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New Building at Ilam.

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ling through the meadows below, I stopped to gaze upon the new mansion at Ilam, which is truly a noble structure, and a proof of the professional skill and taste of the architect. The principal part of the building, with its large bay windows, octagonal projections, and richly ornamented parapets, is in that peculiar style of architecture which was fashionable in the reign of Elizabeth; but there are portions of this structure that nearly assimilate with the gothic, both in character and ornament, and these are decidedly the finest and most imposing parts. The whole appears to be admirably contrived, both for picturesque effect and convenience; but the most beautiful feature in this noble mansion, is the circular gothic lantern by which it is surmounted. It is not a paltry thing, made merely for the purpose of admitting light its dimensions are ample, and perfectly in proportion with the capacious base whereon it rests. The circle of which it is composed, presents to the eye a series of pointed arches, resting on appropriate shafts: these, in connexion with each other, describe a magnificent circle, and constitute the frame-work of the lantern. Where light is wanted in the central part of a building, the dome is sometimes so constructed as to be a noble ornament; but the lantern at Ilam is a more novel contrivance, and one of the most tasteful and elegant architectural ornaments that ever adorned a building. The place altogether does infinite credit to the taste and liberal spirit of the proprietor, who will make this romantic spot---this beauteous gem in British scenery---not less attractive than its neighbouring Dove Dale. I have here mentioned a part only, of what is already accomplished at Ilam: a museum, a splendid conservatory, and a picturegallery, upwards of eighty feet long, are intended to be added. J. Watts Russel is in possession of some fine works of modern art, and he is rapidly increasing his collection by new purchases. Hilton's

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Intended Picture Gallery.

picture of "Una amongst the Satyrs," which in colouring, composition, and character, is a chef d'œuvre of the British school of painting ---and Howard's "Solar System," a composition of rare and varied excellence, fine imagination, and elegant poetic feeling, already form a part of those select productions of the pencil, which are intended to adorn the picture gallery at Ilam Hall. The spirited proprietor of this delightful place, in his purchase of works of art, is not only influenced by good taste but by true English feeling. He knows there is abundance of fine talent in his own country, which if duly encouraged, and exercised on subjects of history and imagination, might produce works worthy of being associated in the same apartment with the best productions of any age or nation in the world.

SECTION VIII.

Wirksworth.---Moote Hall.---Mineral Laws.---Miraculous Escape of a Miner.---New Road from Matlock to Derby.---Unexpected Rencontre. ---General Character of the Scenery.---Beautiful effect of Light during a Shower of Rain.---Walk to Belper.

ABOUT three miles south of Matlock Bath, within a capacious amphitheatre of hills, lies WIRKSWORTH, the principal town in the mineral districts of Derbyshire. It is a place of great antiquity, and was of some note as early as the Conquest. It is situated on the acclivity of a fine sweep of hill, that forms one side of a pleasant valley. Like all old towns, it is irregularly built, but it contains a number of good houses, and several very genteel families reside in the place. The church is built in the form of a cross, with a square tower in the centre, which is surmounted with a short conical spire that has neither grace nor dignity in its appearance. At the time I visited Wirksworth, this venerable structure was undergoing a thorough regeneration,---the pews were taken down, the pavements broken up, and vaults were excavating in various parts of the church. The monuments against the walls were covered to protect them from the dust,---nothing but dirt and littter were to be seen; and, instead of the solemn breathings of the organ, and the sounds of psalmody, the noise of saws and hammers, mingled with an occasional laugh and the clamour of

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Moote Hall at Wirksworth.

tongues, were heard along the aisles. The whole place, indeed, appeared less like a church than a huge workshop, where every thing was in confusion and disorder.

During our stay at Wirksworth, we stopped at the Lion inn, a good house of entertainment, where we found a public news-room, and for a while amused ourselves with the conflicting opinions and observations of the Courier and the Morning Chronicle. Truth, says an ancient sage, lies in the bottom of a well: perhaps it would be as reasonable an expectation to find it there, as in the columns of these two rival papers. Wirksworth is the seat of the administration of the Mineral Laws for the Low Peak of Derbyshire, and the Moote Hall is the judicial session house where all complaints are heard, and all suits decided, that belong to this peculiar court.

The MOOTE HALL is a neat stone building, with the town's arms carved over the door, and on each side are some emblematic devices in bas-relievo. Within, secured by a chain, is the ancient brazen dish which regulates the admeasurement of lead ore throughout the whole district. The following inscription is engraved upon it :

"This dishe was made the iiij day of October, the iiij yere of the reigne of Kyng Henry the VIII. before George Erle of Shrewesbury, Steward of the Kyng most Honourable household, and also Steward of all the honour of Tutbury, by the assent and consent as well of all the Mynours as of all the Brenners within and adjoining the Lordship of Wyrkysworth Pervell of the said honour. This Dyshe to Remayne In the Moote Hall at Wyrkysworth, hanging by a cheyne, so as the Mchanntes or Mynours may have resort to the same att all tymes to make the trw mesure at the same."

The lead mines of Derbyshire are of very remote antiquity. The Odin mine at Castleton bears the name of one of the Saxon deities;

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Antiquity of the Mines of Derbyshire.

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it may, therefore, be inferred that it was known to, and worked by the Saxons, previously to the introduction of christianity. In the wapentake of Wirksworth there were lead mines so early as the year 835; at which time a grant was made by the abbess of Repton, of her estate at Wircesworth, on condition that an annual stipend of lead, of the value of three hundred shillings, should be paid for certain religious uses as she then directed. The laws that now govern the mining interests of this county, contain some curious provisions; how they originated is now difficult to determine, but, from indisputable records, appears "that Edward the First directed the Sheriff of the County to call a meeting at Ashbourne, of such persons as were best acquainted with the rights and customs of the Mines." On this occasion, their privileges were ascertained and confirmed; the two courts of MoneyAsh and Wirksworth established; and a code of permanent regulations adopted. These regulations constitute the mineral law of Derbyshire at the present time. The principal officers of these courts are denominated barmasters, and it is their peculiar duty to preside on all cases of trial in which the mining interests of their respective jurisdictions are concerned; and generally to see that justice is fully and fairly administered. It is likewise the duty of the barmaster to put miners in possession of any veins of lead ore which they may discover. The mode of doing this is extremely simple, yet curious. When a man has found, or imagines he has found a vein of ore in any part of the King's field," which, with very few exceptions, includes the whole of the mineral districts of Derbyshire, he may claim it as his own merely by fixing down a few sticks, put together in a peculiar way, and notifying the same to the barmaster, who immediately gives him complete and exclusive possession of his newly-acquired property in a way as summary as it is decisive. The barmaster, accompanied

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PART IV.

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