ingale. The crime of Tereus was that he took Philomela to wife while her sister was alive, and told her that she was dead. He also cut out Philomela's tongue, that she might not tell what he had done.

8. Expleta est annis] That complaint of thine hath filled up the measure of its years.' He means that Philomela has complained long enough of the crime of Tereus she should now go and mourn at the funeral of the parrot. 'Iste' is compounded of 'is' and 'tu,' and means that of yours.' The Latin construction, it is filled up in its years,' must be changed in translation to suit the English idiom. See below, v. 40.

9. divertite] turn aside.' It should be 'divertite,' not 'devertite.' The last is used with a noun in the ablative. He addresses the bird-sisters Procne and Philomela, the swallow and the nightingale, saying that their grief for Itys, though natural, is now obsolete, which is the meaning of 'antiqua,' 'antiquated' as we say. Antiquus' or 'anticus' is a form of ante,' and signifies that which is before others. When applied to time it means properly that which was formerly but is no more, as here. Vetus' is properly used for that which is old but still exists.

11. liquido] Liquidus' is used poetically for that which is clear, transparent, and is commonly applied to the air. Ovid's epithets should be observed.

12. turtur amice] He addresses a turtle-dove which had been reared with the parrot.

15. juvenis Phocëus Orestae] Pylades was the son of Strophius king of Phocis. Orestes, son of Agamemnon king of Argos, was placed under the care of Strophius after his father's death, and the two young men became great friends. 'Juvenis' is explained on p. 7. 62.

17. Quid] Of what advantage?' 'Rari coloris' is the genitive of quality. Thy form with its rare hue.'

18. mutandis sonis] In the varying of sounds.' 20. nempe jaces] 'Surely thou liest low.'

6

Nempe' is a form of 'nam,' as quippe' is a form of' quia,' and both mean 'surely.' 22. Punica rostra] He had a red beak. "Punicus,' which is another form of Phoenix,' means purple or dark red, because that dye came principally of old from Phoenicia. The crocus has many species varying in colour. The yellow and purple are those most frequently referred to by the poets.

24. blaeso sono] In broken accents.' 'Blaesus' is used for lisping or any other inarticulate way of speaking.

27. coturnices] These are quails, which, like partridges and cocks, were counted among fighting birds. Ovid says the parrot was a peaceable bird, and yet he had died young; whereas quails, though given to battle, survived and perhaps often lived to be old notwithstanding. Inde' is 'afterward;' it is connected with the pronoun 'is.' See p. 26, v. 54 n.

30. ora vacare] This is an unusual construction. 'Vacare' is 'to have leisure,' and 'ora vacare' is 'to have leisure with the mouth,' As our idiom is different, we must translate' nec poteras ora vacare,' 6 nor could thy mouth find leisure.' 'Vacare' is followed either by the dative or by the accusative with 'in,' as here.

33. Vivit edax vultur] He says that cruel birds and birds of ill omen live long, such as the vulture, the hawk, the jackdaw, and the crow; but the poor parrot is dead.

34. graculus auctor aquae] The crow was supposed to tell of the coming of rain, for which reason another poet calls it ' Imbrium divina avis imminentum,' the bird that divineth the threatening showers,' and also 'aquae augur' (Horace, Carm. iii. 17. 12, 27. 10). Auctor' may be translated here 'the prophet.' It has the same root as the verb 'augeo,' 'to cause to grow,' and is used with various meanings, all more or less nearly connected. We use the word 'authority' for one on whom we rely for a fact, and' auctor' is so used here.

35. cornix invisa Minervae] The story is, that the crow, having once been a favourite with Minerva, forfeited her favour in the following way: the goddess had shut up Erichthonius, a son of Vulcan, in a chest, and delivered it to the three daughters of Cecrops king of Athens to keep, with orders not to open it. This they nevertheless did, and the crow, who saw them indulging their curiosity, told her mistress of it. Instead of rewarding her, Minerva for her officiousness cast her off. Ovid tells the story in his Metamorphoses, ii. 551 sqq.

