Dynamics of Mountain Geosystems

activity agricultural altitude amount analysis aspect avalanche average block caused cent Central changes channel cirque climate cover crops cultivation debris flows deposits distribution ecological economic effects environment environmental erosion especially estimation example factors families field floods floor forest forest lands hazard higher hill Himalaya human impact important increased India indicate intensity Japan land landscape landslide lava less located lower mainly major mass material measured Middle migrants mountain areas movement natural Nepal observed occurred pattern Pleistocene population present pressure problems processes production rainfall rains range reach recorded region Research risk river road rock scale sediment shown shows situated slope snow soil steep Stock structure surface survey Table tephra trees upper valley variables various vegetation villages Volcano zone