Loewy, (M.,) Fr. astronomer, b. 1833; one of the principal of 1,000,000 foreigners from every quarter of the globe. It assistants in the Paris Observatory, well known for his inven- contains more Roman Catholics than Rome itself, more Jews tion of the Equatorial-condé, or Elbow-equatorial, in which, than the whole of Palestine, more Irish than Belfast, more in its various forms, the observer remains seated at the upper Scotchmen than Aberdeen, and more Welshmen than Cardiff. end of the polar axis of the telescope, as if he were working Its beer shops and gin places are so numerous that their frontwith a microscope on a table, while he has under immediate ages, if placed side by side, would stretch from Charing Cross control the means of directing his view to any part of the to Chichester, a distance of 62 m. The Thames at L. is crossed heavens. He has also devised improved methods of determin- by the following bridges: The Tower Bridge, London Bridge, ing the constants of astronomical refraction and aberration. South-eastern R.R. Bridge, Southwark Bridge, Chatham and Lo'gan, (JOHN ALEXANDER,) an Amer, soldier and states- Dover R.R. Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, Waterloo Bridge, man, was b. in Ill. 1826. The Mexican war broke out when Charing Cross R.R. and Foot Bridge, Westminster Bridge, L. was but 20 yrs. of age, and he at once enlisted and was Lambeth Bridge, Vauxhall Bridge, Pimlico R.R. Bridge, Chel made a lieutenant in one of the Ill. regiments. He returned sea Suspension Bridge, Cadogan or Albert Bridge, Battersea home with an excellent military record, and commenced the Bridge, West London R.R. Bridge, Putney Bridge, and Hamstudy of law in the office of his uncle, Alexander M. Jenkins, mersmith Bridge. The streets of L., extending, with lanes who had formerly been lieutenant-governor of the State. In and courts, nearly 30,000 m. in aggregate 1., depend mainly 1849, before he had completed his law course, he was elected for their direction on the course of the Thames; the principal Clerk of Jackson Co., and at the expiration of his term went of them being nearly E. and W. Regent Street and the Quadto Louisville, Ky., where he attended law lectures, and was rant form the finest streets for general effect; but the most admitted to the bar in the spring of 1851. In the fall of the palatial street is Pall Mall, owing to the number of club-houses same yr. he was elected to represent Jackson and Franklin situated there, most of which are fine buildings. Among the Counties in the Legislature, and from that time was almost un- buildings belonging to the crown or to the nation the following interruptedly in the public service, either civil or military. are the principal: St. James's Palace, an irregular and ineleEven before he went to the Legislature he had been made gant cluster of buildings, used for court purposes, but not as prosecuting attorney for the third judicial district of his State, the Queen's residence. Buckingham Palace, the Queen's L. and it was his success in that capacity and his evident sterling residence, a large but low quadrangular mass, with very inpersonal qualities which first drew attention to him. He was adequate accommodation. Marlborough House, the residence twice re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1856 was a Democratic of the Prince and Princess of Wales. Kensington Palace, ocpresidential elector. He enlisted on th outbreak of the civil cupied partly by royalty, partly by recipients of court favor. war, and rose to the rank of major-general, being distinguished Houses of Parliament, a vast structure, which has cost £3,000,throughout the struggle for valor and patriotism; electel U. S. 000; perhaps the finest, and certainly the largest, Gothic buildsenator from Ill. 1871-77-83-89; was nominated for the vice- ing in the world applied to civil purposes; the river-front is presidency on the ticket headed by James G. Blaine, 1884, 900 ft. 1. Westminster Hall, a noble old structure, of which but was defeated. He d. Dec. 26, 1886. the main hall is 290 ft. by 68, and 110 h. Somerset House, Lo'gansport, a city, cap. of Cass Co., Ind., at the conflu- a quadrangular structure with a river frontage of 600 ft., is ence of the Wabash and Eel Rivers, 100 m. S.-E. of Chicago, mostly occupied by government offices. The Admiralty, and 70 m. N. of Indianapolis. It is an important R.R. and noticeable chiefly for the screen in front of the courtyard. The agricultural centre, and has ample water-power. Its manufac- Horse Guards, the official residence of the commander-in-chief, turing industries include flour, paper, pumps, galvanized-iron with an arched entrance to St. James's Park. The Treasury, works, linseed oil, carriages, and agricultural implements. It is the seat of a Universalist college, a college for women, a Roman Catholic academy, and 9 public school buildings. There are daily and weekly papers, several banks, electric lights and railways, and an improved water system. There is a large trade by rail, in grain, lumber, pork, and other agricultural products. Pop. (1890) 13,328. Lon'don, the cap. of the British Empire, stands on both banks of the Thames, about 60 m. from the sea. Under the names Londinium, Londinum, and Augusta it was one of the chief stations of the Romans in Britain. They encircled a portion of what is now the city with a wall, which was rebuilt and extended in later ages. The great fire of 1666, and continual reconstructions in later ages, have nearly obliterated all traces of the old wall. The seven gates which pierced it are entirely gone, Temple Bar being merely one of the outer bars or suburban gates; and this also has now been removed, and