F

RANCO, frän'ko, Giovanni Battista, Italian painter and etcher, called IL SEMOLEI: b. Udine, 1510; d. Venice, 1580. He visited Rome, where his Venetian manner was much influenced by that of Michelangelo. His best work was done in decorative lines. Upon the victorious entry of Charles V of Spain into Rome in 1536 he embellished the triumphal arch with scenes descriptive of the city's history. His principal canvas is a 'Baptism of Christ' in the Venetian Church of San Francesco della Vigna. etchings, including such plates as 'The Adoration of the Shepherds' and 'The Scourging of Christ' (after Titian), are by many preferred to his paintings, which are criticized for defects of color.

His

FRANCO-GERMAN or FRANCOPRUSSIAN WAR, the stupendous conflict between France and Germany in 1870-71, which resulted in the total defeat of the French, the overthrow of the Napoleonic dynasty, the establishment of the Third Republic in France and the consolidation of Germany into an empire under the leadership of Prussia.

The remote causes of this war are to be sought in the jealousy which had long existed between France and Prussia, and which was strengthened on the side of France by the Prussian defeat of Austria in 1866, which secured to her rival the unquestioned leadership in Germany. The immediate occasion of the war occurred in June 1870, when General Prim, commanding in Spain after the deposition and abdication of Queen Isabella, offered the crown of that country to Leopold of Hohenzollern, a prince belonging to the reigning house of Prussia. It was thought in France that the acceptance of this offer would endanger the balance of power in Europe, and more particularly would threaten the safety of France, by putting Prussia in a position to attack it both in the east and in the south. Accordingly, the government of Napoleon III demanded of the King of Prussia, that he should forbid the candidature of the prince. The prince voluntarily retired from his candidature, but the French ambassador offensively insisted that this renunciation should be formally made by the king and a guarantee given that the candidature would not be revived. This demand was refused and a formal declaration of war by France against Prussia was received by Count Bismarck, the chancellor of the North German Confederation, on the 19th of July. The war was welcomed by

both sides with equal enthusiasm. While the French were the first in getting their troops to the frontier it soon became manifest that instead of being in a complete state of readiness, as the Minister of War had declared, the army was defective in almost everything essential to its equipment.

In contrast to this the arrangements for mobilizing the German army, which had previously been tested in Prussia in 1864 and 1866, were again found to work admirably. Each section of the army was completely organized in the headquarters of the district which it occupied in time of peace and was only sent to the frontiers after being furnished with everything it required. In addition to this, Prussia, against which country alone the war had been declared, was not only joined according to treaty by all the states of the North German Confederation but also by those of the south, upon whose neutrality, perhaps even upon whose alliance, Napoleon and the French had counted. The whole of Germany north and south was thus in arms and was able to muster forces far outnumbering those of the French. While the whole French army brought into the field at the commencement of the war numbered no more than 310,000 men, the troops of the Germans in the field amounted in all to 477,000, to which must be added strong reserves ready, with the exception of such as were necessary to protect the interior and to resist a threatened landing on the north coast by the French fleet, to be brought to the scene of war at any time, giving a total strength on the side of the Germans of more than 1,000,000 men.

The German forces were divided into three armies; the First Army had its headquarters at Trèves under General Steinmetz; the Second Army occupied the Bavarian Palatinate under Prince Frederick Charles; while the Third Army, under the crown prince of Prussia, was stationed in northern Baden. The cavalry of each army, instead of being attached in separate divisions to each of the corps d'armée composing the army, were in this way massed together into one body, and in this formation rendered very important services during the war. The commander-in-chief of the whole forces was King William of Prussia, who was supported by a staff of general officers, with Von Moltke at their head. The French army, under Napoleon himself, had its headquarters at Metz, and two advanced divisions were stationed on the borders of France and Germany, the one in the

