Broad'stairs, quiet watering-place in Kent, Eng., 2 m. E.-N.-E. of Ramsgate. The church dates from the 12th c. Near B. is a noble orphanage. Pop. 4,322.

Broca, (PAUL,) an eminent Fr. anthropologist, b. 1824, d. 1880 studied medicine and became Prof. of Pathology at Paris, and famous as a surgeon; was founder of the Anthropological Society of Paris; founder of the Anthropological Institute or School, and founder and editor of the Anthropological Review; wrote several monographs, as on strangulation and hernia, on aneurisms, on anesthesia, on abscesses, on hybrids, and on various anthropological subjects; was leader of the evolutionist school in France; in the last yrs. of his life he was made a life-member of the Senate.

Brock'port, post-village in Monroe Co., N. Y., on the Erie Canal, 18 in. W. of Rochester, 59 m. E. of Niagara Falls by the New York Central and Hudson River R.R. It is noted for its manufacture of pumps, reapers and mowers, flour, lumber, etc. It contains 7 or 8 churches, a State Normal School, 2 banks, and 2 weekly papers. Pop. 3,724.

Brock'ton, post-village in Plymouth Co., Mass., 20 m. S. of Boston by the Old Colony R.R. It was formerly called North Bridgewater, and was the first of the three Bridgewaters that have sprung from the old Bridgewater township. It is considered the largest, most enterprising and wealthy town in the county. Its manufacturing interests are important, the making of boots and shoes being the chief industry, besides which there are manufactures of furniture, carriages, etc. Pop. 27,294.

Bronzed-skin, a peculiar discoloration of the skin frequently associated with Addison's disease, which is a disease of the supra-renal capsules.

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East River. Between B. and New York there are numerous ferries of 3 of a m. in w., on which ply steam-boats constantly day and night. B. is connected with New York by a suspension-bridge, nearly a m. l., 135 ft. above the water, called East River Bridge. B. was founded by the Dutch in 1625, and in 1776 its neighborhood was one of the principal seats of the Revolutionary War. Occupying comparatively elevated ground. B. commands a complete view of the adjacent waters and their shores, while, notwithstanding its inequalities of surface, it consists chiefly of straight streets, crossing each other at right angles. B. has a very large number of churches, (whence it was called the "City of Churches,") several flourishing banks, various literary institutions, and numerous seminaries of education. It has an immense trade in grain, the warehouses being capable of holding about 12,000,000 bushels. It possesses a national navy-yard, which embraces 45 acres of land, and magnificent docks, including a wet dock for the largest vessels, the most extensive in the Union. Pop. 806,343; State Census of 1892, 953,901.

Brooks, (CHARLES TIMOTHY,) an Amer. Unit. minister, b. 1813, d. 1883. He was graduated at Harvard 1832; made numerous translations from different German authors; among them are: Schiller's William Tell, (1838;) Homage of the Arts, (1847;) German Lyrics, (1853;) and Goethe's Faust, (1856.) He is also author of Aquidneck, (1848;) The Controversy touching the Old Stone Mill, (1851;) Songs of Field and Flood, (1854;) a collection of sermons, etc.

Brooks, (JABEZ, D.D.,) a famous Amer. educator; professor in the University of Minnesota.

Brook Farm Association, a community which originated 1841, with William Henry Channing, George Ripley, and Sophia, his wife, with whom were united from time to time George William Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore Parker, Charles Anderson Dana, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and other personages of a philosophic turn of mind. It started as an expression of the transcendentalism then attracting philosophical minds in the region of Boston, and as a suggestion from the Fourier communistic movement in Europe, and much shaped by the religious differences which excited New England 1825-45. The dominating idea of the Brook Farm experim nt was liberty: it was a practical protest against the long-dominant Calvinism. An organization was formed, having those named and others as stockholders, and a farm of 200 acres was purchased in West Roxbury, 8 in. from Boston, where the trandscendentalists who adopted its main principle carried it into practice by working the land to the best of their ability and knowledge, which, however, were limited. The actual life of Brook Farm was, reverentially, planned on the theory that Christ had designed to reorganize society, and that any effort in that direction would be worthy and acceptable to him. The intellectual plan of the undertaking covered such intellectual objects as would be expected from the brilliant minds included in the community. In this regard it was doubtless successful-so long as it existed. That it ceased to exist, after 5 or 6 yrs., was due to the utterly unpractical natures of those engaged in the enterprise, which was finally abandoned after having been a financial failure from the beginning. The scheme of the association contemplated utilizing the labor-physical and intellectual-of each of its members, at a certain fixed rate, the intention being to dispose of the results of such labor to the outside public, and with such profit that all the delights and adornments of life were to be procurable therefrom, which were to be held in common by the members of the association. This part of the plan failed; and the community, having definitely gone over to Fourierism about 1843, and to Swedenborgianism a yr. later, engaged in a general proselytizing undertaking, a search both for converts and capital, prosecuted by lecturers and writers. But the whole undertaking was brought to a collapse by the destruction of the Phalanstery" at Brook Farm, by fire, on the night of March 3, 1846.

