sired to be buried beside his daughter; and he claimed the right to select the spot where the man should be buried. Lloyd George advised that the rector's action was illegal, the gates of the churchyard were forced, and the interment took place in accordance with the quarryman's last wishes. The case was fought out in the courts, and in the end the young solicitor's action was fully vindicated. In the same year he married Miss Maggie Owen, of Mynydd Edynfed Fawr, Criccieth. Four children · two sons and two daughters have been born of the union.

In 1888 Mr. Lloyd George was chosen Liberal candidate for the Carnaroon Burghs, and was returned at a bye-election in 1890 by a narrow majority on a platform the chief plank in which was Welsh Nationalism. He did not at first take much part in the debates; but in 1894 led a revolt against the Rosebery ministry because Welsh Disestablishment was not given a place in the government's legislative program for the session. His rise into prominence dates from the South African War. He was traveling in Canada when in September 1899 the crisis approached in the relations between the British and the Transvaal governments. He hurried home, and on the outbreak of war at once took up a position of strong antagonism to the government's war policy, and became the real leader of what was termed the "pro-Boer" section of the Liberal party. It required courage to face the hostility of popular audiences when the war spirit was running high; and at a meeting in Birmingham - the stronghold of the Colonial Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain - his platform was stormed, and he was compelled to make his exit. He specially singled out Chamberlain for attack, and was by no means scrupulous in the line he took, as when he charged that the Colonial Secretary had brought on the war in order to fill the pockets of his relations; but his boldness and pertinacity began to tell, and from that time he was a force to be reckoned with. He took a prominent part in the opposition to Balfour's Education Act of 1902 and strongly opposed Chamberlain in his tariff reform campaign. On the accession of the Liberals to power in 1905 he was invited to become president of the Board of Trade (11 December). To this time he had been known chiefly as a platform speaker with a gift for repartee and as an adroit and effective debater. president of the Board of Trade he applied himself assiduously to the duties of his office, spoke little, and presently began to manifest qualities hitherto held in the background skill in constructive legislation, open-mindedness and tact in the handling of men. The Patents Bill of 1907 and the Port of London Bill, and his adroit handling of the railway strike and the cotton trade dispute, were proofs that a new Lloyd George had arisen. On the death of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman and the accession power of Mr. Asquith, Mr. Lloyd George succeeded the latter as Chancellor of the Exchequer (12 April 1908). In the following month he passed the Old Age Pensions Bill, which had been framed by his predecessor. His first budget, introduced 29 April 1909, gave rise to a prolonged and bitter controversy. It provided, among other things, for heavy increases on the income tax, and an entirely novel provision for a tax of 20 per cent on the unearned increment in land values the moneys

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thus provided to be devoted to social legislation. The budget was received with enthusiasm by advanced Liberals; but it was strenuously opposed by powerful interests. The Chancellor conducted a vigorous campaign on behalf of his budget, in which he gave full rein to his wit and homely eloquence; but he did nothing to reconcile his opponents beyond hitting them on the head, a notable example of his method being furnished in the famous Limehouse oration. So strong was the opposition that the House of Lords was emboldened to take the dangerous and unconstitutional course of rejecting the Finance Bill introduced to give effect to the resolutions of the budget. There is no reason to suppose that the Chancellor was anything else than completely satisfied with the action of the House of Lords; for in the result it had signed its own death warrant. The Prime Minister promptly accepted the challenge, Parliament was dissolved, and—with the assistance of Nationalists and Laborists- the government was again returned to power and the disputed budget put through. Meantime the Parliament Bill had been introduced providing for the effective curtailment of the powers of the Upper Chamber -a measure which was passed only after the verdict of the country had again been taken and after a political deadlock which ended when the assent of the Crown was announced to the creation of a sufficient number of peers to force the measure through the House of Lords in the event of that assembly proving obdurate. In 1911 the Chancellor passed the National Insurance Act a far-reaching but somewhat hastily constructed and insufficiently deliberated measure making provision for wage-earners. In 1913 a foolish investment of his in the shares of the American Marconi Company, with the parent company of which the British postoffice had contracts, laid him open to personal, attack and was the subject of parliamentary inquiry. During the Home Rule controversy in the years immediately preceding the Great War, Mr. Lloyd George's influence was cast on the side of moderating counsels.

