Y.

Y, at the beginning of words, is regarded as a
consonant; at the end of words, and when
it follows a consonant, it is a vowel, and has
the sound of i.

Y is, in old English, sometimes prefixed to pre-
terits and passive participles of verbs, as yclad.
Yacht, (yot) [yot, S. W. P. J. F. Ja.; yăt, E.
Kenrick.] n. a vessel of state or pleasure.
Yăm, n. a large esculent root.
Yap, v. n. to bark.

Yard, n. an enclosed ground; a measure of three
feet; timber to support a sail.
Yard stick, n. a stick a yard long.

Yärd wand, (yärd wond) n. measure of a yard.
Yare, a. ready; dexterous; nimble; eager.
Yärk. See Yerk.

Yarn, n. spun wool; thread of wool, &c.
Yärr, v. n. to growl or snarl like a dog.
Yarrow, (yǎr'ro) n. a plant; the milfoil.
Yaw, n. an unsteady motion of a ship.
Yawl, or Yaul, n. a boat belonging to a ship.
Yawl, v. n. to cry out. See Yell.
Yawn, v. n. to gape; to open wide.
Yawn, n. oscitation; a gape; a hiatus.
Yawning, a. sleepy; slumbering.
†Y-clăd, (e-klad) pp. for clad, clothed.
Y-clěped', (e-klěpt) pp. called; termed ; named.
Ye, pr. the nominative plural of thou.
Yea, (yē, or yā) [yē, S. W. P.; yā, J. E. Ja.
Wb.; ya, or ye, F.] ad. yes; a particle of
affirmation; truly.

Yean, v. n. to bring young, as sheep.
Yean ling, n. the young of sheep.

Year, n. twelve calendar months; 365 days.
Year book, (yer bûk) n. law reports published
annually.

Yearling, a. being a year old.
Yearling, n. an animal one year old.
Yearly, a. annual; happening every year.
Yearly, ad. annually; once a year.
Yearn, (yern) v. n. to feel pain or desire.
Yearning, n. the emotion of pity.
Yeast, or Yeast, n. barm; spume. See Yest.
Yělk, [yělk, W. J. Ja. Wb.; yōk, S. F.; yělk,
or yok, P. n. the yellow part of an egg; yolk.
Yell, v. n. to cry out with horror and agony.
Yell, n. a cry of horror.

Yěl lōw, (yel lọ) a. being of a gold color.
Yellow, (yello) n. yellow color.
Yěl-low-felver, n. a malignant disease.
Yěl/low-hăm-mer, (yěl/lọ-hăm-ęr) n. a bird.
Yellow-ish,(yello-ish)a. approaching to yellow.
Yellow-ish-ness, n. quality of being yellowish.
Yellow-ness, n. the quality of being yellow.
Yellowş, (yellōz) n. pl. a disease in horses.
Yelp, v. n. to bark as a beagle-hound or dog.
Yeoman, (yo'man) [yō'man, W. P. J. E. F.
Ja. Wb. ; yem'mun, S. Scott, Smith, Barclay;
yum/mun, Kenrick.] n. a farmer; a gentle-
man farmer; a freeholder.

Yeo'man-ry, (yo'man-re) n. the body of yeomen.

*Yërk, [yĕrk, S. W. P. E. ; yěrk, or yärk, Ja.]
v. a. to throw out; to lash; to strike.
*Yërk, v. n. to move as with jerks.
*Yerk, n. a quick motion.
Yern, v. a. See Yearn.

Yes, yes, P. E. Ja. ; yis, S. W. J.; yěs, or yĭs,
F.]ad. the affirmative particle, opposed to no;
yea; truly.

Yěst, [yěst, S. W. F. Ja. ; yěst, or yēst, P. Ja. ;
yest, Nares.] n. the foam or spume of beer,
&c. in fermentation; barm; froth.

Yes'ter, a. being next before the present day.
*Yes'ter-day, [yes'ter-da, W. P. J. E. F. Ja.

Wb.; yis ter-dā, S. Kenrick, Nares, Scott.] n.
the day next before to-day.

*Yes'ter-day, ad. on the day last past.
*Yes'ter-night, (yes'ter-nit) n. the night before
this night.

*Yes'ter-night, (yes'ter-nīt) ad. on the night
last past.

Yes'ty, (yest'e) a. frothy; spumy; foamy.
Yet, [yet, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja.; yět, or yīt,
Kenrick.] c. nevertheless; notwithstanding.
Yet, ad. beside; still; at least; hitherto.
Yew, (yu) n. a tree of tough wood.
Yewien, (yu'en) a. made of the wood of yew.
Yěx, or Yux, v. n. to hiccough.-n. the hic-
cough.
[ford.

