: but not synonimous with the roof itself, whatever Wetstein might infer. Of such pediments a roof had two, one at each end neither of these, then, could be THE pterugion, as we are by the article restricted to one only. Commentators have looked too high for this. Had they recollected, that advice given to a man to throw himself from the top of St. Paul's would be no temptation; since human nature undistinguished by grace, or even by talents, shudders at the thought, it must be downright suicide-Had they reflected too, that our Lord's answer, does not imply a tempta tion to suicide, but alludes to bodily hurt, at the utmost, they would have been nearer the truth. Dr. M. says: "no instance can be found in any author, in which πλερύγιον ispúуLOV is applied to a building"yet Scheuzer observes, that (Dan ix. 27.) the LXX have translated canaph by pterugion; and Dr. M. allows that the Syriac has translated pterugion by canaph. It must therefore have been a part of this building known to these writers. The term Epos applies to all the buildings around the courts of the temple: and if we suppose one sole projection in the gallery opposite the altar-[whoever, walks over Black Friars bridge, may find several such, supported by the Ionic pillars of the bridge]-this might be the pierugion. It must have been, 1st, accessible to the laity; 2d, in sight, and probably in hearing, of the people at worship, &c. Something similar really did exist, for Hegesippus relating the death of St.James Minor (vide CALMET), says, that the Pharisees made him go up into one of the galleries of the temple, that he might be heard by the whole multitude below, -the Pharisees going up to where he was, threw him down from thence, yet did he not die instantly from his fall, but kneeling down, prayed," &c. This height, then, was not calculated for direct suicide, though it hazarded breaking of bones, &c. of which this story is evidence. V. i. àvÈßn Els To opos. Certainly not a mountain;" equally certainly, not THE Mountain District," of Judea; as proposed by Dr. M. It was, in all probability, the same as is intended Luke vi. 12. where we have the same phrase is To opos, and where our Lord continued all night in prayer; the same perhaps, too, as that whereon he was transfigured; and if so, well known to his disciples, as the scene of his retirement for devotion, therefore." THE mountain."-Compare also Math. xxviii. 16, where our Lord met his disciples, according to his appointment, on THE mountain, is to opos, in Galilee. May we not infer that it might be generally known to his friends? It was probably north of Capernaum; but not so far north as Cæsarea Phillippi. On this passage, we are surprised how Dr. M. could fancy that the LXX. intended to express "the Mountain District," by ss TO pos, Gen. xix. 17.. Had theworthy Dr. reflected, that before the surface of the Dead Sea was formed by the water that has flowed into it, the level of its bottom grounds, must have been many feet lower than at present, he would have perceived, that to a person standing on that lower level, all around him was mountainous. This alone might justify the expression: but we add, that nothing can be more natural in a person speaking, than a designation by pointing towards that particular object to which he alludes, THAT city, THAT hill, THAT mountain-and to this the history agrees: -"i cannot escape to THAT mountain," &c. Verse 15. "THE bushel, THE candlestick." This gives to the English reader the notion of a portable candlestick; no such thing is intended. A lamp dependent from the centre of the ceiling, would be much nearer the mark; but if we admit, (which is less conformable to Oriental costume) that the light was placed against the centre of one side of the apartment, still it would be singular : "THE lamp-stand." VII. 24. ÉπI THY TEтpav. The necessity of the article here requires no other illustration than that derived from the nature of the soil in Judea. It is mostly a rock, covered with mould: but, by the sides of the torrents, it is a rock covered with the sand brought down by those torrents. The foolish builder, without digging, lays his first course of bricks on the surface of the sand; this sand being permeable to water, when the stream attacks it, soon yields, and carries away the edifice with it. The wise builder digs away the sand till he comes to THE rock; on this he builds, and defies the torrent. As this formation of their country must have been perfectly familiar to our Lord's hearers, THE TOCK was description quite sufficient for them when God says I AM (not I was) the God This is independent of Scheusner, and ofy &c. it denotes his still-subsisting rela his reference. We may say too, in vindition to them; ergo, they do still exist cation of Mr. King, that the first course and not without consciousness, in some of bricks, Geuen, is always chosen by unseen state. wise builders with attention, as being of great importance. XV. 24. Oxs Ioga. Dr. M. has not understood orzos. It expresses the im › VIH. 6. ›évTMñ·oinia. “In my house, or mediate blood-the descendants from an at home." No: if Dr. M. had perfectly ancestor, restrictively. And in this sense entered into the distinction between oikost may be taken here, and chap. x. 6. and oikia, he would have found that the without the article, "I am not sent but latter (where it does not signify a build- to the lost sheep of Israel's blood :", his ing) imports the household, servants, direct descendants, his family." Go &c. as distinct from the children oikos. rather to the lost sheep of Israel's family: The sense, therefore, may be, " his blood; his immediate posterity. 