is that every vacancy which occurs in a minis terial station should be immediately filled up. At present, out of the twelve chaplains attached to the town of Calcutta, and the presidencies of Madras and Bombay, there is an usual deficiency of four.* An interval of two years almost always occurs before any vacancy supplied. By this circumstance the interests of religion are of course deeply wounded. The Danish missionaries, in summing up the causes of lamentation for the venerable Swartz and Gerické, call our attention frequently to their deserted congregations, and to disappointed inquirers-to sheep without a shepherd. Now, no remedy can be applied to this evil, at once adequate to the end proposed, and consistent with our ecclesiastical institutions, but the appointment of an Indian episcopacy. The want specified can only be relieved by a power of ordination; and this power cannot properly be vested in any but episcopal hands. At present the number of stations in India, where chaplains have been placed, bears a very small proportion to that of the large cities of Hindostan, and much less to that of the popu lation. The souls of six provinces are intrusted nominally to six chaplains, of whom two are generally absent. Hence in many places the rites of baptism, marriage, and burial, are often performed by laymen, and as often entirely passed overt. The number of ministers therefore must plainly be increased. Now it is probable that the establishment would give such additional respectability and attractions to the ministerial rank in India, that sufficient and eligible persons would be found to fill the principal stations. There would still, however, remain innumerable villages for which no provision is made, and where, from their having no English resident, there would be small inducements for the clergy to establish themselves. For such stations it appears expedient to follow the usages of the ancient church, and to employ a subordinate class of ministers. These persous might hold the rank of catechists; night be responsible to the minister of the adjoining station; and either remain stationary in one village; or, whilst the number of converts are few, might have the charge of several intrusted to them. This measure has been adopted, though not upon system, by the missionaries in the kingdom of Tanjore. Poverty should not exclude them from the ministry, nor a want of instruction render them inefficient members of it. For such persons, let a seminary or college be provided in Great Britain, where they might receive instruction in divinity, and in the eastern Vid. Tennant's Ind. Rec. Buchanan's Memoir. Buchanan, Tenant, &c. languages, suited to the office for which they are designed." Those who differ from our author on the subject of episcopal ordination in India, will probably think that individuals educated in such a seminary might receive all the powers that are regular and necessary, in the place of their education. We attach great importance to the following hints. The different orders of schools in India children of illicit connectionst; 2. those appear to be 1. those in Calcutta, for the Baptist missionaries, for the instruction of originally set on foot (as it is said) by the the native children in useful literature, excluding all communication of christian knowledge; 3. those in which the different classes of missionaries, or their catechists preside, appointed for the children of converts or ting Christian knowledge, in addition to that others, with the express view of communicawhich is practical or scientific. instruction the basis of every other is above all That class of schools which makes religious commendation, and may well be considered as among the most powerful engines of reforming and civilizing a state. It will always be desirable to give this order of seminaries every possible advantage; and, as the work of that part of the national fund unemployed for conversion proceeds, by degrees to draw off the maintenance of the other institutions, and pour it all into this channel. This and is perhaps practicable to a greater extent measure indeed must always be kept in view, In times of famine or distress, great numbers at the present moment than we are aware. of children are offered for sale, as slaves, by tained, be placed in these schools? And the natives. Might not children, thus obwould it not be a splendid employment of that power over them which Providence has given us, at the same moment we strike off the chains from their body, to introduce them to the "glorious liberty of the children of God!" We believe, that the Brahmins pur chase children, to educate them for their service: the Catholics, if we rightly recollect, do the same: but