Yield, (yeld) v. a. to produce; to give; to af-
Yield, (yeld) v. n. to give up; to submit.
Yield er, (yeld er) n. one who yields.
Yielding, n. the act of giving up; submission.
Yield ing-ly, ad. with compliance.

Yield ing-ness, n. disposition to give up.
Yoke, n. a bandage for the neck; a mark of

servitude; a chain; a bond; a couple; a pair.
Yōke, v. a. to bind by a yoke; to couple.
Yōke fěl-low, or Yōke'māte, n. a companion; a

mate.

Yolk, (yok) [yok, S. W. P. F. Ja. ; yölk, E.; yolk, Wb.] n. the yellow part of an egg. See Yelk.

Yon, or Yon'der, a. being at a distance, but
within view.

Yon, or Yon'der, ad. at a distance within view
Yore, ad. long since; of old time; long ago: with
You, (yu) personal pr.; the plural of thou. [of
Young, (yung) a. not old; youthful; ignorant
Young, (yung) n. the offspring of animals.
Young'ish, (yung'ish) a. somewhat young.
Young ling, (yung'ling) n. a young animal.
Young'ster, or Younk er, n. a young person.
Your, (yur) pr. belonging to you.
Your-self, (yür-self) n. you, even you.
Youth, (yuth) n. the part of life succeeding to
childhood; a young man ; young persons.
Youth/ful, (yuth'ful) a. young; vigorous.
Youth'ful-ly, ad. in a youthful manner. [der.
Ytri-a, n. an earth in the form of a white pow-
Yucca, n. an American tree and its fruit.
Yūle, n. time of Christmas and of Lammas.

â, &, I, ỏ, ũ, ỹ, long ; ă, ě, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, ỹ, short; a, &, i, o, ụ, y, obscure.—fåre, fär, fäst, fall; hêir, hër;

2.

Z, a consonant, has, in English, the same sound | Zĭg/zăg, n. a line with sharp and quick turns. as the soft or vocal S.

Zac cho, n. the lowest part of a pedestal.
Zaffir, n. an oxyde of cobalt; a mineral.
Za'ny, [za/ne, S. W. P. J. E. F.; zanę, or
zăn ne, Ja.] n. a merry-andrew; a buffoon.
Zar nich, n. the name of a genus of fossils.
Zeal, n. passionate ardor; earnestness; warmth.
*Zeal/ot, (zěl'ut) n. a person full of zeal.
*Zealous, (zellus) [zellus, S. P. J. E. F. Ja.
Wb.; zěl lus, or zelus, W. Kenrick.] a. ar-
dent; passionate in any cause.
*Zeal'ous-ly, ad. with passionate ardor.
*Zeal'ous-ness, n. the quality of being zealous.
Zebra, n. an African animal like an ass.
Ze-chîn', (che-kën') [chẹ-kën', W. J. E. F. Ja.;
che-kan, S.; ze'kjn, P. Wb. Crabb.] n. a gold
coin, worth about 9 shillings sterling.
Zěd, n. a name of the letter Ž.
Zenith, [ze'nith, S. W. P. J. E. F. Wb.; zěn'-
nith, or zenith, Ja.; zěn nịth, Rees.] n. the
point overhead, opposite to the nadir.
Zeo-lite, n. a kind of mineral.
Zěph/yr,

Zeph'y-rus,

n. the west wind; a soft wind.

Zērō, n. the point from which a thermometer is graduated; the cipher 0.

Zěst, n. a relish; a taste added.

Zigzag, a. having sharp and quick turns.
Zig/zăg, v. a. to form with quick turns.
Zinc, n. a metal of a brilliant whitish color.
Zir con, n. a hard, sparkling stone.
Zo cle, n. a small sort of stand or pedestal.
Zo/di-ắc, [zī/de-ăk, P. J. F. Ja.j zīdzěk, S. ;
zo de-ak, or zō'je-ǎk, W. Cobbin.] n. a great
circle of the heavens, containing the 12 signs,
through which the sun passes, in his annual

course.

Zo-dia-cal, a. relating to the zodiac.
Zone, n. a girdle; a division of the earth.
Zōned, (zond) a. wearing a zone.
Zone less, a. having no zone or girdle.
Zo-og'ra-pher, n. one who describes animals.
Zo-ŏg/ra-phy, n. a description of animals.
Zo-o-log'i-cal, a. describing living creatures.
Zo-ol'o-gist, n. one who is versed in zoology
Zo-olo-gy, n. the science of animals.
Zo-o-phor'jc, [zō-q-for'jk, W. P. J. E. Ja. ; zç-
ofo-rik, Wb. Ash.] a. bearing the figure of
an animal.

