MASSAGE-MAYA INDIANS. GOVERNORS OF MASSACHUSETTS. John Hancock, 1780-85. George N. Briggs, 1844-51. Massage', (Fr. "kneading,") a modern treatment for muscular and nervous troubles, rheumatism, etc., consisting of rubbing or kneading of the affected part, with the hands. Massenet, (JULES EMILE FREDERIC,) composer, b. at Montaud, near St. Etienne, France, May 12, 1842. His first light 367 Mattoon', a city of Coles Co., Ill., 172 m. by rail S. by W. of Chicago, at the crossing of three important R. Rs. It is well built, has an opera-house, large hotels, national banks, daily and weekly newspapers, churches, flouring-mills, R.R. machine-shops, grain-elevators, manufactories of drain-tiles, castings, etc. M. was settled in 1855, incorporated in 1859, and made a city in 1867. Pop. 6,833. Mat'zoon, a milk food used by the inhabitants of Armenia. It is prepared by exposing cows' milk in open vessels to a heat of 80° or 90° Fahr., and when coagulation takes place the curd is broken up by a churning process, and a little salt is added. Maupassant, de, (Guy,) a Fr. novelist, b. at Fécamp in 1850. Several of his novels have been translated into English. He became insane in 1892. Mausoleum, a sepulchral monument of large size, containing a chamber in which urns or coffins are deposited. The name is derived from the tomb erected at Halicarnassus to Mausolus, King of Caria, by his disconsolate widow, Artemisia, 353 B.C. It was one of the most magnificent monuments of the kind, and was esteemed one of the seven wonders of the world. It was described by Pliny, and by other ancient writers, as late as the 12th c., and must have been overthrown, probably by an earthquake, during the following two centuries; for all traces of it had disappeared, except some marble steps, when the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, in 1404, took possession of the site of Halicarnassus, then occupied by a small village called Cleesy. While excavating among the ruins for building materials the knights discovered a large chamber decorated with marble pilasters, and with richly inlaid panels. The sarcophagus of the founder was also discovered in another opera, "La Grand 'tante," proved him a skilled and graceful | great hall. One of the most magnificent Ms. now existing is composer. His operas and oratorios are numerous, comprising the tomb of Shah Jehan, at Agra, India, which is described and "Don César de Basan," (1872,) "Le Roi de Lahore," "Hero- illustrated under the article AGRA. Here we show the beautidiade," ," "Manon Lescant," and "Le Cid," (1887;) and "Eve," ful gate-way of this combined M. and monument. "Marie Magdeleine," "La Vierge," a cantata, "Narcisse," "Scénes Napolitaines," "Scénes Pittoresques," and the overture" Phedre," are well known in Am. Original and fresh melodies, clothed in brilliant orchestral coloring, render his works very popular. May'a Indians, a race of aborigines of Yucatan, supposed to be the builders of Uxmal, Palenque, Chichen, Itza, etc. Their history is important as throwing light upon the civiliza tion of the Cent. and S. Amer. races. The M. I. were the most advanced of the N. Amer. aboriginal races, but to-day they Mas'sillon, a city of Stark Co., O., is on the Ohio Canal are sadly degraded on account of contact with the Spaniards. and the Tuscarawas River, 65 m. S. of Cleveland. It is on What they were rather than what they are attracts our atten four lines of R.Rs., handsomely planned, with good and regular tion. To tell us this we have a lot of old Spanish records, a streets. It has a fine opera-house, a large high-school building, very few Maya books with old picture-writing, several MSS. Roach Institute, hotels, national and other banks, weekly news-written by Mayas in Maya, but with Spanish letters, very soon papers, churches, excellent graded schools, flouring-mills, glass- after the Conquest, and plenty of ruined towns and cities, works, foundries, a rolling-mill, large quarries, gas-works, and grave-mounds, and relics." Were they civilized? Morgan una park. Much coal is mined near the town for shipment. M. derstands "civilized" to mean three things: (1) Cultivation was founded in 1826, and incorporated in 1853. Pop. 10,092. of land with help of domestic animals. (2) A written language have books, with covers of wood; the paper from leaves or vegetable fiber, joined edge to edge and folded like a fan. Over the whole page were pictures painted in all sorts of colors, tribes, they were skilled in trapping and snaring game. They surpass all Amer. tribes in their architecture and in their carving in stone. Although without iron tools, these people were able to erect fine buildings of stone, carved with remarkable and beautiful designs. In the wild forests of Yucatan and Cent. Am., in the midst of dense tropical woods, overgrown with trees and tangled vines, are the deserted ruins of upward of 40 ancient towns. These different towns were connected by paved roads of stone, over which couriers ran, carrying letters, along which traders bartered and dickered, and upon which the forces of one town would often march out to capture and sack some other town. In many cases the buildings were set upon a great flat-topped mound, with sloping sides and rectangular base and summit, strikingly like some of the " temple mounds" of the Southern States. Up one side of these mounds was a flight of stone steps, guarding the base of which were frequently a pair of great serpents or some wild beast carved in stone. The buildings themselves are very long, flat-topped, one story high, and contain many rooms. The rooms might be single, each opening out of doors, or they might be arranged in suites of two or three, opening into one another by inner doors. These buildings were sometimes constructed around the sides of a square court, the doors all opening into the court. Such buildings were doubtless the houses in which dwelt many families, as in the pueblo houses in N. M. There are also temples for purposes of worship. In such there is usually found a tablet in the wall and an altar for sacrifice. The interior decoration of rooms was often elaborate, the walls being covered with stucco, on which were painted in brilliant colors