whether this be strictly consistent with the principles of primitive christianity, demands full inves In this college a preference, among the younger members, might be given to the chil dren of the English clergy. + Vide Tennant's Ind. Rec. vol. i. where this class of schools is mentioned, and, if the statement is correct, deservedly without much approbation. tigation before it is practised. That those who by losing Caste lose their livelihood, should be employed by government, may not be improper: but every care should be taken that interest may not become the motive of conversion. We would not have new converts starve, as they would do in many cases, from the disregard of their former associates: neither would we hold out to them emoluments or honours, as temptations. They might labour on government lands: in manufactories; in various other departments, which might afford them shelter and sustenance, pro-. tection and immunity from the mal-practices of whosoever might attempt to insult or molest them. The importance of this question we consider as being very great. We cannot do it justice in our own opinion. We therefore refer to Mr. C's. well reasoned tract; and though we think there are yet many deficiencies to be supplied on the subject, yet we doubt not, that the bringing it before the public mind with perseverance will at length be attended with a success which will be justified by the judicious choice of the means employed to obtain it, The Cambrian Traveller's Guide, and Pocket Companion; containing the collected Information of the most popular and authentic Writers, relating to the Principality of Wales, and parts of the adjoining Counties; augmented by considerable Additions, the Result of various Excursions, &c. The whole interspersed with Historic and Biographic Notices, with Natural History, Botany, Mineralogy; and with Remarks on the Commerce, Manufactures, Agriculture, Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants. pp. 719. Price 7s. 6d. Stourport, George Nicholson; Symonds, London, 1808. THIS is a useful little book; and contains a great quantity of information selected from the best authorities. Those who intend visiting this highly picturesque part of the British dominions, will be thankful to Mr. Nicholson for having furnished them with such an instructive pocket companion. And those who may wish for the services to be derived from a gazetteer of the country, by occasional reference, will find this compendium adapted to their purpose. If we rightly understand Mr. N. he has not only trans An Analytical Abridgement of Locke's To commend Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, at this day, is among the most superfluous of superfluous undertakings. That work, however, is not easy to analyse and abridge. We have been so long used to attach to the expressions of that great master in the art of thinking, a kind of superior power, that we know not how to be satisfied with any substitution. The essay was abridged, soon after its appearance; but that performance did not satisfy the friends of the original. The present appears to be care fully executed, and may be useful to those who are prevented by circumstances, from bestowing that time and consideration on the author's treatise, which it so richly deserves. To render the approaches to the temple of learning more easy, and to diminish any of the thorns and briars with which some paths to it abound, is a service to the community; and this service the author before us has undertaken with zeal, and accomplished to a certain degree with success. but has also himself travelled, on foot. He does not, however, describe the track he pursued, nor does he recommend that mode of travelling: a strong little horse, or Welsh poney, to carry bag and baggage, he thinks preferable. We recommend the formation of a company of three or four persons, with good humour and temperance, as indispensable associates in the party: and, we believe, that the complaints of uncivil reception at inns, &c. will very rarely occur. Notwithstanding Mr. N's. recommendation of Smith's map of Wales, we think his work deficient in not presenting that accessary: on which should have been laid down the routes of former travellers, for the guidance of the reader: his list of tourists should have mentioned the time of the year when each journey began and ended. should have given the local pronunciation of the Welsh names: as we know, that they sometimes suffer such abreviations, and ellisions, as completely puzzle "a Saxon." Mr. N. has added useful indexes of the plans that are found in the princi pality; of the names of places, &c and of ropes and buckets, most of them in mowe believe that he has honestly attributed