north on the Saar, under General Frossard, the other farther south at Weissenburg, under General Douay. The first overt act of war took place on 2 August, in which a part of the northern division of the French army, in the presence of Napoleon and the prince imperial, compelled a few Prussian troops belonging to the First Army, after some hours' firing, to evacuate Saarbrücken. After this Von Moltke assumed the offensive. His plan was to unite the three armies in the line of the Moselle in order to attack the enemy's centre with the view of obtaining the shortest line of operations in the direction of Paris, and in this he was completely successful. On 4 August the army under the crown prince defeated the advanced southern division of the French army at Weissenburg, and on 6 August MacMahon's army at Wörth; on the latter date also the first and second German armies had routed the northern division of the French army at Forbach, with terrible loss on both sides. In two separate armies, commanded respectively by Marshal Bazaine and Marshal MacMahon, the French retreated. To prevent their union Steinmetz and Frederick Charles pursued Bazaine, defeated him at Courcelles on 14 August, at Mars-la-Tour on the 16th, at Gravelotte with awful slaughter on the 18th, and shut him up in Metz. The crown prince and his army following MacMahon advanced to Nancy; there reinforced by a newly formed army under the crown price of Saxony, they advanced on Châlons, where MacMahon's army had been reorganized and strengthened, and was expected to retreat on Paris. Following instructions, however, MacMahon moved northward to make a descent upon Metz and relieve Bazaine. He was overtaken near Beaumont, and on 27 August and on the days immediately succeeding a number of engagements and strategic movements resulted in MacMahon's army being surrounded at Sedan on 1 September by a force of overwhelming numbers. On the following day both army and fortress were forced to capitulate. Forty generals, 4,000 officers of all grades and 84,000 soldiers became prisoners of war. Among the prisoners was Napoleon III, who was unexpectedly found to have been present with the army of MacMahon. On the day after the battle he had a personal interview with King William of Prussia, who assigned to him Wilhelmshöhe, near Cassel, as a place of residence during his captivity.

At the news of this disastrous defeat the Parisians in an outburst of rage demanded the dethronement of the Napoleon dynasty, and on 4 September a republic was proclaimed. A government of national defense presided over by General Trochu, military governor of Paris, was formed, but before any effective measures could be adopted Paris was invested by the Germans on 19 September. A day or two before a delegation from the central government had escaped from Paris and established themselves at Tours, where they were joined on 9 October by Gambetta, who escaped from Paris by balloon. It was some time before the French were able to organize a new army, and in the meantime, 27 September, Strassburg fell into German hands, and on 28 October Metz, which had been invested by the second German army under Prince Frederick Charles, capitulated. By the begin

ning of November war in the open field had been resumed at various points: in the north, in the southeast and on the Loire in the neighborhood of Orleans. The army of the Loire, under Gen. Aurelle de Paladines, compelled the Germans to evacuate Orleans on 7 November, but was unable to follow up this temporary success, and on 4 December and on 12 January was severely defeated by Prince Frederick Charles. The army of the north, under General Faidherbe, which had been hastily formed to attempt the relief of Paris, after many gallant attempts which were checked by the first German army under General Manteuffel, was finally defeated at Saint Quentin on 19 January. In the east and southeast the results were equally disastrous to the French. General Werder defeated the French troops under Cambriels in the Vosges, the irregular forces under Garibaldi in Burgundy, and at Héricourt on the Lisaine on 15, 16 and 17 January kept in check the army of Bourbaki until the approach of Manteuffel compelled Bourbaki and 84,000 troops to escape into Switzerland, where they were disarmed and remained till the conclusion of the war.

Meanwhile Paris had held out for a much longer period than even the most sanguine on the side of the French had expected. Desperate sallies were frequently made, but not in sufficient strength to have any decisive effect. On the failure of the last sally, on 19 January, General Trochu resigned and was succeeded by Lefló as head of the government of defense, and by General Vinoy as commander of the troops of Paris. But by this time the city was at the point of starvation, and after a three weeks' bombardment was in such a desperate condition that the government could no longer help seeing that a capitulation was inevitable. The terms were settled on 28 January, the chief being that all the forts around Paris should be immediately handed over to the Germans, and that the city should pay a contribution of 200,000,000 francs ($40,000,000). An armistice of three weeks was at the same time concluded, to allow of the election and assembling of a National assembly to decide upon war and peace. This armistice, however, was not to extend to the scene of war in the southeast until a separate arrangement had been made regarding it. Here the fortress of Belfort still held out, but at last, on 16 February, it agreed to capitulate. The garrison, on account of its gallant defense, was allowed to march out with full military honors. On the same day the armistice became general. The fortress of Bitsch in the department of Moselle, did not surrender till after the conclusion of the preliminaries of peace.

