the age of twenty-two, seeking a maintenance through the medium of his talents; and his genius, or his destiny, appears to have led his first steps towards the theatres of the metropolis. This early bias seems subsequently to have attached him permanently to the Drama :-he became a writer for the stage,-and evidently a successful one,-for in 1589 he was a joint proprietor with Burbage in theatrical property. He published his first poem (Venus and Adonis) in 1593; but the first publication of his plays does not appear to have taken place until 1597 (when he was thirty-three years of age). It is not correctly ascertained how many of his plays were written, and acted, up to this period. He lived nineteen years afterwards,-fifteen of which were apparently passed in the capital, still writing for the theatres, and superintending his dramatic property. He retired to his native town, Stratford, about the year 1612, where he enjoyed four years of literary leisure, dying of fever in 1616, at the age of fifty-two.

It was observed by Dryden that, "in Shakespeare, we find all arts and sciences, all moral and natural philosophy, without knowing that he ever studied them." It is evident, however, that he had studied them; and it is very manifest, too, that in the formation of his historical dramas, he imbibed largely from the Chronicles of Holinshed,-which work must have been very scarce in his day,-from whence it may be

fairly presumed that he had free access to the library of the Earl of Southampton, as it does not appear by Shakespeare's will, or by tradition, that he possessed any books himself. That noble earl claims, indeed, our deepest gratitude, as the foster-friend-the princely patron, of that brightest genius of our land. It is mortifying that history has left us so little information relative to the life and literary pursuits of that illustrious nobleman, particularly as connected with Shakespeare. Records inform us, that "he was engaged in the conspiracy with the Earl of Essex, and with him imprisoned in the Tower," where, no doubt, the society of the Bard of Avon formed his chiefest solace.

As tradition does not furnish us with any instance of the development of precocious intellect in Shakespeare's youth, the dawn of his genius must have first manifested itself during his sojournment in the capital; so it is evident that when there, he must have devoted himself assiduously to various reading, as well as to universal observation of mankind; for all his historical plays, and many of the others, prove extensive reading, and particularly of the passing events of preceding generations in his own country. The religious extracts, which form a material part of this work, show with what advantage he had perused the Holy Scriptures.

Everything relative to his mental acquirements tends to illustrate a mind signally gifted,

pursuing a system of self-formation, based on the highest fecundity of genius. It may be presumed that he derived some stimulus towards self-education from the taunts of his companion, Ben Jonson; who evidently prided himself upon his scholarship (he being proficient in Greek and Latin), and probably throwing out, at times, hints that he (Shakespeare) had not received so classical an education as himself-Jonson having observed of him, that he possessed "small Latin and less Greek."

Feelings of mortification, perhaps, generated by reflections like the above (and sensitively alive to the necessity which he felt, that he must pursue his dramatic labors for his maintenance, while his genius elevated his mind above the cares of livelihood), seem to be portrayed in the following lines of one of his poems:

O, for my sake, do thou with Fortune chide,
The guilty goddess of my harmful deeds,
That did not better for my life provide,

Than public means, which public manners breeds:
Thence comes it that my name receives a brand;
And almost thence my nature is subdu'd,
To what it works in, like the dyer's hand:
Pity me then, and wish I were renow'd:
Whilst, like a willing patient, I will drink
Potions of eysell, 'gainst my strong infection;
No bitterness that I will bitter think,
Nor double penance, to correct correction.

SONNET CXİ.

These lines were probably written under a depression of spirits, naturally arising from vexation, at the necessity which he labored under,

of being compelled (in accordance with the times) to adopt many sentiments, and expres"sions, solely to "please the ears of the groundlings," and also from the difficulties and odium which the members of the drama at that period had to undergo, from the opposition which was then made by the Papists, and Puritans, to dramatic representations; and the establishment of playhouses. Even the Corporation of the City of London was strongly opposed to the erection of a theatre at Blackfriars, in which Shakespeare had a great interest.

Such vexatious oppositions must have mortified his soaring spirit, propelled by

The force of heaven-bred poosy.

Two GENTLEMEN OF VERONA, iii. 2.

That he felt the advantages of study as well as its pleasures, is exemplified in the advice given to Lucentio upon the subject of study..

Talk logic with acquaintance that you have, —
And practise rhetoric in your common talk, —
Music and poesy, use to quicken you;—
The mathematics and the metaphysics,

Fall to them, as you find your stomach serves you:
No profit grows, where is no pleasuro ta'on:—

In brief, Sir, study what you most affect.

TAMING OF THE SHREW, i. 1.

In the foregoing lines his attachment to the higher branches of philosophy are most manifest; but although his mental powers were capable of embracing everything within the span of human intellect, it is clear he felt that his early educa tion, and his station in life, had not led him into the school of Aristotle, but that the decree of Providence had placed him upon Mount Parnassus, and had wedded him to the Muses.

However, we cannot omit to notice the incidents wherein we find him philosophizing, viz.— when, during a violent storm, he says,—

First let me talk with this philosopher : —

What is the cause of thunder?

KING LEAR, iii. 4.

Then again, his observation of the distinct locality of the polar star,-of which he says,—

I am constant as the Northern Star,
Of whose true, fixed, and resting quality,
There is no fellow in the firmanent :

The skies are painted with unnumbered sparks,
They are all fire,—and every one doth shine,-
But there's but one, in all, doth hold his place!
JULIUS CÆSAR, iii. 1.

Here is a manifestation of his knowledge of the changes in the positions of the stars, through the effect of the rotation of the earth. But what shall we say, how shall we express our surprise and admiration at his distinctly defining the principle of gravitation, long before Sir Isaac Newton was born,-to whom the merit of the discovery has been so honorably attributed, from