Brook/line, a township in Norfolk Co., Mass.; beautifully situated on the Charles River. It is chiefly a residence section for Boston business men, and is said to be the wealthiest town in the U. S. in proportion to population. Pop. (1897) estimated 14,800.

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Brown, (FORD MADOX,) an Eng. artist, b. 1821 in Calais, France, where his parents were temporarily residing. In 1835 was placed in the academy at Bruges, studied also at Ghent and Antwerp, and later in Paris. Settled in London in 1845-46. He was associated with Rossetti, Millais, and the rest of the pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Among his best pictures are Lear and Ilis Daughters," "Farewell to England," and "Work," an aggregation of pictures illustrating labor. Brown, (HUGH,) a Scotch poet, b. 1800, d. 1885. His first production appeared in 1825, but he was best known as the author of The Covenanters. He was a hand-loom weaver when the Scots Magazine published, in 1825, his noticeable poem to the memory of Byron, who had died in the previous yr. became school-master in 1828, a calling which he pursued for upward of 40 yrs. He gradually declined in circumstances until he was dependent upon the bounty of friends.

He

Brown, (HUGH STOWELL,) b. on the Isle of Man 1823; pastor of Bap. church, Liverpool, 1848; of wide influence and greatly beloved; d. 1886.

Browne, (HABLOT KNIGHT,) an Eng. artist, best known for his illustrations of Dickens's books. His first drawings made for Dickens were for Pickwick, in 1836. B. June 15, 1815, d. July 8, 1882.

Browne, (HENRIETTE,) the nom de plume of a Fr. artist, the daughter of Count de Bouteiller, and wife of M. Jules de Saux. Her genre pictures have great merit, and she has a welldeserved reputation. B. at Paris 1829.

Brown'ing, (ROBERT,) a contemporary Eng. poet, b. in London 1812. He was educated at the London University, and in 1835 wrote his first poem, " Paracelsus," which immediately arrested attention. In 1837 he wrote a tragedy called Strafford, which was not so successful. In 1849 and 1855 he published two volumes of his collected poems. The Ring and The Book was published in 1868-69. Since then he has published other volumes of verse, including some translations from the Greek dramatists. In 1881 the first Browning Society was formed in England by F. J. Furnivall for the study of B.'s works. Numerous similar societies have also been formed in other places in England and in Am. D. 1889.

Brown's Tract, ("John Brown's Tract,") a portion of the W. slope of the Adirondack region near the head-waters It comprises of the streams that flow into the Black River. 210,000 acres, and originally formed a part of what is known as Macomb's purchase. It was bought at a foreclosure sale in 1798 for $33,000, by John Brown, a rich merchant of Providerce, R. I., who led the party that destroyed the British schooner For 20 yrs. he was treasGaspee, in Narragansett Bay, 1772. urer of Brown University, which was named in honor of his family, and he laid the corner-stone of its edifice. purchased by him was divided into eight townships, and it is said that Aaron Burr had, at one time, some interest in the property, though this was doubtless prior to its purchase by Brown, who died and left it a wilderness.

The tract

astronomer, b. at Plön, in Holstein, 1830, the son of a locksmith; went in 1851 as locksmith and mechanic to Borsig, and then to Berlin with Siemens and Halske; attracted the attention of Encke by his remarkable powers as a computer, and was ap pointed in 1852 as assistant, and in 1854 as observer, in the Berlin Observatory, and in 1859 as instructor in the university. In 1860 he was called to Leipsic as Prof. of Astronomy and director of the new observatory to be constructed there, which,

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lars, the income of which is used to assist students. It has library numbering 65,594 volumes; a museum of natural history: 16 regular professors, 6 other instructors, and 260 students. The alumni numbers some 3,000.

Brozik, (VACSLAV,) a Bohemian artist, b. at Pilsen. His picture, "Columbus at the Court of Isabella," was presented to the city of New York by Morris K. Jesup, and is in the Metropolitan Museum. Bruhns, (CARL CHRISTIAN,) a remarkable self-taught