FRANKLIN, William, American colonial governor b. Philadelphia, 1729 or 1730; d. England, 17 Nov. 1813. He was a natural son of Benjamin Franklin (q.v.), in whose household he was brought up. He served with the Pennsylvania forces on the Canada frontier, obtained a captain's commission before 1750, in 1754-56 was comptroller of the general postoffice during part of his father's administration as Postmaster-General, and during a portion of that time clerk of the provincial assembly. In 1757 he went to England with his father, studied law in London and was admitted to the English bar in 1758. In 1762 he was appointed governor of New Jersey. During the Revolution he was a Loyalist, and kept under guard by the patriots from January 1776. In June 1776 he called a meeting of the Colonial Assembly, then abrogated, for which he was kept prisoner in Connecticut till 1778, when he was exchanged, and later went to England. It was for this son of his that Benjamin Franklin wrote his autobiography. As a result of his stand against the Revolution, an estrangement arose between father and son, which, however, disappeared before the latter's death. Consult Bigelow, J., ed., The Life of Benjamin Franklin, etc.) (3 vols., Philadelphia 1879); Bruce, W. C., 'Benjamin Franklin, etc.' (New York 1917); Fischer, E. J., New Jersey as a Royal Province, 1738-76) (in Columbia University, 'Studies in History, Economics and Public Law,' Vol. XLI, New York 1911); Hart, C. H., Who was the Mother of Franklin's Son' (in Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XXXV, p. 308, Philadelphia 1911); Ford, P. L., Who Was the Mother of Franklin's Son' (Brooklyn 1889); Franklin, W., Letters from W. Franklin to W. Strahan) (Philadelphia 1911); Lee, F. B., 'New Jersey as a Colony and a State' (4 vols., New York 1902); 'Minutes of the Provincial Congress and the Council of Safety of the State of New Jersey (Trenton 1879); Parton, J., Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2 vols., New York 1865); Ricord, F. W., ed., Archives of the State of New Jersey (Series I, Vols. IX, X, XVII, XVIII, XXV-XXIX; Series II, Vols. I-V; Trenton 1885-1917); Sabine, L., Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution) (2 vols., Boston 1864); Whitehead, W. A., Contributions to the Early History of Perth Amboy, etc. (New York 1856).

FRANKLIN, William Buel, American military officer: b. York, Pa., 27 Feb. 1823; d. Hartford, Conn., 8 March 1903. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1843 at the head of his class, one of his classmates being U. S. Grant. In the Mexican War he served on the staff of General Taylor as a topographical engineer, and carried Taylor's orders at the battle of Buena Vista. After the Mexican War he served in the Engineer Corps of the army and gradually reached the rank of colonel. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was assigned to the command of a brigade in Heintzelman's division. He took part in the battle of Bull Run, served with distinction in the Peninsular campaign and was promoted major-general of volunteers in 1862. Subsequently he served under McClellan in Maryland and under Burnside at Fredericks

burg (q.v.) where he commanded the left wing, was adversely criticized for his part in this battle and resigned his command. However, he returned to the army in July 1863 and was assigned to the department of the Gulf under Banks. A severe wound received in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads, 8 April 1864, incapacitated him for almost a year. In July 1864 he was captured by the Confederates, but escaped the same night. In March 1865 he was brevetted major-general in the regular army, but resigned a year later to engage in manufacturing, becoming vicepresident of Colt's Automatic Firearms Manufacturing Company. He represented Connecticut as State Commissioner at the Centennial Exposition (1876), was adjutant-general of his State 1877-78, and for many years president of the board of managers of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers. He was appointed United States Commissioner-General to the Paris Exposition in 1899 and was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honor. His various reports covering his commands and operations during the Civil War may be found in United States War Department, War of the Rebellion. Official Records' (Series I, II and III, Washington). Consult Franklin, W. B., 'A Reply to the Report of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Conduct of the War' (New York 1863); Greene, J. L., 'General W. B. Franklin and the Operations of the Left Wing at the Battle of Fredericksburg (Hartford 1900); Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., editors, 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War' (4 vols., New York 1884-88).