When Great Britain, following on the violation of Belgian territory, declared war on Germany on 4 Aug. 1914, eyes were naturally turned to Lloyd George, and there were not a few who expected him, owing to what were regarded as his pacifist tendencies, to resign from the Cabinet; but his speech in the Queen's Hall on 19 September showed that he was wholeheartedly in favor of its prosecution. As Chancellor of the Exchequer he took prompt and wise measures to maintain financial stability. Right from the outset of the war he appeared to realize, better than others in the Cabinet, the magnitude of the task that confronted the Allied nations, and early began to manifest some impatience with the slowness with which munitions were being supplied - especially high-explosive shells. Partly as a result of this-combined with the attacks of the Northcliffe press on Lord Kitchener's administration of the war office he was, on the formation of the Coalition Ministry in May 1915, appointed Minister of Munitions. This task called for a combination of qualities; and under his direction a network of arsenals soon covered the land, new workmen were trained, and women enlisted into the service. Not the least difficult of his tasks was in inducing the trade unions to forego― for the

duration of the war at least the exclusive and "ca' canny policy dear to the heart of the British workman, in order that by dilution of labor the claimant needs of the nation might be met; and where his stirring appeals had no result, he succeeded in shaming them into acquiescence. Realizing the need of men, he supported from the outset, and forced to a head, the movement for compulsory national service. On the death of Lord Kitchener (June 1916) he became Secretary for War.

A crisis in his relations with the head of the government in December 1916 resulted in the accession to power of Mr. Lloyd George as Prime Minister. On land the war was not going well with the Allied nations; Rumania was being overrun and Bucharest had fallen; and there was a strong feeling in England — fanned into flame by the Northcliffe press that Mr. Asquith was too inert, and that the method of conduct of the war on the civilian side would require to be drastically overhauled if satisfactory results were to be obtained. On 1 December Mr. Lloyd George, under threat of resignation, urged on his chief the necessity of placing the direction of the war in the absolute control of a war committee of four members, of which he (the Prime Minister) should not be one. After some negotiation and a modification of the original proposal, Mr. Asquith declined to accede, and the Chancellor resigned. As the Unionist members of the Cabinet supported Lloyd George, and his administration was therefore doomed, the Prime Minister placed his resignation in the hands of the king; and after the Unionist leader, Mr. Bonar Law, had declined to form a government, Mr. Lloyd George was on 6 December entrusted with the task of forming an administration. He began by a revolution. Instead of following the traditional British custom of forming his government exclusively from men holding seats in Parliament, he gave some of the most important portfolios to recognized experts who had had no political or parliamentary experience and had seats in Parliament provided for them. He found places in his inner war cabinet for Mr. Arthur Henderson, one of the labor leaders, and for two of his strongest opponents of other days Lord Curzon and Lord Milner. Indeed it may with truth be said that since his accession to power his foes have been chiefly those of his own household. His government has been called to face an extraordinary series of crises, in the surmounting of which he has shown great resourcefulness and audacity; and he had the misfortune to assume control just before the defection of Russia. He is regarded in Great Britain and the Dominions as the incarnation of the democratic spirit; and despite certain readily understandable limitations, such as lack of broad culture and occasional inaccuracy of statement, his flaming oratory, quickness in seizing the salient points of any situation, driving force, enthusiasm and dauntless courage, which mounts the higher when the tide of disappointment or misfortune rises, have braced the British people to dare all and to surrender all that victory may be won, and have proved an asset of incalculable value to all the Allied nations. And not the least of his services has been in securing unified command of the Entente armies, the fruits of

which began to be gathered in the series of military successes that crowned the autumn of 1918.