10) servant lieth among THE household, grievously tormented." THE household, because such was of course the establishment of a person of the speaker's rank. Compare verse 9; also Acts, x. 7. &c. my In the East, the dwelling of the family, women, children, &c. is distinct from that of the household servants, &c. and to have invited any man into the family apartment would have been a breach of decorum. Our greatest impediment in explaining Scripture is the influence of English ideas. XVI. 4-19. Gates of Hell. Compare TAYLOR's edition of CALMET's Dictionary of the Bible, Fragment, No. ccxi. p. 42-44, Hades, and Mercury closing them, after where we have a plate of the gates of Glycon and Hemera gode having admitted two departed spirits, which understands the term rendered XIX. 28. In support of the Syriac, regeneration, of a new age, compare the rendering of LXX. Isaiah ix. 6. “The father of the everlasting age, s krund XXI. 42. the head-stone of the corner. 33. Into THE city. Many cities are totally misunderstood passage: as it will This is no proper place for explaining this known by this familiar term in their own neighbourhood, Around Athens, at thisdered intelligible without a figure. To not be brief: nor indeed can it be renday, the country people speak of going to THE city, meaning Athens: as a person from Covent Garden speaks of going into THE city, meaning London. while lying on the ground, before it was put into its proper place, a passenger might fall, would certainly crush any one to atoms, on whom it should fall from the proper place and height to which it was destined. refer Dr. M. to Vitruvius is all that is in be added when the building was otherwise our power. We do not think it might XIV. 2. We may be indulged in one complete." We do think the absence of word in favour of Herod. We do not there being more than one in one the article allows for the possibility of consider it as unquestionably certain that fabric;" but there could be only one at the Sadducees, including Herod, "be-one corner. That stone against which, lieved neither in a resurrection [of the body nor in the agency of [celestial] spirits." The word angel appears to us, in several places, to mean departed human spirits: the existence of these Herod might deny but how any who received the Pentateuch, as the Sadducees did, XXIV. 15. ἐν τόπῳ ἁγίῳ, “ in the holy could deny the existence and actions of place." We beg leave to supersede the celestial spirits, exceeds our comprehen- whole of Dr. M's long note on this passion. This too, shews the reason why sage, by demanding strict adherence to his our Lord, desirous of supporting by Mo-doctrine on the article This passage has saic testimony, against the Sadducees, the doctrine of the immortality of the (human) spirit, selects the existence, in a separate state, of the departed spirits of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob-inferring "God is not the God of the totally dead all relation to such being dissolved; but it not the other passages referred to by Dr. M. (Acts vi. 13. xxi. 28.) have the article; they therefore shall signify, and welcome, this holy place, the temple. But copos, is elsewhere (Luke ii. 7.) used to express a separate chamber: there was no topos proper privacy, no separate apartment [Dr. M. must consider the na-pair; and if we add to their Hebrew origin, that they are also poetical compositions, their frequent omission of the article in cases, in which it would probably have been found in an original Greek narration, can excite no surprise Whoever will compare the LXX. translation of the Song of Deborah with the Hebrew, will perceive that it has in most instances, so far as the article is concerned, conformed with the strict letter of the original, and that it is so far anarthrous as scarcely to be tolerable Greek. I have been led into these observations, not ture of the caravanserais in the east we refer again to CALMET.] in which Mary might be delivered. Acts iv. 31. the topos, place, apartment, room, in which the apostles were assembled, for worship, as is evident, was shaken; and this (though not in the temple) may be considered as a holy place for the time being. And so we understand our Lord: "whoever sees the abomination of desolation standing, as conqueror, on any holy place-any place set apart to divine worship, any at all more by the words which introduce the Synagogue in any of the cities of Israel, present note, than by some other passages to be found in the two Thanksgivings in those (or Judah) let him take the hint, and passages, indeed, the article might have been escape directly." The destruction of many employed, where it is now omitted; in the holy places was effected in fact, by the present instance, δια 'ΤΑ σπλαγχνα would Romans, long before they attacked the have made it necessary to write TOT & TOY temple. Had the application of the sign: as it stands, the whole precisely agrees been delayed till the Romans stood in the with the Hebrew form, and is also perfectly holy place, the temple, the Evangelist's defensible on principles, with which the caution "whoso readeth let him under-reader is by this time well acquainted, stand," had been totally useless. If a cautionary precept, referring to enemies, be put in practice a few days or weeks too Boon, the damage is trifling: if a few hours too late, destruction may punish the tardy, ~: As a specimen of Dr. M.'s manner of treating the subjects examined in his notes, we select that on Luke ii. 7. V. 7. i Tй pár. A few of Wetstein's best MSS. but not any of Matthai's-Tỹ, and Griesbach has prefixed to it the mark of pos sible spuriousness. The presence of the article in the received text has been drawn into the dis pute respecting the place of our Saviour's birth. Baronius, principally on the authority of a passage in Justin Martyr's