tion; and to reflect, that a single stone casuto each author the extracts for which his ally thrown from above, or falling from a work has been laid under contribution. bucket, might in a moment destroy a fellow creature, a man must have a strong mind uot We shall select as a specimen the comto feel impressed with many unpleasant senbined account of the copper mines atsations. The sides of this dreadful hollow Parys mountain. From Holyhead, 20 miles, Binglev. - Llanerchymedd, 6 miles, Aikin. Beaumaris, 23 miles, Wamer. AMLWCH, (near the lake) is a market-town of Anglesey, on the coast, chiefly supported by the copper mines, with which the surrounding district abounds. About the year 1766, Amlwch contained no more than half a dozen houses in the whole parish, but now includes a population of 4 or 5000 inhabitants. "I am acquainted with no place," says Mr. Aikin," the manners of whose inhabitants are so unexceptionable (as far at least as a stranger is enabled to judge of them) as Amlwch. Not a single instance have I known of drunkenness, not one quarrel have I witnessed during two very crowded marketdays, and one of them a day of unusual indulgence; and I believe no jail, or bridewell, or house of confinement exists in the town or neighbourhood." are mostly perpendicular. Along the edges are the stages with the whimsies by which the buckets are lowered; and from which the inen descend to their stations upon the sides. Here suspended, the workman picks with an iron instrument, a place for a footing, whence he cuts out the ore, and tumbles it to the bottom, where it rests with a thundering crash. After working the place into a cavern he removes to a new station. In the Parys mountain are two mines: of these, that upon the eastern side is called the Mona mine, the entire property of the Earl of Uxbridge. The Parys mine is the joint property of the Earl of Uxbridge and the Rev." Edward Hughes, of Kinmael, near St. Asaph. more than 60 feet in thickness; and the proprietors are said to ship annually 20,000 tons. The number of hands employed is upwards of 1000. The workmen seemed much more healthy than it would be natural to expect. Their average wages are about 1s. 6d. a day. The mines have increased the value of lands in the parish of Amlwch from about 1400 to 5000 pounds per annum, and upwards; the number of houses from 200 to upwards of 1000; and the population from 900 to about 5000. It is generally believed that the Romans obtained copper ore from this mountain, for vestiges are yet left of what was taken for their operations; and some very ancient stone utensils have, at different times, been found. From the time of the Romans to the year 1761, these mines seem to have been entirely The following is extracted from Mr. Bing-neglected. The bed of ore is in some places ley's account of his visit to the Anglesea copper mines. Having ascended to the top of the celebrated Parys mountain, I stood upon the verge of a vast and tremendous chasm. I stepped upon one of the stages suspended over the edge of the steep, and the prospect was dreadful. The number of caverns, at different heights along the sides; the broken and irregular masses of rock, which every where presented themselves; the multitudes of men at work in different parts, and apparently in the most perilous situations; the motions of the windlasses, and the raising and lowering of the buckets, to draw out the ore and the rubbish; the noise of picking the ore from the rock, and of hammering the wadding, when it was about to be blasted; with, at intervals, the roar of the blasts in distant parts of the mine, altogether excited the most sublinie ideas; intermixed with sensations of terror. Leaving this situation, and following the road which leads into the mine, my astonishment was again excited, the moment I entered. The shagged arches And overhanging rocks, which seemed to threaten annihilation to any one daring enough to approach them, when superadded to the sulphureous smell arising from the kilns in which the are is roasted, made it seem to me like the vestibule to Tartarus, described by Virgil. To look up from this situation and observe the people upon the stages, 150 feet above one's head; to see the immense number Mr. Aikin describes this iminense undertaking as follows. The substance of the mountain being ore, the work is carried on in a very different manner from the custom of other mines. Here are comparatively few shafts or levels, the greater part being quarried out so as to leave a vast excavation open to the day. The view down this steep and extensive hollow is singularly striking. The sides are chiefly of a deep yellow or dusky slate colour, streaked, however, here and there, by fine veins of