its site marked by a memorial monument. It is almost impossible to say what is the size of L., because there is no boundary wall nor any definite number of surrounding villages and parishes included within it. "L. within the walls," the original city, comprises only 370 acres "L. without the walls" comprises 230 acres; then there are the city of Westminster and the borough of Southwark; the "Tower Hamlets," comprising Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, Stepney, Mile End, Poplar, Blackwall, etc.; the N. suburbs of Marylebone, Portland Town, Camden and Kentish Towns, St. Pancras, Hampstead, Islington, Dalston, Clapton, Hackney, etc.; the W. suburbs of Kensington, Chelsea, Pimlico, Tyburnia, Notting Hill, Bayswater, Westbourne, Fulham, Paddington, etc.: many parishes in the center, but westward of the city: Bermondsey, Lambeth, Newington, Wandsworth, Kennington, Stockwell, Brixton, Clapham, Camberwell, Peckham, Rotherhithe, etc., in Surrey; and Deptford, Green wich, Penge, Hatcham, Blackheath, Lewisham, Lee, etc., in Kent. The Post-office L. is larger than the Parliamentary L., and the Police L. is larger than either. It is usual, however, now to take, as the limit of L., the area under the operation of the "Metropolis Local Government Act," which is also adopted by the registrar-general for the census and for the tables of mortality; it is nearly identical with the area under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, and with that under the control of the London School Board, (established by the Education Act of 1870.) The area of the metropolis proper, as thus defined, is about 78,200 acres, equal to 122 sq. m. Pop. 4,211,056. From the computations of authorities, however, it appears that L. (with all suburbs) covers within the 15 m. radius of Charing Cross nearly 700 sq. m. It numbers within these boundaries about 5,000,000 people. It contains more country-born persons than the counties of Devon and Gloucester combined, or 37 per cent, of its entire population. Every four minutes a birth takes place in the metropolis, and every six minutes a death. Within the circle already named there are added to the population 205 persons every day, and 75,000 annually. L. has many thousand miles of streets, and on an average 28 m. of new streets are opened and 9,000 new houses built every yr. The metropolis comprises considerably upward the Home Office, the Privy Council Office, and the Board of 1364; (56) salters, 1880; (57) scriveners, 1617; (58) ship- souls of the king, the queen, the Duke of York, and the rest wrights, 1880; (59) skinners, 1828; (60) spectacle-makers, of the royal family. Funds were provided for a payment not 1629; (61) stationers, 1357; (62) tallow-chandlers, 1462; (63) exceeding 38. 4d. from each person upon admission, and by tin-plate workers, 1670; (64) turners, 1604; (65) tilers and fines inflicted upon pretenders to minstrelsy or upon delinquents bricklayers, 1568; (66) upholders, (upholsterers,) 1495; (67) for irregularities or indifferent performance. The religious vintners, 1364; (68) watermen's, 1514; (69) wax-chandlers, element entered largely into the constitution of many of these 1330; (70) weavers, 1158; (71) wheelwrights, 1670; (72) companies, and they were founded, to quote the words of an woolmen's, 1335. The musicians' company was originally old ordinance of the grocers' company, for advancing the honor instituted as a guild or fraternity of minstrels by King Edward of God and of his holy Church and enlarging the hour of Map of the City of London and its Suburbs, showing centering Railroads and all Stations, IV., in the 9th yr. of The court of the company | charity. The his reign. books of the same company, early in the reign of was formed of musicians in the service of the king, who had Edward III., contain an account of its origin as a chartered also been in that of his predecessor, Henry VI. The master, who was then called the Marshal," held his appointment for life, and his two wardens were elected annually. Power was given to examine the qualifications of all public performers, and to silence the incompetent. The guild was attached to the Chapel of the Virgin, under St. Paul's Cathedral. It was to keep wax tapers burning, and to pray for the health and for the corporation, and it is told in quaint Norman French how, "in the honor of God and of his blessed Mother and of St. Anthony, and all the saints," 22 grocers met together and formed themselves into a trading society, their first duty being to appoint a chaplain. Of late yrs. it is asserted that they have deemed it to be their first duty to appoint a cook, as the duties of a chaplain, when they have one, are confined to grace before and after meat. The banks in L., either private or joint-stock, are about 200 in number, many of which have two or more banking-houses. There are about as many insurance offices; some for life only, some for fire only, some for life and fire. The buildings for these banks and insurance offices are among the best in L. The Bank of England, built by Sir John Soane, gives employment to about 1,000 clerks, etc. The Royal Exchange, the Corn Exchange, the Coal Exchange, and Hop and Malt Exchange are convenient for their purposes. The Stock Exchange, near the bank, is nearly hidden from view. The warehouses and docks for foreign and colonial produce lie chiefly eastward of the city; while the wholesale establishments for textile goods occupy enormous buildings in the neighborhood of Cheapside and St. Paul's Churchyard. Most of the large manufacturing establishments lie either eastward or southward, the center and the W. of the metropolis being engaged in selling rather than in making. L. is