Dial. with Trypho, makes the birth-place of Christ to have been in the vicinity of Bethlehem, and not in Bethlehem itself; and the place of his nati As a valued correspondent favoured us with some thoughts on the songs of Mary and of Zachariah, [Compare Panorama, Vol. II. pp. 749, 1199] we shall insert Dr. M's remarks on the grammatical character of the same poems, by way of shewing how nearly he agrees with our friend FIDELIS. Luke V. 78. dià ozrávxva ixxsexvity is frequently by the fathers denominated wv. Every attentive reader of the two songs of Thanksgiving of Mary and Zacharias contained in this chapter must have remarked in them certain peculiarities of style; but the only one, with which I am concerned, is, that they are extremely anarthrows. I do not, indeed, mean to affirm, that they ever violate the rules, but only that they display the utmost latitude of omission, which the rules allow and this is nothing more than we might antecedently have expected; they might be supposed to retain some traces of the character of their originals, which certainly >were not Greek, Michelis says (in his Anmerk.) of the latter of them, that it appears to have been spoken in Hebrew, not in Chaldes the vernacular idiom, for that the Jews still used Hebrew in their prayers. not having been composed in the mothertongue may explain," he adds, "why the periods are so unrounded, consisting of many *short clauses forcibly brought together." Both “compositions have unquestionably a Hebrew : Its anion or avipov. Casaubon (Exercitt. p. 145) has considered this subject also at great length; and he argues, that the article shews the garn in question to be that which be longed to the stable of the malárvμa mentioned in the same verse: illud præseps, quod erat in stabulo pertinente ad diversorium. His argument is not altogether invalidated, supposing the various reading to be the true one, which, however, is not probable, for the preposition might cause the absence of the article, even though parvy were intended definitely. But the great difficulty is to ascer tain the meaning of par; for, though the article would prove, that not any arm was meant, still it would leave the import of the word undetermined. Casaubon would render it the manger: Campbell, Beansubre, Michaelis, and the Eng. version have “ya manger; which, of course, supposes Meu par to be the true reading. Wakefield and Rosenmuller say, “in the stable ; " a sense ། ་ J the meanness of the place might also justify the terin, in the same manner as in Theocritus we have ἱλεόν, ἐκ οἴκησιν, is much less satisfactory: from the mouth of Praxinoe such a figure of speech is perfectly natural, as which the word is known to bear: and Schleusner understands it of the area before the house, a space inclosed, but without any covering, in which stood the cattle and inplements of agriculture: it was, therefore, according to this notion, not unlike a farm-is, indeed, every syllable in the Adoniazusæ; yard very but such a ludicrous hyperbole would ill ac cord with the character of any of the fathers, and was still less to be expected from several of them: indeed their agreement plainly in rally. The first thing to be done in examining this question is, to obtain a true notion of the eastern caravanserais, or inns: let the following extract from Tavernier, p. 45, assist us in this : With respect to Casaubon's opinion, that the article refers us to something certain and definite, so as to make parvy Monadic, it can hardly be doubted: but I think he is mista-dicates, that they meant to be understood liteken in supposing that a manger, would be spoken of thus definitely in relation to the xalupa The stable and the ion might well be thus contradistinguished, but not so well the inn and the manger: of mangers there would probably be several; but if not, the very circumstance that there might be several, would render this definite mode of speaking somewhat unnatural. But there is another consideration which seems to be of importance, though I am not aware that any attention has been paid to it. The context of the whole passage convinces me that the Parv was not merely the place, in which the Babe was laid, but the place also in which ма "The Caravanserais are the Eastern inns, far different from ours; for they are neither so convenient, nor handsome: they are built square, much like cloysters, being usually but one story high for it is rare to see one of two stories. A wide gate brings you into the court; and in the midst of the building, in there is a tall for persons of the best quality the front, and upon the right and left hand, to keep together. On each side of the hall These lodgings are raised all along the court, are LODGINGS for every man by himself. two or three steps high, just behind which are the STABLES, where many time it is as good lying as in the CHAMBER. Some will rather tye there in the winter, because they are warm, and are roofed as well as the chambers. Right against the head of every horse there is a NICHE with a window into the LODGING CHAMBER, out of which every man may see his horse is looked after. These NICHES are usually so large, that three men may lye in them; and here the servants usually dress their victuals." he was born and swaddled: I understand the words ἐν τῇ φατνῃ to belong as much to ἔλεxev as to avexxivey, for else where did Mary's delivery happen? Certainly not in the alanupa, for there we are immediately told that there was not room : not room for whom? Not merely for the new-born infant, bụ abis, for Mary and Joseph. By palun, therefore, we must understand some place, in which they might find accommodation, though less convenient than that which the zalanywould have afforded them, had it not been occupied and such a place could not have been a manger. It might be either a stable or an inclosed area; but more probably the former; for an inclosed area without any covering seems not to If we are not mistaken, this is a lively afford the shelter and privacy which the situa- comment on all the words which Dr. M. tion of Mary rendered indispensable, and more- finds difficult in the evangelist's history. over is not to be reconciled with the fathers, We have, 1st, lodging chambers answering who call the birthplace of Christ an avifov or to the topos of Luke: 2d, a stable, warm, ov, nor indeed with the tradition, rooted, and preferable to the chambers of which, according to all the travellers, still the main building; 3d, in this stable, se-, prevails in the east, that the scene of the Na-parations, or apartments, called by Tavertivity was a grotto. 