286 façades lend to these colonies a most attractive aspect. In fixing the ground plans of the several dwellings allowance was made for the high Type of half open block system found in England, Holland and Germany. standard of the workingman's life at present, and accommodations of two rooms, therefore, were altogether abandoned, and sets of three or more rooms only were admitted. Each onefamily cottage was given a small garden and houses of two or more stories were provided with verandas and loggias, to afford their occupants a sitting place in the open air. Each kitchen was also provided with a larder. The first lot of houses in Alfredshof was erected on the cottage system, in one, two, three and four family cottages, in rows, each containing a small number of houses. To each family-lodging a small garden is attached. The dwellings in the semi-detached or double semidetached cottages are also completely separated, each family having its own private entrance through its own garden. At the entrance of each dwelling is a veranda. In 1899 construction work in Alfredshof came temporarily to an end. When it was resumed in 1907, the ground had in the meantime become so dear that it was deemed inadvisable to continue the system. Therefore, in order to utilize the building space more rationally, and in order to provide a sufficient number of dwellings in the neighborhood of the works, corresponding to the increased number of workingmen, a more compact mode of building had to be adopted. The question could only be solved by the multiple-storied house arranged in flats, which at the same time afforded the possibility of harmonizing the colony architecturally with the town houses in the vicinity. The houses were arranged in blocks, an arrangement already adopted in the Friedrichshof. By an artistic grouping of the blocks, by leaving sufficient open ground, lawns and playgrounds between, Block with open ends as found in Mannheim and Posen. and by carefully preserving existing trees, this new part of Alfredshof was made to answer all modern requirements as regards healthfulness and beauty. The annual rents in these colonies are: Three-room dwelling $47.50 to $55.00 62.50 75.00" 96.00 In MultipleFamily House $42.50 to $52.50 55.00" 65.00" 60.00 70.00 In opposition to the Altenhof and the older part of the Alfredshof, this colony was from the very beginning erected on the system of the two or more storied house on account of the valuable and rather limited building space. Six or four families enter the residence from one common entrance, and two or three families But apart from have one laundry in common. the street door each dwelling has its own private front door on the landing. The three or two storied houses of this colony are united into more or less large blocks, which are grouped around squares and play Plan of garden suburb, Hempstead, England. grounds, so that light and fresh air is abundant. The trees and shrubs that grow in abundance afford a very pleasant and agreeable aspect. Other notable German garden cities are Wandbeck and Altona, near Hamburg. The about 10 acres and has 150 former covers houses, while the latter is still under construction, with municipal assistance. It will ultimately provide for a population of 30,000 persons. In addition a large number of co-operative associations have been formed in Germany at Rostock, Plauen, Tilsit, Bonn, Chemnitz, Aachen, Halle, Dortmund, Erfurt, etc., and a considerable number of garden cities have been under construction or completed. Industrial home towns is the usual term in the United States for what the British call Gateway to the Garden of the Gods, near Manitou, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Pike's Peak in the distance garden cities, and the Germans, "Workingman's colonies." The basic principles are practically the same, the exception being that in British practice there are fewer houses per acre that is, more ground is allotted to gardens, lawns, parks, playgrounds and streets. The Hempstead suburban garden has eight onefamily houses per acre, exclusive of streets; Hempstead tenants, 10; Ilford, eight; Letchworth Garden City, 12 one-family houses per net acre. American industrial home towns have as many as 18, and even more, houses per net acre. Notable among the industrial house towns of the United States are those of the Goodyear Heights Realty Company, Akron, Ohio; Kenosha Home Association, Kenosha, Wis.; Delaware and Lackawanna Railroad Company, Kistler, Pa.; the Improved Housing Association, New Haven, Conn.; aside from those mentioned, there are numerous other industrial home town developments now under way in various parts of the country. FRANK KOESTER, Author of Modern City Planning and Maintenance.) GARDEN CITY, N. Y., a village on Long Island in Nassau County, on the Long Island Railroad, 20 miles east of New York. It was founded by Alexander T. Stewart as a residential town. It is the seat of the Protestant Episcopal bishop of Long Island, and contains the cathedral of the Incarnation. Here are also the cathedral schools, Saint Mary's and Saint Paul's, and the factory of a large publishing house. Pop. about 1,000 GARDEN OF THE GODS, a small region in Colorado, near Colorado Springs, in which are seen some of the most striking effects of erosion ever found upon