FRANKLIN, William Suddards, American educator, physicist and electrical engineer: b. Geary City, Kan., 27 Oct. 1863. He was graduated from the University of Kansas in 1887, and the same year was appointed assistant professor of physics there. After studying at Harvard and Cornell and the University of Berlin, Germany, he was appointed in 1892 to the chair of physics and electrical engineering in Iowa State College, remaining there till 1897, when he received his appointment to the same chair in Lehigh University. He is author and joint author of about 80 scientific papers and of 22 books on mathematics, physics and electrical engineering. In 1912 he published a volume of essays entitled 'Bill's School and Mine.'

FRANKLIN, a title bestowed upon the English landholders previous to the Norman conquest, who held their lands of the Crown free from any feudal servitude. In later years they lost their power and dignity, which was usurped by the Normans and became simply wealthy ycomen.

FRANKLIN, Canada, former district, and since 1905 merged into the Northwest Territories. It was formed in 1895, and comprised several islands to the north of the main land mass. The principal islands are Banks, Prince Albert, King William, Baffin Land, Prince of Wales, Melville, North Devon and Bathurst. The area is about 500,000 square miles. Being mostly within the Arctic circle it is nearly destitute of animal and vegetable life. A few Eskimos dwell on Baffin Land.

FRANKLIN, Ind., city, county-seat of Johnson County; on the Pennsylvania Railroad,

Louisville Division, about 75 miles east of Terre Haute, and 20 miles south of Indianapolis. It is in an agricultural section and its chief manufactures are agricultural implements, flour and lumber. The value of taxable property is given as $2,000,000; industries, besides those mentioned, canning and light and power; resources of the four banks approximately $1,721,000. It is the seat of Franklin College, founded in 1834 by the Baptist Church, and has also one high and two graded schools. Pop. 4,502.

The

FRANKLIN, Ky., city, county-seat of Simpson County; on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad; about 145 miles southwest of Lexington, and five miles from the boundary line between Kentucky and Tennessee. manufactures are woolen goods, flour, bricks and lumber. The trade is in the agricultural products of the surrounding country, and the manufactures of the town. It is the seat of the Southern Kentucky Sanatorium and the Franklin Female College. Pop. 3,063.

FRANKLIN, La., a town and parish-seat of Saint Mary Parish, 101 miles by rail southwest of New Orleans and 30 miles west of Morgan City, on Teche Bayou, and on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is the centre of a very fertile district, and as the bayou is navigable for steamers, the town has a considerable trade in cotton, sugar, fruits, etc. There are also several saw-mills and sugar refineries located in the town. Pop. 3,857.

FRANKLIN, Mass., town in Norfolk County, 28 miles southwest of Boston, on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The town also includes the village of Unionville. Dean Academy, an endowed co-educational school, is located here, and the town also has an almshouse, a public library and six churches. There are manufactories of pianos, straw, woolen, felt and cotton goods, printing presses, etc. It was originally a part of Wrentham, but in 1778 was separated and incorporated as a separate township. The affairs of the community are administered by town meetings. Pop. 6,440.

FRANKLIN, N. H., a city in Merrimac County, situated at the junction of the Pemigewasset and Winnepesauke rivers, which here unite to form the Merrimac, and on the Boston and Maine Railroad, 95 miles northwest of Boston. Owing to the abundant water power, numerous mills have located here, among which are paper and pulp mills, machine shops, woodworking shops, hosiery and knitting machine mills, woolen mills and one of the largest needle factories in the world. It is famous as the birthplace of Daniel Webster, and on the farm once owned by him now stands the New Hampshire Orphans' Home. The city owns and operates its waterworks. It was incorporated as a town in 1828 and as a city in 1895. A mayor and council administer public affairs.. Pop. 6,132.

FRANKLIN, Ohio, village in Warren County, on the Cincinnati Northern Railroad; Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis; Ohio Electric; the Big Miami River, and the Miami and Erie Canal, 40 miles northeast of Cincinnati. There are several churches, schools, paper mills, wood pulp mills and large tobacco

warehouses. It was founded by Gen. William Schenck in 1796. Pop. 2,659.

