88 P'T. II. P'D. I. COMMERCE-OPPRESSION. 2. Charles I. was beheaded; and Cromwell directed the affairs of England. He perfected a system of opCH. I. pression, in respect to trade, by the celebrated "Navigation Acts." By these, the colonies were not al1649. Charles lowed to find a market for themselves, and sell their I be produce to the highest bidder; but were obliged to headed. carry it direct to the mother country. The English Crom- merchants bought it at their own price; and thus they, well. and not the colonist, made the profit on the fruits of his industry. I. 3. At the same time, these laws prohibited any but English vessels, from conveying merchandise to the 1651. colonies; thus compelling them to obtain their supThe plies of the English merchant; of course, at such tion prices, as he chose to fix upon his goods. Even free traffic among the colonists was prohibited. « naviga acts." 4. Charles II. was restored to his father's throne in 1660. Berkeley, after various changes, was exercising, in Virginia, the office of governor. But prospects grew dark. Notwithstanding the loyalty of VirCharles ginia, to none of the colonies had the suppression of II. the English monarchy wrought more good; and on none, did the restoration operate more disastrously. 1660. crats and 5. The Virginians were divided into two classes. The first comprised the few persons who were highly educated, and possessed of extensive domains. The Aristo- second, and more numerous class, was composed of plebe- servants and laborers; among whom were some, that for crimes in England, had been sent to America. A blind admiration of English usages, was now shown, in the regulations made by Berkeley, and his aristocratical advisers. ians. 2. In what year was Charles I. beheaded? Who then directed the affairs in England? By what were the colonies oppressed? What were they not allowed to do? What were they obliged to do? How did English merchants make the profit on the produce of the colonists?-3. Of whom were the colonists obliged to purchase their supplies? Who would fix the prices? Could the different colonies trade freely with each other?-4. What happened in 1660? Who was governor of Virginia ? What were the prospects of Virginia?-5. Describe the two classes into which the Virginians were divided? What can you say of Berkeley and his advisers? VIRGINIA GIVEN AWAY. 89 P'D. I. 6. The rights of the people were on all hands re- P'T. II. stricted. The affairs of the church were placed in the hands of vestries; corporations who held, and often cH. 1. severely used, the right to tax the whole community. The The assembly, composed of aristocrats, made them- people stripped selves permanent, and their salaries large. The right of their of suffrage was unrestrained, but the power of elect- rights. ing the burgesses being taken away, the meetings of the freemen were of little avail, for their only remaining right, was that of petition. away 7. A shock was now given, by which even the aristocracy were aroused. Charles, with his wonted profligacy, gave away Virginia for the space of thirty-one Charles years. He had, immediately on his accession, granted gives to Sir William Berkeley, Lord Culpepper, and others, va that portion of the colony lying between the Rappahannock and Potomac; and now, to the covetous Lord Culpepper, and to Lord Arlington, another needy favorite, he gave the whole province. for 31 years. 1673. John 8. On the north, the Susquehannah Indians, driven by the Senecas, from the head of the Chesapeake, had come down, and having had provocation, were com- 1675. mitting depredations upon the banks of the Potomac. WashJohn Washington, the great grandfather of the hero of ington. the revolution, with a brother, Lawrence Washington, had emigrated from England, and was living in the county of Westmoreland. Kills six 9. Six of the Indian chiefs came to John Washington, to treat of peace, he being colonel. He wrongfully put them to death. "They came in peace,” said Berkeley, "and I would have sent them in peace, Indian though they had killed my father and mother." Re- chiefs. venge inflamed the minds of the savage, and the midnight war-whoop often summoned to speedy death the defenseless families of the frontier. 6. How was it with the rights of the people? How in church matters? How with respect to the assembly? The right of suffrage?-7. What did King Charles give away? What portion had he granted before? To whom? To whom was the whole province now given? 8. Who was John Washington? What Indians were troublesome?-9. What provocation had Colonel Washington given them? What said Berkeley? 90 P'T. II. P'D. I. make BACON AND HIS PARTY. 10. The people desired to organise for self defense, and in a peremptory manner, demanded for their leader, CH. 1. Nathaniel Bacon, a popular young lawyer. Berkeley refused. New murders occurred; Bacon assumed com1676. The mand, and with his followers, departed for the Indian people war. Berkeley declared him and his adherents rebels. Bacon 11. Bacon returned successful from his expedition, their and was elected a member for Henrico county. Popular liberty prevailed, and laws were passed, with which Popular Berkeley was highly displeased. Bacon, fearing treachprevails, ery, withdrew to the country. The people rallied around him, and he returned to Jamestown, at the head of five hundred armed men. leader. liberty 12. Berkeley met them, and baring his breast, exclaimed, "a fair mark, shoot!" Bacon declared that he came only for a commission, their lives being in Berkeley danger from the savages. The commission was issued, Bacon. and Bacon again departed for the Indian warfare. and Berkeley, in the meantime, withdrew to the sea-shore, and there collected numbers of seamen and royalists. He came up the river with a fleet, landed his army at Jamestown, and again proclaimed Bacon and his party, rebels and traitors. 