The elections for the assembly had taken place on the 8th; it met at Bordeaux, and on the 17th appointed M. Thiers head of the executive; and on the 21st he arrived at Versailles with a diplomatic commission to negotiate for peace. After the armistice had been thrice prolonged the preliminaries of peace were signed at Versailles on 26 February and accepted by the assembly at Bordeaux on 1 March. On the same day the German troops entered Paris; on 18 January King William, who had taken up his residence at Versailles, had by acclamation been proclaimed Emperor of Germany. The principal terms of peace were: (1) That France should

cede to Germany one-fifth part of Lorraine, including Metz, together with the whole of Alsace except Belfort and the surrounding district. (2) That France should pay to Germany a war indemnity of 5,000,000,000 francs ($1,000,000,000). (3) That certain departments of France should remain in the occupation of the Germans and should not be fully evacuated until after the payment of the whole indemnity. The definite treaty of peace, which was signed at Frankfort on 10 May and ratified on the 21st, confirmed in all essential particulars the preliminaries of Versailles. The last instalment of the war indemnity was paid on 5 Sept. 1873, and France was completely evacuated by the Germans on the 13th of the same month.

Bibliography.- Consult the French official account, La Guerre de 1870-71) (Paris 1902); the German official account, Der Deutschfranzösische Krieg, 1870-71) (Berlin 1874–81); Von Moltke, 'The Franco-Prussian War, 187071,' translated by Forbes (London 1893); Chuquet, 'La Guerre de 1870-71 (Paris 1895); Herstlet, The Map of Europe by Treaty' (Vol. III, London 1891); F. B. Maurice's contribution in Vol. XI of the Cambridge Modern History, with its exhaustive bibliography; Sohel, 'Histoire Diplomatique de la guerre Francoallemande (Paris 1875); Valfrey, 'Histoire du traite de Francfort) (Paris 1874-75); and the work of the United States ambassador, 'Recollections of a Minister to France' (New York 1887).

FRANÇOIS, frän-swä, Kurt von, German explorer: b. Luxemburg, 1852. After active service in the Franco-Prussian War, he joined, with the rank of lieutenant, the Wissmann expedition to explore the river Kassai, a tributary of the Kongo, and subsequently published In the Interior of Africa, the Exploration of the Kassai.' He then explored with Grenfell two southern tributaries of the Kongo and published his 'Exploration of the Tschuapa and Lulongo (1888). He was on his return promoted to be leader of an expedition which the government despatched to the colony of Togo, and accompanied the military expedition into South Africa. His maps of regions visited and historical accounts of colonization there are of value to the student of African affairs.

FRANÇOIS, Louise von, German novelist: b. Herzburg, Saxony, 27 June 1817; d. Weissenfels, 24 Sept. 1893. Her first important story, The Last Reckenburgerin' (1871), was very warmly praised by the critics for its power in character delineation; it was followed by Frau Erdmuthen's Twin Boys' (1872); Climacteric Years of a Lucky Fellow' (1877); Judith the Housekeeper) (1878), a peasant counterpart to 'The Last Reckenburgerin,’ and next after that her best story. She wrote a Popular History of the Prussian War of Liberation, 1813-15'; and a comedy, 'Woman's Station (1882).

FRANÇOIS DE NEUFCHATEAU, nèf'chǎ-to', Nicolas Louis François, COUNT; French poet and statesman: b. Lorraine, 1750; d. Paris, 1828. He was educated at the Jesuit College of Neufchâteau, and received this name in 1765 when a volume of poetry published by him attained considerable vogue. In 1770 he

was appointed professor of rhetoric at Toul, and. in 1783-88 he was procureur général in San Domingo. Later he was deputy to the National assembly and to the legislative assembly, of which he became secretary and was for a time its president. He published, in 1793, a comedy entitled 'Paméla, ou la vertu recompensée which led to his imprisonment. In 1797 under the Directory he was Minister of the Interior, and during his tenure did much for inland navigation and for industrial exhibitions. He was president of the Senate in 180406, and after 1815 retired from politics. Other volumes by him are 'Fables et contes en vers' (1814); and 'Les trois nuits d'un goutteux' (1819). He wrote also many articles on agriculture and miscellaneous subjects and translations. Consult Lamoureux, 'Nicolas Louis François de Neufchâteau' (Paris 1843), and Simian, 'François de Neufchâteau et les expositions (ib. 1889).

FRANCOLIN, a kind of small partridge belonging to the genus Francolinus of the family Phasianidæ of Africa and southern Asia, much resembling the American bobwhite in behavior. One species (Francolinus vulgaris) used to be common in the south of Europe, but has been exterminated.