Consult Dilnot, 'Lloyd George: the Man and his Story' (1917); 'Life' by Du Parcq (4 vols., 1912); Evans and Hughes, From Village Green to. Downing Street'; B. G. Evans, The Life Romance of Lloyd George' (1916); and Lloyd George and the War, by an Independent Liberal (1917). His earlier war speeches have been published under the title From Terror to Triumph (1915). D. S. DOUGLAS,

Editorial Staff of The Americana. GEORGE, Grace, American actress: b. -New York 1880. In 1894 she made her first public appearance in The New Boy. In 1899 she starred in The Princess Chiffon' and in 'Her Majesty' (1900). Subsequent triumphs came in 'Under Southern Skies' (1902); 'Frou-Frou (1903); Pretty Peggie' (1904) and 'The Two Orphans' (1904). As Cyprienne in 'Divorcons' she achieved a splendid success in both London and New York in 1907 and in the subsequent revival of this piece in 1913. Other plays in which she appeared were 'Sylvia of the Letters' (1909); A Woman's Way (1909); Just to Get Married' (1912); 'The Earth (1912); Half an Hour' (1912); The Truth' (1914). Consult Winter, William, 'The Wallet of Time' (2 vols., New York 1913).

In

GEORGE, Henry, American political economist: b. Philadelphia, 2 Sept. 1839; d. New York, 29 Oct. 1897. In boyhood he made a voyage before the mast to India; made his way to California as a sailor in 1858 and from thence to Vancouver Island; returning to California, worked at his own trade of printer and other employments, until he became a reporter for the San Francisco Times, and in 1867 the editor of the same paper. While in California he became deeply impressed with the evils of land monopoly as evidenced by the fortunes accruing to the holders up of the soil, and this set a stamp on his after career. 1871 he published 'Our Land and Land Policy in which he advocated the single tax theory, later developed more fully in Progress and Poverty (1879). In this latter work, he not only explained his policy of land taxation (see SINGLE TAX), but also attacked the doctrine of Malthus (q.v.), and the "wages fund" theory, advancing the theory that the wages of labor are paid out of the value that the laborer creates, not from a "fund" of capital. The book did not at once attract much attention, and was first widely noticed in England; later attaining great popularity in this country. George visited England in 1880-81, and on his return settled in New York, where he devoted his time to writing, and agitation and organization for the single tax movement. In 1886 he was nominated for mayor of New York by the United Labor party, but was defeated, though receiving over 67,000 votes. In 1897 he was again nominated for mayor and took an active part in the campaign, but died before election day. His works, besides those already mentioned, include The Irish Land Question' (1881); 'Social Problems' (1883); 'Property in Land'; "The Condition of Labor': 'Protection or Free Trade (1886). His complete works were published in 10 volumes in New York in 1904. Con

sult George, 'Life of Henry George' (New York 1905).

GEORGE, Henry, American legislator and economist: b. Sacramento, Cal., 3 Nov. 1862; d. Washington, D. C., 14 Nov. 1916. He was a son of Henry George, the political economist. He was educated in the public schools, and entered a printing house at 16. He entered on a journalistic career in 1881; accompanied his father as secretary on a lecture tour of Great Britain in 1883; and on his father's sudden death during the New York mayoralty campaign of 1897, he was nominated to succeed his father as candidate of the Jeffersonian party, but was defeated at the polls. In 1906 he was correspondent in Japan for a syndicate of newspapers and magazines, and in 1909 for Collier's Weekly. He campaigned for LloydGeorge in the British general election of 1909. He was elected to the 62d Congress (1911-13) from the 17th New York District, and to the 63d Congress 1913-15 from the 21st New York District. He published 'Life of Henry George' (1900); The Menace of Privilege' (1905); The Romance of John Bainbridge' (1906); His last years were spent in lecturing and writing on economic subjects.

He

GEORGE, James Zachariah, American politician: b. Monroe County, Ga., 20 Oct. 1826; d. Mississippi City, Miss., 14 Aug. 1897. fought in the ranks in the Mexican War, afterward studied law, became brigadier-general in the Confederate army during the Civil War, and in 1879-81 was chief justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi. In 1880 he was elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat, and in 1886 and 1892 was re-elected. As a jurist he aided in drafting the present State constitution of Mississippi, and in the Senate he was well known as an orator.