the globe. The "Garden" covers an area of about 500 acres, within which are sandstone rocks, red and white, in forms of grotesque magnificence - columns, "cathedral spires" and giant figures sometimes appearing almost as if made in human likeness. To many of these shapes have been given distinctive names suggested by their various formations. The road into the "Garden" enters through the huge "Gateway" of red rockmasses 330 feet in height. GARDEN SNAIL. See SNAIL. GARDEN VILLAGES. See VILLAGE. SMART, HELEN HAMILTON. GARDENER BIRD. See BOWER-BIRDS. GARDENIA, a genus of shrubs or small trees of the family Rubiacea, containing about 60 species in the subtropical regions of the Old World. They have mostly glossy, entire leaves and showy, solitary or clustered, yellow or white flowers. G. Jasminoides, the Cape jasmine, is a shrub with waxy double flowers, much cultivated for hedges from Virginia southward. It was formerly popular as greenhouse plant but is little grown now. GARDENING, Landscape. See LAND SCAPE ARCHITECTURE. a GARDINER, gärd'ner, Asa Bird, American lawyer: b. New York, 30 Sept. 1839. He was educated at the College of the City of 287 New York and New York University; during service in the Civil War attained the rank of captain and received a medal of honor for bravery; was professor of law in the United States Military Academy in 1874-78, and became district attorney of the county of New York in 1897. He held important posts in the Society of the Cincinnati and other organizations. Author of "The Writ of Habeas Corpus as affecting the Army and Navy' (1874); 'The Order of the Cincinnati France (1905), etc. GARDINER, Frederic, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman: b. Gardiner, Me., 11 Sept. 1822; d. Middletown, Conn., 17 July 1889. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1842, from the General Theological Seminary, New York, in 1845; was rector of Trinity, Saco, Me., 1845-47; rector of churches (1848-53) and Lewiston, Me., (1855-56); and at Bath in 1865 became professor of the literature and interpretation of Scripture in the Gambier (Ohio) Theological Seminary. In 1867 he was appointed professor of the Old Testament language and literature in Berkeley Divinity School (Middletown, Conn.), and in 1883 of New Testament interpretation and literature in that institution. He founded (1880) the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, and published 'The Island of Life (1851); Diatessaron (1871); The Old and New Testaments in their Mutual Relations' (1885). GARDINER, Harry Norman, American educator: b. Norwich, England, 6 Nov. 1855. In 1874 he came to the United States; was graduated at Amherst in 1878, and subsequently studied at Union Theological Seminary (187982), Göttingen, Leipzig and Heidelberg. In 1878-79 he taught in the Academy of Glens Falls, N. Y.; in 1891-92 was instructor in psychology in Amherst; was instructor (1884– 88) and subsequently professor of philosophy at Smith College after 1888. He is member of the American Psychological Association, the American Philosophical Association (president 1907) and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has published "Outlines of Modern Philosophy' (1892) and edited Jonathan Edwards A Retrospect' (1901) and Selected Sermons of Jonathan Edwards) (1904). GARDINER, John, American lawyer: b. Boston, 1731; drowned off Cape Ann, 15 Oct. 1793. He was a son of Sylvester Gardiner (q.v.). He studied law at the Inner Temple, London, and was admitted to practice at Westminster Hall. He formed an intimacy with Churchill and Wilkes, and was junior counsel of the latter at his trial in 1764, and also appeared for Beardmore and Meredith, who for writings in support of Wilkes had been imprisoned on a general warrant. In 1766 he procured the appointment of attorney-general in the island of Saint Christopher, where he remained until after the American Revolution, when he returned to Boston. After residing there a few years, he removed to Pownalborough, Me., which place he represented in the Massachusetts legislature until his death. As a legislator he distinguished himself by his efforts in favor of law reform, particularly the abolition of special pleading, and the repeal of the statutes against theatrical entertainments. In connection with the latter subject he published a 'Dissertation on the Ancient Poetry of the Romans,' and an accompanying speech. The abolition of the law of primogeniture in Massachusetts was due to his efforts. He was one of the most influential of the early Unitarians of Boston, and participated in the change of King's Chapel from an Episcopal into a Unitarian Congregational church. GARDINER, John Sylvester, American Episcopal clergyman: b. Haverford West, South Wales, England, June 1775; d. Harrowgate, England, 29 July 1830. He was a son of John Gardiner (1731-93) (q.v.); accompanied his father to the West Indies, and subsequently studied in Boston, and in England under the celebrated Dr. Parr. Returning to America, he became a candidate for orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in 1797 was ordained. In 1805 he became rector of Trinity Church, the chief Episcopal parish in Boston, with which he remained connected until his death. He was an accomplished scholar and a forcible preacher. In the establishment of the