FRANKLIN, Pa., a city and county-seat of Venango County, 123 miles north of Pittsburgh, on the Alleghany River, at the mouth of French Creek, and on the Erie, the Pennsylvania, the New York Central and the Franklin and Clarion railroads. The chief business is in. oil, as the city is in the heart of a great oil region. There are large oil refineries, oilwell supplies and railway equipment shops and manufactures of asbestos goods, air compressors, boring machines and drills, carbon papers and office blanks and books, etc. The United States census of manufacturers for 1914 showed within the city limits 45 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 2,002 persons; 1,479 being wage-earners receiving annually a total of $955,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $13,516,000, and the year's output was valued at $10,608,000 of this, $4,999,000 was the value added by manufacture. The city has beautiful parks and a public library, four banks, one high school, one union and five ward schools, one Catholic school; a State armory, city hall, courthouse, etc; the streets are provided with sewers and paved with brick. Franklin was first settled in 1753, and was incorporated in 1795. The government is of the commission form, the mayor and commissioners being elected annually. The value of the taxable property is given as $5,650,000 at about 60 per cent assessment. Pop. 10,250.

FRANKLIN, Tenn., town and county-seat of Williamson County, 20 miles south of Nashville, on the Harpeth River, and on the Louisville and Nashville and Middle Tennessee railroads. The Tennessee Female College, which was established in 1856, and the Battleground Academy are located here, and there are also several public schools and a Masonic Temple. It has flour mills, a furniture factory and a planing mill, several steam cotton gins and carriage manufactories. It was the scene of two battles during the Civil War, the first on 10 April 1863, between the Federal forces under General Granger and the Confederate forces under General Van Dorn, the latter being defeated; the second on 30 Nov. 1864, between the forces of General Hood and those of General Schofield, and which is famous as the Battle of Franklin (q.v.). Pop. 2,924.

FRANKLIN, Battle of. On 12 Nov. 1864 General Sherman turned back from his pursuit of Hood to begin his march from Atlanta to the sea, leaving General Thomas to act on the defensive in Tennessee or to take the offensive in Alabama. Hood was at Florence and Tuscumbia, on the Tennessee River, threatening Nashville, with an army of 44,000 men. Thomas' command, much smaller, was widely distributed from Chattanooga to Nashville. General Schofield Nashville. With the Fourth corps under Genwas at Pulaski, Tenn., 80 miles south of eral Stanley, a part of the 23d corps, under General Cox, and a division of cavalry, Thomas instructed Schofield to delay Hood, should he advance, until the army could be concentrated and Nashville reinforced. On the 21st Hood moved on Schofield's right. Schofield withdrew from Pulaski on the 22d, reached Columbia on the 24th, and remained there until the 27th,

when Hood forced him to withdraw to the north bank of the river. On the 28th Schofield learned that Forrest's Confederate cavalry threatened his line of withdrawal through Spring Hill, 11 miles in his rear, and early on the morning of the 29th all his trains and three divisions of infantry were put in motion for Spring Hill. Stanley led, and arrived at Spring Hill just as Forrest reached it. Stanley checked Forrest and took defensive positions. Hood followed Forrest, and during the night Schofield's entire army passed through Spring Hill, in sight of Hood's bivouac fires, for Franklin, 12 miles distant, which the advance reached before daylight of the 30th. Being unable at once to cross to the north bank of the Harpeth River, Schofield, who was closely followed by Hood, had to fight to save his trains, with a river at his back. He threw up a line of entrenchments, and a division of the Fourth corps under Stanley crossed to the north bank of the river, all those remaining in the works south of it being under command of General Cox. By noon the trains were in, and most of them crossed to the north bank. Not anticipating a general attack, Schofield gave orders for the withdrawal of the troops at sunset. He was mistaken as to the intention of Hood, who had closely followed his rear with Forrest's cavalry, and when Wagner's division, acting as Schofield's rearguard, had halted and thrown up barricades about 280 yards beyond the main line, Hood rapidly advanced his infantry and ordered a desperate assault to drive the Union forces into the river. Two of Wagner's brigades were on either side of the Columbia road; Opdycke's brigade had come into the main line and was massed 200 yards in rear of the entrenchments. Wagner's orders were "to develop the enemy, but not to attempt to fight if threatened by too strong a force." Hood formed his lines with celerity on either side of the Columbia pike, Cleburne's and Brown's divisions of Cheatham's corps on the east and west sides of the road respectively, in two lines of battle. When within 400 yards of Wagner's line, at 3.30 P.M., the charge was ordered and, with a wild shout, they rushed forward. Wagner was enveloped on both flanks and fiercely attacked in front, the Confederates rushed over his barricades and his men gave way in the greatest disorder, closely pursued by the exultant enemy. When within 100 yards of the main line the Union artillery and infantry opened fire. Cleburne, who was leading his division, was shot dead, great gaps were made in the ranks, but the line pressed on, carried the centre of the 23d corps' line for the length of a brigade, went over the works, captured two batteries and many prisoners, reached an inner line of entrenchments, 68 yards in rear of the main line, and here they were checked. Colonel Opdycke, who had massed his brigade in rear, when he saw Wagner's men falling back in disorder, and that the works, in front had been captured, ordered his men forward. Deploying as they advanced, they rushed upon the Confederates, and a desperate hand-to-hand encounter took place, resulting in the retreat of the enemy to the outer line of works, the capture by Opdycke of nearly 400 prisoners and nine battle-flags, and the recovery of the captured batteries. General Thomas says Opdycke's prompt action "saved the day." Meanwhile the battle had ex