Zo-oph'o-rus, n. in architecture, a part between
the architrave and cornice.

Zoo-phyte, n. a substance which partakes of the nature both of vegetables and animals. Zo-ot'o-mist, n. a dissecter of brute beasts.

Zěst, v. a. to heighten by additional relish. [et. Zo-ot'o-my, n. dissection of the bodies of beasts.
Zelta, n. a Greek letter; a dining room; a clos-Zy-mol'o-gy, n. the doctrine of fermentation.
Ze-tět jc, a. proceeding by inquiry.
Zy-mo-sim'e-ter, n. an instrument for measur-
Zeug'ma, n. a figure in grammar; an ellipsis. ing the degree of fermentation.

mien, sïr; môve, nör, sôn ; bûll, bür, rûle.—Ç, F, ç, §, soft ; Ç, G, £, §, hard. § as z; ş as gz ;—this.

VOCABULARY OF WORDS

OF

DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY.

Two classes of words, which end in the syllables ic or ick, and or or our, and which are sometimes written with the k and the u, are spelled in this Dictionary without them. These classes of words, and also some others, with regard to which there is a diversity of orthography, and which are mentioned in the Preface, page xviii, are not inserted in this Vocabulary.

With the exception of the several classes of words above referred to, this Vocabulary contains nearly all the English words with regard to which a diversity of orthography is, at present, often met with. Large additions might be made from the Dictionary of Dr. Ash, and also by an examination of works which were published before the appearance of Johnson's Dictionary; but it would be of no use to encumber it with modes of spelling which have now become entirely obsolete.

The orthography found in the left hand column of the Vocabulary, is deemed to be well authorized; but with respect to the authority of that which stands on the right hand, there is a great diversity. In some cases, it is nearly or quite as well authorized as that on the left hand; and in some instances, it has but a feeble support, and is rarely met with.

In some cases, words are so variously affected by etymology, analogy, authority, and general usage, that it is difficult to determine what orthography is best supported. This is the fact with respect to the words abridgment or abridgement, aught or ought, base or bass (in music), connection or connexion, controller or comptroller, contemporary or cotemporary, despatch or dispatch, diocese or diocess, divest or devest, duchy or dutchy, holyday or holiday, gaol or jail, instructer or instructor, judgment or judgement, marquis or marquess, loadstone or lodestone, loadstar or lodestar, meagre or meager, naught or nought, pumpkin or pompion, sceptic or skeptic, strew or strow, thresh or thrash, wave or waive (to put off), woe or wo, yelk or yolk, and various others.

There is a class of words which have, in their derivation, a two-fold origin, from the Latin and the French languages, and are indifferently written with the first

syllable en or in, the former being derived from the French, and the latter from the Latin. With respect to some of these, it is difficult to determine which form is best supported by usage. This is the fact in relation to the words enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, and ensure or insure. A few of these words, respecting which the two forms are about equally authorized, are placed in the left hand column in each mode, and stand in a corresponding manner in the Dictionary; but those which are not repeated under the two initial letters E and I, stand with the orthography which is most approved, placed in the left hand column.

There are some words, of which the present established orthography is at variance with the most approved dictionaries. This is true with respect to the words chemistry, chemist, chemical, reindeer, and scythe. The orthography of these words which is here countenanced, though different from that best supported by the dictionaries, is the one which is now established by general usage.

Notwithstanding the orthography of the word show is uniformly supported as here exhibited by the best dictionaries, and also best corresponds to its pronunciation; yet the other form, shew, maintains its ground by a usage quite as common with the best authors.

The two different modes of spelling a few of the words in the Vocabulary, are in established usage, and one is to be preferred to the other according to the sense in which the word is used; as, for example, the orthography of flour instead of flower, though not recognised by Johnson, is now well established, when the word is used to denote the edible part of corn; also the orthography of dye instead of die, in the sense of color or to tinge with color, is in common and good use; yet the forms flower and die are unquestioned, when the words are used in other senses.

With respect to the word mosquito or musquetoe, which appears in such a variety of forms, the spelling here preferred, though little supported by the dictionaries, is used in works of science. The form of mosquito is the orthography of the Spanish and Portuguese languages, from which the word is derived, and the one made use of with respect to various geographical places, to which the term is applied.