FRANCONIA, Germany, a district lying to the east of the Rhine, and traversed by the Main. After the dismemberment of the Carlovingian empire this district became attached to the German division, and ultimately formed one of the grand-duchies of Germany. Between 1024 and 1125 it furnished a series of emperors to Germany. (See GERMANY, History). It was one of the 10 circles into which the empire was divided by Maximilian I in 1512. Its capital was Nuremberg. In 1806 it was partitioned among Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse-Cassel, the Saxon duchies and Bavaria. The last received the largest share, and still retains the name in the three circles of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia. (1) Upper Franconia has an area of 2,702 square miles and pop. 661,126. Bayreuth is the capital. (2) Middle Franconia has an area of 2,925 square miles and pop. 929,985. The capital is Anspach. (3) Lower Franconia has an area of 3,243 square miles and pop. 709,832, Würzburg is the capital. The name of Franconia has been rendered familiar to the traveler and the geologist by its picturesque scenery, which has procured for part of it the name of Franconian Switzerland, and by its caverns, filled with fossil bones, among the most remarkable of which is König Ludwig's Höhle (King Louis' Cave), between Bayreuth and Muggendorf.

FRANCONIA MOUNTAINS. See WHITE MOUNTAINS.

FRANCS-TIREURS, frän'-tē'rèr' (Fr., free shooters; "snipers"), name given to bands of French soldiers whose exploits came into general notice during the Franco-German War of 1870-71. They originated in 1867-70 when military societies sprang up in northern France. They were not well organized at first, and waged an irregular warfare against small enemy detachments, lines of communication, etc. The Germans refused to recognize them as belligerents of military standing, and when captured they were summarily executed,

In November 1870, they were incorporated with the regular army, became better organized, and co-operated in the movements of the regular army. They continued to wage a guerilla warfare for some time after the main bodies of French troops had been defeated and captured. The most spectacular exploit of this corps was the destruction of the Moselle Railway Bridge on 21 Jan. 1871. Consult Saint Etienne, Les Chasseurs des Vosges' (Toul 1906). See FRANCE; ARMY.

FRANCUCCI, frän-koo'-chẽ, Innocenzo. See IMOLA, INNOCENZA DA.

She The

FRANEKER, frä'ne-ker, a town in Friesland, Netherlands, once the residence of the Frisian nobles, whose castles were numerous. Here lived and died the Belgian mystic Antoinette Bourignon: b. 13 Jan. 1616; d. 30 Oct. 1680, whose writings excited theologians in Europe for over a century, and with whom William Penn was in correspondence. was a follower of Jean de Labadie. plantarium, in the town hall, made by Eise Elsinga (1774-1881) shows the movements of the heavenly bodies. Here are the botanical specimens, from the famous university founded in 1585, which was suppressed by Napoleon in 1811, for its ultra-democratic proclivities. The same building contains portraits of several British scholars who came later to America, one of them being that of Amesius (Prof. William Ames, 1576-1633), whose 'Marrow of Theology is still read in Holland and Scotland. "Few Englishmen have exercised formative and controlling an influence on European thought as Ames." He died in Rotterdam, but his wife, son and daughter and his valuable library reached New England. At Franeker University, before 1780, the agitation began which led to the recognition of the United States as a nation, expressed in writing, oratory and a great torchlight procession in honor of the young republic beyond the Atlantic. Consult Boeles, Friesland's Hooge School (1878); and Griffis, 'The American in Holland (1899).

SO

FRANGIPANI, frän'je-pä'nē, (1) illustrious Roman family, founded in 1014 by Leo Frangipani and which reached the zenith of its power in the 11th and 12th centuries. Its castles and fortresses were in the neighborhood of the Arch of Titus and the Coliseum. The family was a rival of the powerful house of the Pierleoni, and their differences caused repeated troubles to both the State and the Church. The Frangipani were for long partisans of the emperor but later espoused the papal cause. (2) A noble family of Croatia, distinguished for its services in the struggle against the Turks. The most celebrated members of this family were John Frangipani, who in 1390 was Ban of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia, and Christopher Frangipani who fought at Mohács in 1526. Francis Frangipani joined in a conspiracy against Leopold I in 1670 with the object of restricting Germanic influence in Hungary and of spreading that of the Magyar. The conspiracy being detected Francis paid the penalty with his life in 1671. Consult Gregorovius, 'Rome in the Middle Ages (London 1896–97).