tended to the right and left, involving all of the 23d corps and the left brigade of Kimball's division. The Confederates reached the works in many places, but were unable to carry them. On both sides the fighting was most gallant. At midnight the Union army crossed to the north bank of the river and marched to Nashville.

The Union army engaged at Franklin, not including cavalry, numbered about 23,000 men, of whom 189 were killed, 1,033 wounded and 1,104 missing. Of this loss 1,241 were in Wagner's division. The Confederates engaged numbered about 22,000. There are no complete official reports of Hood's losses; as far as figures are available it appears that the Confederates lost 534 in killed, 1,744 wounded and 417 in missing; but Schofield reports that 1,750 were buried on the field, 3,800 were disabled and placed in hospitals and 702 captured, an aggregate of 6,252, to which must be added the slightly wounded, probably 2,000. A controversy arose regarding the responsibility for the heavy losses of the Union forces which was followed by an investigation, resulting in the censure of General Wagner's actions and in his removal from his command at his own request. On the Confederate side General Hood was blamed by many for his severe losses, and, although his superiors held him blameless, he too was relieved at his own request. Franklin, Tenn., was also the scene of various other actions, engagements and skirmishes fought on 9, 12, 26, 27 Dec. 1862; 1 Feb.; 4, 31 March; 9, 10 April; 4 June 1863; 17 Dec. 1864. Consult Cox, J. D., Campaigns of the Civil War: The March to the Sea, Franklin and Nashville' (New York 1882); id., The Battle of Franklin, Tenn.' (New York 1897); Hood, J. B., Advance and Retreat, etc.) (New Orleans 1880); Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., editors, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (4 vols., New York 1884-88); Johnston, J. E., Narrative of Military Operations, etc.) (New York 1874); Shellenberger, J. K., The Battle of Franklin, Tenn., etc. (Cleveland 1916); Speed, T., 'From Columbia to Franklin' (in Southern Bivouac, Vol. III, No. 9, p. 399, Louisville 1885); United States War Department, War of the Rebellion. Official Records' (Series I, Vol. XLV, pt. 1; Series III, Vol. V; Atlas; Washington 189195); Van Horne, T. B., History of the Army of the Cumberland' (2 vols., Cincinnati 1875); id., 'Life of General G. H. Thomas' (New York 1882).

E. A. CARMAN.

FRANKLIN, State of, now Tennessee (q.v.). Twelve years after the Watauga Association was formed (1772), and when four counties west of the present North Carolina had been organized, with some 10,000 people, that State on request of Congress ceded the district to the United States, giving it two years to accept. The inhabitants, already aggrieved at having no Supreme Court or militia protection, and being left to fight the Indians and keep public order without help, and now, feeling abandoned to at least two years' anarchy, decided to revolt, set up a State, and ask Congress for admission. On 23 Aug. 1784 deputies from three counties met at Jonesboro, resolved on measures and issued an address to the people. Each county chose five representa