Boston Anthology and Monthly Repository, for which he was a frequent writer, he contributed materially to the dissemination of literary taste and culture in Boston. He was also one of the founders of the Boston Athenæum, He wrote the Jacobiniad,' a satire in prose and verse directed against the liberal clubs of Boston to which, being in politics a strong Federalist, he had an antipathy. GARDINER, Lion, English settler in America: b. 1599; d. 1663. After service in the English army, he came to America in 1635 as the representative of a land company which had a patent of territory at the mouth of the Connecticut. He built a fort to which he gave the name of Saybrook, compounded from the names of Lord Say and Sele and Lord Brook, two of the patentees, and remained in charge until 1639. He made on an island, called by him the Isle of Wight (now Gardiner's Island, township of Easthampton), the first English settlement within the limits of what is now the State of New York, and there he lived in baronial style. GARDINER, Samuel Rawson, English historian: b. Ropley, Hampshire, 4 March 1829; d. Sevenoaks, Kent, 23 Feb. 1902. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, studied also at Edinburgh and Göttingen; was professor of history at King's College, London, in 1877-85, historical lecturer for the University Extension Society in 1880-94, and examiner in the Oxford final history school in 1886-89. He was elected to a research fellowship by All Souls, Oxford, in 1882, and to a similar fellowship by Merton, in 1894. On Froude's death (1894) he declined appointment to the Oxford regius professorship of modern history. It is for his work of research in the history of England from 1603 to 1660 that he is best known. The results were published in instalments later assembled in various collective editions. In the course of his investigations he examined the minutest details with extraordinary care. He inspected the scene of most battles which he described; he thoroughly familiarized himself with the state papers of the Record Office; and for the study of the state papers foreign and the contents of other national archives learned six continental languages. No source of information was left unexhausted. It is stated that he was the only one that ever read the entire collection of Thomasson tracts in the British Museum. Though himself a Liberal in politics, his writing was wholly judicial and impartial. Perhaps no other English historian ever labored more enthusiastically for historical truth and no one was more judicious in his treatment of sources. His style is clear and well-ordered, and in later volumes vigorous and often impressive. He was the first to describe in full the period of Commonwealth and Protectorate from an unprejudiced viewpoint, and he was also the first to explain satisfactorily the beginnings of the Cavalier party and the rise of the civil war. He was fortunately enabled to utilize many newly discovered sources. His work was not at first popular, but its worth was later fully recognized. In 1882 he received a civillist pension of £150. The titles of the larger divisions of his great undertaking are History of England from the Accession of James I to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke' (1863); 'History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Great Civil War (1883-84); History of the Great Civil War (1886-91); and History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate) (1894-1901), in three volumes, a fourth to be completed by. Firth. He wrote also 'Cromwell's Place in History) (1897); Oliver Cromwell' (1899); and other works, including The Thirty-Years' War' (1874); The First Two Stuarts, and the Puritan Revolution) (1876); 'Introduction to the Study of English History' (with Mullinger, 1881); Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution' (1889); Student's History of England' (1890-92); School Atlas of English History) (1891); What the Gunpowder Plot Was' (1897). GARDINER, Sylvester, American physician: b. Kingston, R. I., 1717; d. Newport, R. I., 8 Aug. 1786. He studied medicine in London and Paris, subsequently practised his profession in Boston, and opened there a drug establishment, from which the New England colonies were chiefly supplied. He was one of the early promoters of inoculation for the smallpox, and a liberal contributor for the erection of King's Chapel, Boston. He became possessed of large tracts of land in Kennebec County, Me., and about the middle of the century was instrumental in establishing there the settlement of Pittston, a portion of which was subsequently set off into a separate town, under the name of Gardiner, where he built and endowed Christ Church. He retired from Boston on its evacuation by the British troops, but returned to the United States at the close of the Revolutionary War, and passed the rest of his life there. GARDINER, Me., a city in Kennebec County, on the Kennebec River, and on the Maine Central Railroad, six miles from Augusta. Separated from Pittston and incorporated as a town in 1803, it was chartered as a city in 1848. It has admirable water power, valuable manufacturing interests, and an assessed property valuation of more than $4,000,000. The ice-cutting industry employs 1.000 people, with an annual output valued at $75,000. |