36. saeclis] The Romans called a century 'saeculum,' and also the ordinary period of a man's life. Here centuries are

meant.

39. manibus rapiuntur avaris] 'Are snatched by the eager hands of death.' Implentur numeris' is like expleta est annis' (v. 8), and must be translated in the same way: Inferior things fill up the number of their days,' that is, live their full time.

41. Tristia Phyllacidae] Protesilaus the grandson of Phylacus was the first Greek who landed on the shores of Troy, and the first that was killed. Thersites was a boasting coward in the Greek army, who was killed some time after by Achilles. Hector the son of Priam was killed by Achilles towards the end of the Trojan war; but his brother Paris, who was the cause of the war, and other sons of Priam, who is said to have had fifty, survived him; among the survivors was Helenus, who sold himself to the Greeks. What Ovid says is, that the bad. are suffered to live, while the good are taken away.

45. non exhibitura sequentem] Not destined to produce another.' This is not a common expression; but one day succeeding another may be said to spring from that which goes before.

The participle in turus generally signifies either destiny or intention.

46. Parca] The ancients believed that there were three sisters who regulated the fate of men. One, whose name was Clotho, was supposed to spin the thread of each person's life, and when the whole thread was spun and the distaff was left bare his life came to an end. These sisters were called Parcae, 'a non parcendo,' because they did not spare; just as 'lucus,' ' a grove,' is so called 'a non lucendo,' because it does not shine. The poets sometimes write as if there was only one Parca; sometimes they give the spinning to all three. In all these matters fables vary, and different versions are adopted according to the poet's convenience or fancy.

49. Colle sub Elysio] 'Elysio' is here an adjective. According to the poets Tartarus was the place of punishment and Elysium the place of happiness, in Orcus the region of the dead. Ovid says that in a wood on a hill-side in Elysium the good birds gather.

51. Si qua fides dubiis] 'If we may trust such doubtful tales.' 'Obscenae aves' are birds of ill omen, or common and unclean. The derivation of the word is doubtful. See p. 47, v. 537.

54. phoenix] Phoenix is the name of an imaginary bird; and the story is, that only one of the species ever existed at the same time; that one lived a great many years, and when he died out of his body arose a successor. The fable is of Egyptian origin, and is told in various ways.

55. ales Junonia] This is the peacock, which was sacred to Juno. 'Ipsa suas expresses the pride with which the bird opens its feathers.

58. Convertit] Turns their attention to his speaking.'

59. tumulus pro corpore] In proportion to his body.' Tumulus is a mound of earth, from tumeo,' 'to swell.'

60. par sibi] As short as itself' (as the stone).

61. Colligor] The Romans used 'colligere' as we say to gather, that is, to infer, to conclude.

62. Plus ave] Beyond a bird.' The usual prose construction is 'plus quam avis.'

To Corinna going to Sea.-P. 3.

2. Peliaco] He speaks as if the first voyage was made by the ship Argo, which conveyed Jason and his companions to Colchis on the Euxine, in quest of the golden fleece. This ship was built with timber cut from Mount Pelion, a range in Thessaly.

3. concurrentes] The ancients believed that at the entrance

of the Thracian Bosporus, now called the Straits of Constantinople, there were two floating rocks which struck together and crushed any thing that passed between them. These were called Symplegades, from two Greek words signifying to dash together. It is said that after the Argo passed through them, which it did unhurt by the help of Orpheus, whose music arrested them, the rocks became stationary.

5. ne quis] In order that no one might stir distant seas with the oar.' He thinks if the Argo had foundered, no one else would have ventured on distant voyages, and that her success encouraged others. Pressa' is 'foundering.'

7. sociosque Penates] The homes of her friends.' The Penates were gods and good spirits who protected houses, each house having its own, three only being common to all—Jupiter, Juno, and Vesta. The spirits were those of the good men of the family, which when mentioned separately were called Lares or Manes (p. 10, v. 30, 43).