1 bat the stable might be nier niches, usually so large that three really such is made highly probable by the remark of Casaubon, who has observed, after men may lye in them. The word phatne, Strabo, that the country for many miles round certainly expresses either THE stable, or, Jerusalem is rocky; and he adds that an Araone of these niches. Does it express both bian geographer has described such excavations these subjects, i. e. when with the article, to be not unfrequently used in those parts one of them; when without the article, for dwellings. The stable of the xalaxyuz, the other? Dr. M. has not alluded to the if it were so hewn out, might very well be recurrence of phatne in verse 16; but called a onid, or if it were formed chiefly that verse must follow the fate of verse 12. by nature, it would still better merit the pellation. But Casaubon's other reason that ap It is evident, that, these niches being in the stable, whatever was transacted in ̧. one of them was transacted in the stable : There being no vacant apartment in the building around the main court, the caravanserai or inn, Mary and Joseph resorted to THE stable, annexed to the main building, but separate from it: herein Mary brought forth her son, took all proper care of him, and of herself, and laid him down to rest. But the angels gave a sign to the shepherds: "Ye shall find the infant very carefully attended to, and well wrapped up, lying for repose in a niche, of which, you know THE stable contains several.". "And the shepherds came and found in a niche Mary, Joseph, and the reposing infant: "these niches being so large that three men may lie down in one of them. Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century; including the Charities, Depravities, Dresses, and Amusements, of the Citizens of London, during that Period; with a Review of the State of Society in 1807. To which is added, a Sketch of the domestic and ecclesiastical Architecture, and of the various Improvements in the Metropolis. Illustrated by fifty Engravings. By James Peller Malcolm, F. S. A. Author of "Londinum Redivivum," &c. &c. pp. 490; Price £2. 2s. Longman and Co. London: 1808. " "COMPARISONS are odorous ; says the ingenious and learned Dogberry: yet Dogberry himself might have found the temptation to institute a comparison, irresistible under certain circumstances. When we behold in contemplating time past a long, long, list of follies, from which time present is happily free; when we find the grosser propensities of our na ture, triumphant in time past, controuled, and indeed banished, by the most exquisite refinements in time present; We are to remember, that this incident when we see that time past was deformdid not happen in Greece, but in Judea, ed by rusticities, not to say brutalities, where the term to describe this apart- while time present is adorned by element was Hebrew-Syriac, and was to be gancies, of the most captivating detranslated into Greek. The application scription; when what was rude has yieldof one term to the building, and to its ed to what is polite, and what was sus parts also, is rather according to the He-picious, if not knavish, is transformed into brew usage than the Greek. The Greek word for an inn, or place on the road for the reception of guests, is not used by the evangelist, in this history, but he has translated the appellations according to their import. We cannot but observe how near to the truth the learned had conjectured; yet the testimony of an eye-witness while it corroborates, supersedes their notions. As to the grotto, &c. THE stable might well enough have been an excavation, improved by building into a very tolerable retreat, We hope our readers will not be displeased with a few additional remarks in a socceeding number, on other subjects introduced by Dr. M. in justification of his opinion. The mode of proof adopted by us, is probably altogether different from what may be appealed to by reviewers in other works by the united effect of all let the Dr.'s principles be tried." the most disinterested honesty; when even our Stock Exchange enacts laws against false report; and even our Jews are become good Christians; can we refrain from a comparison?-or is it rather a contrast? The temptation is too mighty for us to resist and if we do expose ourselves to censure by compliance with it, we depend for a pardon on the virtuous sympathy, humanity, and charity, of time present, on whose behalf we incur the hazard of trangression. If we may believe Mr. Malcolm's volume, the British public in former days quitted their lawful occupations to assist at bear-baitings, prize-fightings, and boxing-matches: nay, these were esteemed sports for gentlemen:-then, that dignified guardian of public morals, the stage, was absolutely overloaded with harlequin's, Mother Shipton's, Fortunatus's, tricks and transformations;-then, a squalling Sig |