode of conduct-
ing his newspaper, 123. Engages in
a controversy respecting Hemphill, a
preacher, 125. Studies the French
and Italian languages, 126; and the
Spanish, 127. Visits Boston, 128.
Extension of the Junto, 129.
pointed postmaster of Philadelphia,
131. Proposes an improvement in
the city watch, and establishes a fire
company, 133. Becomes intimate
with Whitefield, 136. Forms part-
nerships in the printing business, 142.
Proposes a Philosophical Society, 144.
His agency in providing means of de-
fence in the Spanish war, 144. Forms
an association for that purpose, 145.
His invention of a fireplace, 156. His
Proposal relating to the Education of
Youth, 158. Establishes an Academy,
159. Becomes one of the trustees,
160. Forms a partnership with David
Hall, 161. His electrical experiments,
162. Is chosen a member of the As-
sembly, 162. Is appointed a cominis-
sioner for making a treaty with the
Indians, 163. His agency in estab
lishing the Pennsylvania Hospital,
164. His advice to Gilbert Tennent,
167 Suggests plans for cleaning, pav-
ing, and lighting the streets of Phila-
delphia, 168, 169; and for cleaning
those of London, 170. Is appointed
postmaster-general for America, 175.
Attends the general convention at
Albany, as a delegate, 176. Proposes
a plan of union of the colonies, 177.
Has an interview with Governor Shir-
ley, 178. Assists Mr. Quincy in pro-
curing aids for New England, 181.
Visits General Braddock's army, 183.
Procures horses and wagons for the

Pennsylvania, 195. Is appointed a
commissioner for appropriating the
public money for military defence,
197. Is commissioned to take charge
of the frontier, and erect a line of
forts, 197. Marches with troops to
fulfil this commission, 198.
His op-
erations at Gnadenhutten, 199. Be-
comes acquainted with the Moravians
at Bethlehem, 203. Returns to Phila-
delphia, and is chosen colonel of a
regiment, 204. Declines accepting
the Governor's proposal to conduct an
expedition against Fort Duquesne,
207. Account of his electrical exper-
iments, 208. Is elected a member
of the Royal Society, 212. Receives
the Copley medal, 213. His conver-
sations with Governor Denny, 214. Is
deputed by the Assembly to present a
petition to the King, and to act in
England as the agent of Pennsylva-
nia, 216. His interview with Lord
Loudoun, 216 Sails from New York,
222. His account of the voyage, 223.
Arrives in England, 226. Object of
his agency in England, 232. Peter
Collinson and Mrs. Stevenson, 233.
Mr. Strahan and Governor Shirley,
234. Begins the business of his mis-
sion, 235. Refutes charges that had
been made against Pennsylvania, 237.
Becomes acquainted with Basker-
ville, 242. Advises the conquest of
Canada, 248. Visits Scotland, and
receives the degree of Doctor of Laws,
249. Gives to Lord Kames a copy
of the Parable against Persecution,
250. Remarks on the authorship of
that piece, 251. Business of his agen-
cy brought to a successful issue, 253.
Receives public money for Pennsyl-
vania, 258. Tour through Holland
and Flanders, 259. Experiments on
the tourmalin, 259; on evaporation,
260. His observations and theory of
northeast storms, 262. Invents the
Armonica, 263. The degree of Doc-
tor of Laws conferred upon him at
Oxford, 267. Sails from England and
arrives at Philadelphia, 269. Travels
through the northern colonies, 271.
Disputes between the Assembly and
governor, 280.
Franklin writes on
the subject, 282 Chosen speaker of
the Assembly, 283. Appointed agent
to go to England, and solicit a change
of government, 285.
Arrives in Eng.
land, 289. Opposes the Stamp Act,
294. Examined before Parliament on

the subject of its repeal, 298. Writes
on political affairs, 312. Appointed
agent for Georgia, 316. His opinion
of the Farm's Letters, 317. Mem-
ber of numerous societies, 319. Pro-
motes the culture of silk, 319. On a
committee for protecting the Cathe-
dral of St. Paul's from lightning, 321.
Appointed agent for New Jersey,