FRANGULA, the bark of Rhamnus Frangula, used in medicine as a purgative.

FRANGULIN (CHO), a dyestuff extracted from the root, bark, fruit and seed of the alder buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula). It is a bright yellow silky, crystalline mass, without taste or smell, which fuses on heating, and can be sublimed in golden needles. It is not soluble in water, and though soluble in hot alcohol separates very completely on cooling. It dissolves in alkalies with a purple color, and is decomposed by sulphuric acid with a succession of colors. It forms lakes with metallic hydrates, and dyes silk, wool and cotton. In its chemical constitution it is a glucoside, and it is probably the same as cascara sagrada.

FRANK, fränk, Jacob (properly Lebowicz), Jewish pseudo-Messiah: b. Galicia, 1720; d. 10 Dec. 1791. The name Frank was obtained during travel in the east from the Turks, who employed the word as a generic term for an European. Originally a distiller, he settled, after his eastern journey, in Podolia, where he professed himself a second Messiah, basing his teachings, in opposition to the Talmud, on the Sohar, the source of the Cabbala. An outcome of the Messianic mysticism of Sabbetai Zebi, in the middle of the 18th century, he started the movement, in behalf of spiritual freedom, so he claimed, but the moral laxity which followed alarmed the rabbinical authorities, who were unable to suppress the agitation. He was imprisoned by the Poles for a number of years, but was set free by the Russians after their invasion of Poland. He then removed to Offenbach, a small city near Frankfort-on-Main, where he lived regally on the gifts of adherents and finally became a Roman Catholic. His death by apoplexy broke down popular belief in his immortality, but for a number of years his daughter succeeded in continuing the existence of the Frankist beliefs. The sect of Frankists persisted for some time in Poland, Turkey and Moldavia, its tenets being a Judaized form of the Roman Catholic faith. Consult Grätz, H., Frank und die Frankisten' (Breslau 1868); id., 'History of the Jews' (Vol. V, Philadelphia 1895) Kraushaar, A., Frank i Frankisci Polsky) (2 vols., Cracow 1895); Morfill, W. R., Frank and the Polish Frankists) (in Academy, Vol. XLIX, p. 73, London 1895); Przyborowski, W., 'Historya Franka i Frankistow (Cracow 1893).

FRANK, Johann Peter, German physician: b. Rothalben, Bavaria, 1745; d. 1821. He studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg and Strassburg, was professor at Pavia 1785-95, when he was made director of the Vienna General Hospital, where he remained until 1804. Afterward he was for a short time professor of medicine at Vilna, Russia, and was physician in ordinary to Tsar Alexander I. He returned to Vienna in 1808. He exerted a wide influence upon the development of medical practice in Lombardy, Austria and Russia. He made great improvements in public sanitation methods, wrote much on this subject and has been called the founder of modern sanitation. A good deal of the legislation on this subject is based on his recommendations. His principal works are 'System einer vollständigen medizinschen Polizeri (6 vols., 1779-1819; supplement, 3 vols., 1812-27; trans. into Italian 1808-30); 'De Curandis Hominum Morbis

Epitome (6 vols., 1792-1821; German trans., 3d ed., 1840-41); System der landwirschaftlichen Polizei (1789-91); Selbstbiographie' (1802). Consult Seiler, Peter Frank) (Dresden 1895).

FRANKALMOIGNE, frank'ål-moin', form of feudal tenure whereby lands were held by religious houses or persons for charitable purposes. By the ancient common law of England, a man could not alien lands which came to him by descent without the consent of his heir, but he might give a part to God in free alms. It was an old Saxon tenure and was continued under Norman rule. This is the tenure by which almost all the ancient monasteries and religious houses held their lands, and by which the parochial clergy and very many ecclesiastical foundations hold them at this day in England. See FEUDALISM; TENURE.

FRANKAU, fränk'ow, Mrs. Julia. See DANBY, FRANK.

as

FRANKEL, Zacharias, German Jewish theologian: b. Prague, 1 Oct. 1801; d. Breslau, 13 Feb. 1875. He was eminent for his work in rabbinical jurisprudence; as magazine editor (1844-46, 1851-68) promoting the study of Jewish history and Semitic lore, and director of the Breslau Seminary (1854-74), which he made the most famous in his day. He was the leader of what was termed the positive historical school, and exerted a powerful influence against obscurantism and radicalism. His works include The Jewish Oath, in its Theological and Historical Relations' (1840-47); 'Studies on the Septuagint' (1841); Introduction to the Mishnah (in Hebrew, 1860), and Introduction to the Palestinian Talmud' (1870).