blue or green, shooting across the cavern, mingled with seams of greyish yellow. The bottom of the pit is by no means regular, but exhibits large and deep burrows in various parts, where a richer rein has been followed in preference to the rest Every corner of this vast excavation resounds with the noise of pickaxes and hammers, the sides are lined with workmen drawing up the ore from below and at short intervals is exportation. The sulphate of iron remaining in the pool, partly decomposes by spontaneous evaporation, and lets fall a yellow ochre, which is dried and sent to Liverpool and London. The sulphur produced in the roast into rolls and large cones, and sent to London. The cones are used chiefly for the manufac tory of gunpowder and sulphuric acid. Green vitriol, and alum are made by a separate com pany, but to these works strangers are not admitted. The number of men employed by the two companies is 1200 miners, and about 90 smelters. The depth of the mine, in the lowest part, is 50 fathoms, and the ore continues as plentiful as ever, and of a quality rather superior to that which lay nearer the surface. heard, from different quarters, the loud ex- the shallow pool, and the copper is taken to plosion of the gunpowder by which the rocka kiln; well dried; and is then ready for is blasted, reverberated in pealing echoes from every side; after the ore is obtained from the mine, it is broken into small pieces by the hammer (this being chiefly done by women and child), and piled into a kiln, to which is attached, by flues, a long sulphur cham-ing, after being melted and refined, is cast ber. It is now covered close; a little fire is applied in different places; and the whole mass becomes gradually kindled. The sulphur sublimes to the top of the kiln, whence the flues convey it to the chamber appointed for it's reception. This souldring heat is kept up for 6 months, during which the sulphur-chamber is cleared four times. At the expiration of this period the ore is sufficiently roasted. The poorest of this, that is, such as contains from 1 to 2 per cent. of metal, is then conveyed to the smelting houses at Amlwch-port; the rest is sent to the company's furnaces of Swansea, and Stanley, near Liverpool. The greater part of the kilns are very long, about 6 feet high, and the sulphur-chambers are of the same length and height, connected by three flues, and on the same level with the kilns: some new ones, however, have been built at Amlwch-port, by which much sulphur is preserved which would have been dissipated in the old kilns. The new ones are made like lime-kilns, with a contrivance to take out at the bottom the roasted ore, and thus keep up a perpetual fire: from the neck of the kiln branches off a single flue, which conveys the sulphur into a receiving chamber, built upon the rock, so as to be on a level with the neck of the kiln, i. e. above the ore. The two smelting houses, of which one belongs to each company, contain 31 reverberatory furnaces, the chimnies of which are 41 feet high; they are charged every 5 hours with 12 cwt. of ore, which yields cwt. of rough copper, containing 50 per cent. of pure metal; the price of rough copper is about £2. 10s per cwt. The coals are procured from Swansea and Liverpool, a great part of which is Wigan slack. The sulphate of copper, however, is the richest ore which the mine yields, containing about 50 per cent. of pure metal. This is found in solution at the bottom of the mine, whence it is pumped up into cisterns, like tanners pits, about 2 feet deep; of these pits there are many ranges, each range communicating with a shallow pool of considerable extent; into these cisterns are put cast iron plates, and other damaged iron vessels procured from Coalbrookdale; when the sulphuric acid enters into combination with the iron, letting fall the copper in the form of a red sediment very slightly oxidated. The cisterns are cleared once in a quarter of a year, when the sulphate of iron in solution is let off into VOL V. [Lit. Pan. Feb. 1809.] Not far from Parys mountain is the port whence the ore brought from the mines is transported to Liverpool and Swansea. It is a chasm between two rocks, large enough to receive 30 vessels, each of 200 tons. The two companies employ 15 brigs, from 100 to 150 tons burden, besides sloops and other craft. The whole of this coast consists of bays and recesses of various forms and dimensions, with lofty projecting promontories. To Caernarvon, Mr. Warner returned to Plas Gwyn; thence to the village of Pen Mynydd, the birth-place of Owen Tudor, the great ancestor of a line of English Monarchs. What remains of this ancient residence is incorporated in a farm house; but some old masonry, still exist. He