8. Fallacesque vias ire] Such phrases as 'ire viam,' 'cursum currere,'' servitutem servire,' and so forth, are common. The case of the noun in these phrases is usually called the cognate accusative. "Some verbs, commonly intransitive, take an accusative of a noun related to the verb in form or meaning, often in order to attach thereto an adjective" (Key's Lat. Gr. § 893).

9. Quid tibi] 'Why shall I fear for thee?'-that is, why should I be brought to this, that I should fear for thee all the winds of heaven?

10. egelidumque Notum] Adjectives and verbs compounded with 'e,''de,' 'per,' are often strengthened thereby (p. 12, v. 93).

11. illic] That is, on the seas. He says she will see no woods, such as damsels love to wander in, on the seas; nor will she there pick up shells and pebbles.

14. mora] The barrier which the shore opposes to the waves. 'Mora' signifies delay and that which causes delay. There are many nouns that have this double meaning, active and passive. 16. Hactenus est tutum] 'So far there is safety,'—that is, on the shore.

18. Scylla] Scylla and Charybdis were two rocks in the straits of Messina, between Sicily and Italy, which made the navigation dangerous. That is the meaning of 'infestet.' He says others may tell her of the dangers that lie in her way. In going by sea from Rome to Greece, if that was her destination, she would pass these rocks.

19. Ceraunia] This was a promontory beset with dangerous rocks on the coast of Epirus. The land is called violent from the violence of the waves that broke upon it. 'Emineant,' 'stand out.' 'Ceraunia' is properly the plural number of an adjective agreeing with 'saxa' understood. Vessels going to

Greece might be driven by south-west winds up the Adriatic upon the coast of Epirus.

20. Syrtes] This was the name of two gulfs, Syrtis Major and Syrtis Minor, on the north coast of Africa. The first is now called the Gulf of Sidra, and the other the Gulf of Khabs. They were full of shoals and quicksands, and notoriously dangerous. St. Paul's ship, in which he went to Rome, was in danger of being driven into the Syrtis Major (Acts xxvii. 17).

20. Malea] This was a promontory on the coast of Laconia in the Peloponnesus, also counted dangerous. It was washed on one side by the Laconian and on the other by the Argolic Gulf (sinu').

27. Triton] Triton is the name of a son of the god Poseidon or Neptune, who at his father's bidding raised or calmed the waters. The same name is given to the servants of Neptune employed for the same purpose.

29. sidera Ledae] Leda was the mother of Castor and Pollux, who are said to have been placed in the skies after death as the constellation called Gemini, which was supposed to influence the sea. Therefore Ovid says, if a storm should arise, Corinna would invoke their help.

30. Felix dicas] 'Happy is he, thou wouldst say.'

31. fovisse] The poets sometimes use the perfect tense where in prose we should have the present. When they do so, it refers to some action complete in itself, not a continuing course of action, which is the proper sense of the present.

32. Threiciam] The lyre is called Thracian from Orpheus, who was a poet of Thrace. Threïcia' is a Greek form of the adjective: the Latin is Thrax.'

34. Galatea] This was a sea nymph, daughter of Nereus, who was the divinity especially worshipped as presiding over the Aegean Sea therefore his daughter is asked to be favourable to Corinna's ship. Nereus had fifty daughters, and Ovid says it will be their fault and his if Corinna is lost.

38. illa] That wind which is to bring her back, and which he prays may be stronger than that which carries her away. 'Sinus' is the sails. It is connected with 'sinuo,' 'to bend.'

39. proclinet] He prays that when she returns, Nereus may set the waves towards Italy, as if the waves carried the ship

with them.

41. Ipsa roges] He bids her pray for a good wind herself, and with her own hand set the sail to catch the breeze. 'Rogare,' like many other verbs, takes the subjunctive without 'ut' (v. 53).

47. Inque tori formam] He says they will make a couch of the sand and a table of any mound, and there recline to supper, where, with wine before them, she will tell him of the dangers she has escaped, and how she had feared no dangers when she was coming back to him.