FRANKENBERG, Germany, town of Saxony, 32 miles southwest of Dresden, an important industrial centre. It manufactures cottons, woolens, carpets, silks, dyes, furniture, castings, machinery, cigars and draperies, and has the largest calico-printing works in Saxony. It contains a gymnasium, trade school, textile school and a teachers' seminary. In the neighborhood are many ruined castles and churches, at one of which is a memorial iron cross to the poet Körner. Pop. 13,576.

FRANKENHAUSEN, fränk'en-how'sen, Germany, town of the principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 27 miles northwest of Weimar, on the Wipper. There is a gymnasium, a technical institute, and a teachers' seminary. It manufactures cigars, sugar and articles of mother-of-pearl and contains productive salt springs. Its baths are famed for curing scrofula. There are mines of lignite, and sandstone quarries in the neighborhood. Nearby also is the Barbarossa cave, discovered in 1865. Here on 15 May 1525 the Brunswick, Hessian and Saxon forces defeated the insurrection of the peasants led by Münzer. Pop. 6,600.

FRANKENSTEIN, fränk'en-stin. The famous romance of 'Frankenstein' was begun by Mrs. Shelley in the summer of 1816, while she was staying with her husband the poet, Lord Byron and another friend in Switzerland by Lake Geneva; it was completed at Marlow, in England, the next year and published in 1818. On wet evenings the little Swiss party of four used to read German ghost stories; and at the

suggestion of Byron, they entered into a halfserious compact that each should write one for the amusement of the company. Only Mrs. Shelley quite fulfilled the engagement. The outline of her story came to her in a dreamthat is, in a horrible nightmare - one night after she had been greatly excited by a conversation between Byron and her husband over the possibility of creating and endowing a being with life. This problem Frankenstein, a young student in chemistry and anatomy, succeeds in solving. But the creature whom he builds up in his laboratory and infuses with life turns out to be a huge male monster eight feet in height, with long ragged hair, and rolling, blood-shot eyes, and yellow features so distorted and loathsome that no one can look upon them an instant without a scream of terror. Cut off from all association with mankind, the hideous giant resolves upon war against the whole human species and above all others against the man who had formed him and sent him forth to unsupportable misery. One by one he slays, or brings to death from grief, all the members of Frankenstein's family and all his dearest friends including his bride. At last, Frankenstein, unable to overtake and kill the being fashioned by his hands, dies of exhaustion and remorse; and the monster, repentant for his crimes, disappears in the darkness of the northern seas.

In this romance, Mrs. Shelley reached the goal for which she set out- which was to write as horrible a tale as she had ever read. In her own words: "One which would speak to the mysterious fears of our nature, and awaken thrilling horror - one to make the reader dread to look round, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart." She also lived to know that she had added a new word to the English language. Frankenstein is now a synonym for a man whose own works bring him to disaster or destruction. And as the monster of the romance bears no name, the name of his creator has been often transferred to him so that "a Frankenstein" has come also to signify, in popular usage, a being of the most appalling ugliness and brutality, having no trace of the moral sense whatever.

WILBUR L. CROSS. FRANKENTHAL, fränk'en-täl, Germany, a manufacturing city of the Bavarian Palatinate, 10 miles northwest of Mannheim near the Rhine. It has machine shops, iron foundries and sugar refineries, manufactories of dynamos, machinery, boilers, cooperage works, corks, toys, soap, bells and cement works. A canal connects it with the Rhine. The town dates from the 8th century. Its abbey church, dating from 1119, is the chief object of interest. The town erected a monument to those who took part in the war against Napoleon I. Pop. 18,779.

FRANKFORT, Ind., city and county-seat of Clinton County; on the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville (Monon), Lake Erie and Western, Toledo, Saint Louis and Western (Clover Leaf), and the Pennsylvania railroads (including a new double-track road, Indianapolis to Frankfort), and the Terre Haute, Indianapolis and Eastern and Kokomo, Marion and Western traction lines; 47 miles northwest of Indianapolis and 91 miles southwest of Fort Wayne. It is situated in an agricultural section and its chief manufactures are flour, butter,