323

Appointed agent for Massachu-
setts, 328. Singular interview with
Lord Hillsborough, 329. Journey to
the North of England, Ireland, and
Scotland; Priestley, Percival, Dar-
win, Kippis, Price, 331. Meets Lord
Hillsborough in Ireland, 332. Dr.
Shipley, Bishop of St Asaph, 335.
Singular conduct of Lord Hillsbor-
ough, 338 Writes an elaborate paper
in favor of Walpole's Grant, 340. On
a committee for examining the Pow-
der Magazines at Purfleet, 342. Con-
troversy about pointed and blunt con-
ductors, 343. Interviews with Lord
Dartmouth, 345. Abridges the Book
of Common Prayer, 352. Experiments
to show the effect of oil in stilling
waves, 353. Transmits Hutchinson's

letters to Massachusetts, 356. Pro-
ceedings of the Assembly concerning
them, 360. Presents the petition for
the removal of Hutchinson, 363. Case
heard before the Privy Council, 365.
Intercourse with Josiah Quincy, Jr.,
372. Death of his wife, 373. Family
incidents and relations, 274. Presents
the petition of the first Continental
Congress to the King, 377. Visits
Lord Chatham at Hayes, 379. Plays
at chess with a sister of Lord Howe,
380. Dr. Fothergill and Mr. Barclay
consult him on the terms of a recon.
ciliation between the two countries,
31. Draws up a paper containing
his ideas of the subject. 3-2. His
paper shown to the ministers, 383.
Requested by Lord Chatham to be
present when he offered a motion in
the House of Lords relating to Amer-
ica, 385. Assists Lord Chatham in
preparing a plan of reconciliation,
386. Chatham's compliment to him
in a speech in the House of Lords,
387. Negotiation continued, 389. Is
unsuccessful, 390. Sails for America,
391. Chosen a member of the Con-
tinental Congress, 393. Drafts a plan
of Confederation, 397. Appointed
Postmaster-general, 398. Member of
the Secret Committee, 399. One
of the commissioners to the army
at Cambridge, 400. Chosen a mem-
ber of the Assembly of Pennsylvania,
401. One of the commissioners to

Canada, 403.
for drafting the Declaration of In-
dependence, 406. Interview with
Lord Howe on Staten Island, 414.
Appointed one of the commissioners
to the Court of France, 416. Arrives
at Nantes, 418; at Paris, 419. Im-
pression produced by his arrival in
France, 420. Audience of Count de
Vergennes, 422. Purchases arms and
military supplies for Congress, 424.
Troublesome applications of foreign
officers, 426. Recommends the Mar-
quis de Lafayette, 428. Treaties of
amity and alliance between France
and the United States, 429. Intro-
duced to the King, 434. Secret ad-
vances made to Franklin for effecting
a reconciliation between England and
the United States; Hutton, Pulteney,
Hartley, 439. Numerous personal
friends; interview with Voltaire, 445.
Enmity of Arthur Lee to Franklin,
and its causes, 447; of Ralph Izard,
451. Arts of his enemies in Congress,
452. Visited by Sir William Jones
454 Instructs the American cruisers
not to molest Captain Cook's vessel.
455. Paul Jones, 456. Mr. Vaugh
an's edition of his writings, 457. As-
sists in procuring a French army to
be sent to the United States, 460. His
opinion of privateering, 461.
mode of transacting affairs with the
French Court, 464. Burdened with
the concerns of public vessels. 467.
Solicits his recall, 468. His opinion of
the alliance with France, 471. His per-
sonal friends at Passy, 473. Negotia-
tions for peace, 474. Objects to Mr.
Grenville's commission, 476. Proposes
articles of a treaty to Mr. Oswald, 479.
Progress of the negotiation, 481. Fish-
eries, 484. Loyalists, 485. Treaty
signed, 488. American commissioners
sign the treaty without the knowledge
of the French court, 489. Count de
Vergennes's letter on the subject, 490.
Franklin's reasons, 496. Error cor-
rected, 497. Contract respecting loans,
498. Definitive treaty signed, 502.
One of the commissioners appointed
by the King of France to investigate
animal magnetism, 503. Treaty with
Prussia, 506. Leaves Passy, 508.
Sails for America, 509. Chosen Pres-
ident of Pennsylvania, 512. Member
of the Convention for forming the
Constitution of the United States, 513.
His religious opinions, 515. Requests
Congress to settle his accounts, 525.
His last illness and death, 529. Pro-
ceedings of Congress on the occasion,
533, 552.

On the committee

His