then proceeded coats of arms, escutcheons, and specimens of to the mansion of Plas Newydd, through the park, an enclosure, which gently slopes to the Menai, and is covered with venerable oaks and ashes. In the midst of this sylvan scene, stand two relics of druidic superstition or infamy, called cromlechs. Plas Newydd and enlarged by the Earl of Uxbridge, at an is a magnificent castellated mansion, altered immense expense. It commands a view of it stands. In front appears the Snowdon chain. the picturesque strait, on the banks of which There is a path through Plas Newydd park, to a ferry of the same name. To Llanelian, 2 miles, Bingley. the village of Ceminaes, miles, back to Amlwch, thence through Llaner chymedd to Bangor ferry, 23 miles, Aikin. Caernarvon, 31 miles, Warner. Mr. Nicholson informs us in his preface, that some advances have already been made in a Caledonian Guide, on the same plan as the present work. 2 I Mr. S. Ware, architect, will publish, in a few weeks, the first part of a Treatise on Arches, Bridges, Domes, Abutments, and Embankment Walls. The author professes to shew a simple mode of describing geometrically the, catenaria, and to deduce his theory principally from that line. CLASSICAL LITERATURE. Speedily will be published, by subscription, all the Odes of Pindar, translated into English lyric verse, with notes explanatory and critical, from the original Greek. By the Rev. J. L. Girdlestone, M. A. late of Caius College, Camb.; appointed master of the classical school, Beccles, by the most Rev. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Rev. Dr. Strachey, Archdeacon of Suffolk, and the Rev. Bence Bence, rector of Beccles; to whom this work is, with their permission, dedicated. No entire English version of this greatest of lyric poets has ever yet appeared by one person; West's is the only work in repute, containing a very few only of the odes. The book will be elegantly printed in foolscap quarto, to be paid for on delivery, Price one guinea. COMMERCE. Mr. T. Mortimer, vice-consul at Ostend 40 years ago, is preparing a new Dictionary of Trade, Commerce, and Manufactures. EDUCATION. Mr. Edgeworth's work on Professional Education, in a quarto volume, is in a state of forwardness, and may soon be expected. HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY. Mr. Johnes' translation of the Chronicles of Monstrelet, being a continuation of Froissart's Chronicles, will soon appear in four quarto volumes. Dr. Hales' first volume of a new Analysis of Chronology is expected to appear this month. It will make 3 vols. 4to. MEDICINE AND CHIRURGERY. Mr. Macartney will shortly publish a set of -Rules for ascertaining the Situation and Relations, in the living Body, of the principal Blood-vessels, Nerves, &c. concerned in Surgical Operations. The work will be illustrated by plates, and contain some practical remarks on the performance of the most usual operations in surgery. MISCELLANEOUS. Mr. Todd's new edition of Milton will appear in a few weeks; and he has sent to the press, Obserservations on Gower and Chaucer. Mr. J. Roland, fencing-master at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, intends publishing, by subscription, a Treatise on the Art of Fencing, theoretically and experimentally explained upon principles entirely new, chiefly designed for those A volume by Mr. Bingley, intitled Memoirs of British Quadrupeds, will very shortly be publish ed. It will contain 70 engravings from original drawings, chiefly by Howitt. All the species will be figured, except three, and there will be representations of every variety of dogs, and of considerably more than half the varieties of cattle, sheep, and horses. This work has been several years in preparation. NOVELS AND ROMANCES. Speedily will be published, in Svo. the Four Slaves of Cythera, a romance, in 10 cantos, by Rev. R. Bland. A Treatise on the Law of Distresses, with full directions for making and conducting a distress for rent, &c. By Jas. Bradby, of Lincoln's Inn. 8vo. 7s. 6d. The 2d part of Reports of Cases argued and ruled at Nisi Prius, in the Courts of King's Bench and Common Pleas, from Hilary Term to Trimty Term, 1808. By John Campbell, of Lincoln's Inn, Esq. Barrister at Law. 8vo. 6s. The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 48th Geo. III. 1808. vol. 3, part 2. 4to. 18s A Practical Treatise on Pleading, with a collection of practical precedents. By J. Chitty, Esq. of the Middle Temple 2 vols. 8vo. £2. 2s. Jurisdictia of the Court Sect, exemplified in the articles which the jury or inquest for the King that court is charged and sworn, and by law en joined to inquire of and present, with precedents. By J.Riston, Esq. of Gray's Inn, 8vo. 5s., |