the seat of a bishopric, which comprises about 320 benefices. The income of the bishop is £10,000 a yr. St. Paul's is the cathedral for the diocese; it is situated at the E. end of Ludgate Hill, extending to Cheapside, and was built by Sir Christopher Wren, (1675-1710.) It is in the form of a cross, is 514 ft. 1. by 286 w.; the cross, which surmounts the ball over the dome, is 404 ft. above the marble pavement below. St. Paul's contains many monuments to illustrious persons. Westminster Abbey, also cruciform, is 530 ft. in extreme outer 1., by 220 in w. ; the W. towers are 225 ft. h. Henry VII.'s Chapel, at the E. end, is a beautiful example of enriched Gothic. The miraculous stories concerning this pile of buildings were questioned by Sir the foundation celebrated Dec. 28, 1865. Another interest ing pile is the Tower of London, on Tower Hill, frouting on the river. The tradition that Julius Cæsar founded a citadel here is very doubtful. A royal palace, consisting of no more than what is now called the White Tower, which appears to have been first marked out by William the Conqueror, 1076, was commenced in 1078, and completed by his son William Rufus, who, in 1088, surrounded it with walls and a broad deep ditch. Several succeeding princes made additions to it, and King Edward III. built the church. In 1638 the White Tower was rebuilt; and since the restoration of King Charles II. it has been thoroughly repaired, and a great number of additional buildings made to it. Here are the armory, jewel-office, and various other divisions and buildings of peculiar interest; and here took place many executions of illustrious persons, and many murders, (King Henry IV., 1471; King Edward V. and his brother, 1485; Sir Thomas Overbury, 1613.) The armory and 280,000 stand of arms, etc., were destroyed by fire Oct. 30, 1831. The "New Buildings" in the Tower were completed in 1850. Of schools of all kinds there are in L. about 2,000, including private, parochial, ragged, church and chapel, national, British, free, grammar, and ratepayers' board schools. Many small and inefficient private schools have lately been closed as a consequence of the opening of good public schools. The chief educational establishments are London University, King's Coll., University Coll., Gordon Coll., Regent's Park Coll., New Coll., Wesleyan Coll., Hackney Coll., Training Coll., belonging to the National, British and Foreign, and Home and Colonial School Societies, Westminster School, St. Christopher Wren, who was employed to survey the present edifice, and who, upon close examination, found nothing to countenance the belief that it was erected on the ruins of a pagan temple. Historians have fixed the era of the first abbey in the 6th c., and ascribed to Sebert the honor of erecting it. The church, becoming ruinous, was splendidly rebuilt by Edward the Confessor (1055-65) and filled with monks from Exeter. (Pope Nicholas II. constituted it the place for the inauguration of the kings of England.) Dedicated Dec. 28, 1065; the church once more built in a magnificent and beautiful style by Henry III. about 1220; in the reigns of Edward II., Edward III., and Richard II. the great cloisters, abbot's house, and the principal monastic buildings were erected. The W. parts of the nave and aisles rebuilt between 1340 and 1483; the W. front and the great window were built by the rival princes Richard III. and Henry VII.; and it was the latter monarch who commenced the beautiful chapel which bears his name, the first stone of which was laid Jan. 24, 1502-3; the abbey dissolved and made a bishopric 1541; finally made a collegiate church by Elizabeth 1560; made a barrack for soldiers July, 1643; the great W. window and the W. towers rebuilt in the reigns of George I. and II., 1714-60; the choir injured by fire July 9, 1803; Mr. Wyatt commenced restoring the dilapidated parts, at an expense of £42,000, in 1809; a fire, without any serious injury, April 27, 1829; the evening services for the working classes, when a sermon was preached by the dean, Dr. Trench, commenced on Jan. 3, 1858; the 800th anniversary of Paul's School, Charter-house School, Christ Hospital, or the "Blue-coat School," the Gray and Green Coat Schools, Merchant Taylors' School, Mercers' Grammar School, City of Lon don School, and two ladies' colleges. The new schools which have been built by the London School Board are large and handsome. There are about 70 alms-houses in L. Of the open places in the metropolis the parks are the most important. Hyde Park, St. James's Park, the Green Park, Regent's Park, Victoria Park, Kensington Park, Finsbury Park, Southwark Park, Kennington Park, Battersea Park, and Alexandra Park are purposely kept out of the builder's hands; they are most valuable as lungs" to L. Primrose Hill, Greenwich Park, and Hampstead Heath may be included in the number. The Zoological Gardens, Horticultural Gardens, and Botanic Gardens are beautiful places, belonging to private societies. The cemeteries, substitutes for the old church-yards, are at Highgate, Finchley, Stoke Newington, Mile End, Kensal Green, Bethnal Green, Brompton, Nunhead, Colney Hatch, Camberwell, Norwood, etc. Of places of amusement, there are three operahouses, about 30 theaters, 12 music-halls and concert rooms of large dimensions, (including Albert Hall,) a much larger num ber of smaller size, and very numerous exhibition-rooms of various kinds, of which the Annual International Exhibition building at South Kensington was opened in 1871. Of public columns and statues in open places, L. contains a smaller number than is due to its size. The chief are the following: The Albert Memorial, Hyde Park; the Monument, Fish Street Hill; |