13. Bacon having quelled the Indians, only a small band of his followers remained in arms. With these he hastened to Jamestown, and Berkeley fled at his approach. In order that its few dwellings should no more shelter their oppressors, the inhabitants set them James on fire. Then leaving that endeared and now desoburnt by lated spot, they pursued the royalists to the RappaBacon's hannock, where the Virginians, hitherto of Berkeley's party. party, deserted, and joined Bacon's standard. His enemies were at his mercy; but his exposure to the night air had induced disease, and he died. town Oct. 1, Bacon dies. 14. The party, without a leader, broke into fragments. As the principal adherents of Bacon, hunted and made prisoners, were one by one, brought before 10. What leader did the people choose? Give some account of the first steps in the contention between the people's leader and the governor ?-11. Proceed with the account?-12. Continue the relation? 13. Relate the remaining events, till the time of Bacon's death?-14. What then happened to his party and principal followers? GRAND COUNCIL AT ALBANY. Berkeley, he adjudged them, with insulting taunts, to instant death. Thus perished twenty of the best citizens of Virginia. "The old fool," said Charles II., who sent him orders to desist, "has shed more blood than I did, for the murder of my father." 91 PT. II. P'D. I. CH. 1. 15. "Bacon's rebellion" was extremely injurious to 1677. the affairs of the colony in England. A new charter, Lord Culpepwhich was sent over, was not favorable to the Virgin- per. ians. Lord Culpepper was made governor for life. He cared not what he made the people suffer, provided 1683. he could gain money for himself. Lord Howard, the Lord next governor, was of the same stamp. Howard. Five 16. It was at this period, that the Five Nations became very powerful. They had overcome all the surrounding Indians, and menaced the whites. This produced a grand council at Albany, in which Lord Peace Howard, and Colonel Dongan, the governor of New with the York, together with delegates from the northern prov- Nations. inces, met the sachems of the Five Nations. The negociations were friendly; and, in the figurative language of the Indians, "a great tree of peace was planted." 17. MARYLAND. Clayborne, in 1645, returned to Maryland, raised an insurrection, and compelled Governor Calvert to fly to Virginia for safety. The rebellion was, however, quelled. The next year, Calvert returned, and quiet was restored. 1645. Insurrec tion in Mary land. 18. The reign of Puritanism in England was disastrous to Maryland. Calvert, the governor appointed by the proprietor, was obliged to surrender the government; and the Catholics, after having settled the coun- 1652. try, were shamefully persecuted in it, by the English Catholics authorities. Clayborne took advantage of this, and with one Josias Fendall, made a famous "disturbance," of which little is now known, except that it involved vince. the province in much expense. 19. Lord Baltimore was restored to his rights, by 15. How did Bacon's rebellion affect the colony in England? What governors were sent over?-16. What Indians became powerful? What council was held ?-17. Who made trouble in Maryland? 18. What did he take advantage of? Who was with him? What is known of "Fendall's disturbance?" persecu ted in their own pro 92 THE DUTCH SETTLEMENTS. P'T. II. Charles II., but he died soon after. His son and suc- Balti more. govern 20. James II., who succeeded Charles, was a Catholic, and he was a tyrant. He declared that there should be no charter governments, but that he should 1688. rule, according to his own sovereign will. His opWilliam pressions were such, that his people in England, and Mary. even his own family, joined against him. They placed and upon the throne, his daughter Mary, with her husband, William, one of the ablest statesmen of Europe. Dutch CHAPTER II. New York settled by the Dutch-Taken by the English. 1. WE here, commence with the early colonization of a state which ranks first in the Union, in respect to wealth and population. In 1614, a company of mer1614. chants in Holland, fitted out a squadron of several emi- ships, and sent them to trade to the country which Hudson had discovered. A rude fort was constructed N. York. on Manhattan Island. One of the captains, Adrian Blok, sailed through the East river, and ascertained the position of Long Island. He probably discovered Connecticut river. grants found Fort 2. The next year the adventurers sailed up the Hud1615. son, and on a little island, just below the present poOrange, sition of Albany, they built a small fort, naming it Fort Albany Orange. Afterwards they changed their location, and founded. fixed where Albany now stands. i. e. 19. Who restored Lord Baltimore? What gave trouble to his son?-20. Who succeeded King Charles the II.? What did he declare? How did the English people bear his tyranny? CHAPTER II.-1. In what respects is New York the first state in the Union? Did the Dutch first go there as traders, or as settlers? By whom were they sent? What fort did they first build? What discoveries make? 2. What was their second fort? |