GEORGE, Stefan (STEPHAN ANTON GEORGE), German poet: b. near Bingen on the Rhine, 12 July 1868, is the accepted head of a group of young poets who attempted to establish a school of new lyricism which should consciously, almost polemically, break with the old traditions, especially of artificial popular poetry, of naturalism and of the reigning symbolism. George could not create new meters, nor new rhymes, but his independent use of these and his originality are always in evidence. He is seldom reminiscent and never an imitator.

A selection of his earliest poems, treating in fairly original, carefully polished form the common subjects of love and loss, fate, spring, home, faith, the transience of things, is now accessible in 'Die Fibel' (The Primer,' 1901). Of greater power and intensity of feeling are the 'Hymns, Pilgrimages, Algabal' ('Hymnen Pilgerfahrten Algabal) with their "pilgrimage toward artistic perfection, revealing hopes, fears, disappointments and discouragement. The lyric story of the SyroRoman Imperial degenerate Elgabolus, with its mixture of Oriental splendor and Roman tyranny, crazy jumble of mad religious superstitions, of sloth, crimes, suicidal impulse, love of life, lusts, pleasures, and the Imperial realization of the vanity of life, has even been taken to symbolize the history of that lyric poetry with which the new school are done. This "nightmare," which George seems to call it in

the last poem of the book, has probably more admirers than any of his other works.

This æsthetic pilgrimage is continued in the 'Books of the Shepherds and of the Eulogies, of Sagas and Songs of the Hanging Gardens' (Die Bücher der Hirten und Preisgedichte, Der Sagen und Sänge und der hängenden Gärten) (1895) which pass in review primitive, Hellenic, medieval and modern man. "The Year of the Soul (Das Jahr der Seele,' 1898) treats the relations of man and woman with the seasons as a background, excepting spring, as if Heine and other poets had exhausted that field. In "The Carpet of Life and the Songs of Dream and Death' ('Der Teppich des Lebens und Die Lieder von Traum und Tod mit einem Vorspiel') the poet's "Angel" plays a rôle like that of Virgil and Beatrice to Dante.

The Seventh Ring' ('Der siebente Ring') contains many poems passed over in other volumes, and good odes. 'Der Stern des Bundes (1913) was the last important work before the European War of which it was curiously prophetic. Finally, George's translations (Übertragungen) of his spiritual kin Rossetti, Swinburne, Verhaeren, Verlaine, Mallarmé, D'Annunzio and others are excellent. Consult Goldschmidt, K. W., in Literarische Echo (1905-06); Meyer, R. M., in Deutsche Literatur des XIX Jahrh.; Zwymann, Kuno, 'Das Georgesche Gedicht' (2d ed., Berlin 1904). CARL E. EGGER, Assistant Professor of German, University of Michigan.

GEORGE, W. L., English author: b. Paris, 20 March 1882. He was educated in Paris and served in the French army. He was educated successively as an analytical chemist, an engineer, a barrister, a soldier and a business man, and having proved a failure at all these took to journalism about 1907. He has contributed to most London publications on topics ranging between the art of the troubadours and the finance of railways. He is especially interested in feminism and its subsidiaries: marriage and divorce problems, fashions, votes for women, and sex questions generally. In politics he is an aggressive pacifist, an opponent of the idea of nationality and a republican (this latter subject to the view that the people should not be trusted but led). He has been special correspondent of various papers in France, Belgium and Spain. He wrote Engines of Social Progress' (1907); France in the Twentieth Century (1908); 'Labor and Housing at Port Sunlight' (1909). He became convinced in 1909 that social and philosophic ideas are best spread through fiction and wrote A Bed of Roses' (1911); then followed The City of Light' (1912); Until the Daybreak (1913); The Making of an Englishman' (1914); and The Second Blooming' (1916); the latter was one of the most successful novels of 1915, 10 editions of it being sold, He also wrote 'Woman and To-Morrow' (1913); 'Dramatic Actualities' (1914); Anatole France) (1915); Olga Nazimov (1915) and The Stranger's Wedding' (1916).

GEORGE, William Reuben, American sociologist: b. West Dryden, N. Y., 4 June 1866. He received his education in the public schools and in 1880 settled in New York. From 1890 to 1894 he made a practice of taking numbers