paintings which furnish us much information of the dress, manners, gods, and worship of the people. Often these designs are in low relief. One of the most famous Mayan works of art is in the temple at Palenque, where is a remarkable tablet on which is represented a sacrificial scene. Copan is a most interesting Mayan town, though not really in Yucatan. Stephens found there a score of soap-stone idols-great pillars of stone carved into most elaborately designed human forms. They were usually four-sided, and the front and back represented a human figure, finely dressed with feather headdress, ear-rings, and ornamental jewelry of all sorts. The sides were generally covered over with the queer hieroglyphics so common in all Maya carvings, called "calculiform characters." May'nard, (HORACE,) an Amer. statesman, b. in Mass. 1814, d. 1882; was member of Congress 1857-63; State Attorney-Gen. of Ky. 1864; again member of Congress 186675; U. S. minister to Russia 1875-80; Postmaster-Gen. in Hayes's cabinet 1880-81. Mays'ville, a city of Ky., cap. of Mason Co., is on the Ohio River, 60 m. above Cincinnati, opposite Aberdeen, O. A R. R. connects it with Lexington, Ky. The town is handsomely situated, and a range of picturesque hills bounds its site to the S. It has city and county buildings, many churches, a national bank, weekly newspapers, manufactures of flour, spirits, farm-implements, lumber, cars, etc. Hemp, tobacco, provisions, and other farm products are extensively marketed here. Pop. 5,358. Mead, (LARKIN GOLDSMITH,) an Amer. sculptor, b. in N. H. 1885. He studied sculpture with H. K. Brown at Brooklyn, N. Y. His first work was the "Recording Angel," (1855,) and soon after he produced the colossal statue of "Vermont" for the State-house at Montpelier. While serving in the army in 1861 he sent graphic sketches of camp and battle-field to a New York illustrated paper. In 1862 he went to Florence, and in 1865 exhibited several works at New York. He executed the statue of Lincoln for the monument at Springfield, Ill., and the statue of Ethan Allen in the Capitol at Washington. Seminary, and various literary and academic societies, whose libraries, with the public library, contain about 50,000 vols. It has two notable and costly public-school buildings, and a courthouse, among the finest in the State. M. is the seat of trade for a large agricultural region. Pop. (1890) 9,520, (1897) estimated with suburbs 13,300. Mead'ville, a city, cap. of Crawford Co., Pa., on the Venango River, 35 m. S. of Erie and 80 m. N. of Pittsburg. It has manufactories of engines and boilers, farming implements, carriages, woolens, etc., large oil refineries, extensive R.R. repair-shops and car-works covering 6 acres, and other industries. which was their way of writing. Out of the thousands of | There is a fine public park, and the State fair-grounds with a books among the Mayas when the Spaniard came very few kite-shaped racing-track where speed horses are trained. M. is are left. The Catholic priests destroyed them. The Mayas the seat of Allegheny Coll. (Methodist), a Unitarian Theological and Aztecs were a good deal alike. Their religions were related; both adored many of the same deities-especially, perhaps, the sun. Both worshiped idols carved from stone, and both sometimes sacrificed human victims. Among the Mayas there may have been a greater tendency toward a monarchical government than among the Aztecs; but here, too, an elected council was the real power. In method of warfare the two people were much alike, but the Mayas, though brave, were not so warlike as the Aztecs, and paid more attention to agriculture and the arts. The people lived well. They dressed in cotton of their own raising and weaving. They made many ornaments of gold and green stone, and were expert feather-workers. They made good pottery, too. They raised queer little dogs, which became very fat, which they used as food. They paid a great deal of attention to bees and gathered much honey, raised poultry, and though not roving hunters, like some N. Med'ford, a city of Middlesex Co., Mass., on the Mystic River, 5 m. N.-W. of Boston. The city was at one time the seat of extensive manufactures of rum, and is still somewhat engaged in that industry. Other manufactures are pressed brick, for which the extensive clay-beds of the Mystic marshes furnish the material; felt boots, buttons, paper, and foundry products. Tufts College, with 400 students and a library of 20,000 vols., is located on a hill near the city, partly in Somerville. The water-works of Charlestown are supplied from a great reservoir on the same hill. Pop. (1890) 11,079, (1897) est. 14,700. MEDUSA-MELBOURNE. 369 Medu'sæ, an order of Hydrozoa represented by the true Jelly-fishes. The Ctenophora, or comb-bearing M., exhibit traces of a nervous system in a ganglionic mass at the upper end, or pole, of the animal, with nervous filaments radiating to every part of the body. They are transparent gelatinous animals, which swim freely by means of bands of comb-like fringes or paddles. Their internal structure is quite complex, having a distinct alimentary canal, and ducts for the circulation of fluid. They are retained in the Radiate type, on account of the radiate A, Cydippe pileus, with its tentacles extended; B, Beroe Forskalii, showing the tubular prolongations of the stomach. ductive calyces, or ovarian capsules, may contain many buds, developed one below the other, which are set free by the bursting of the cell. Mein'berg, Mineral Waters of. These waters, at Meinberg, in Lippe-Detmold, 38 m. S. of Hanover, sulphurous and saline, have a reputation in the treatment of chronic rheumatism, paralysis, scrofula, etc. Meissonier, (JEAN LOUIS ERNEST,) one of the most noted painters of the present day, b. in France 1813. His pictures are of small size but of exquisite finish, and command high prices. D. 1891. Mek'hitarists, a congregation of Armenian Christians on the island of San Lazaro at Venice. They derive their name from Mechitar da Petro, b. 1676, d. 1749, who, in 1701, founded at Constantinople a religious society for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of the old Armenian language, and literature. Melæ'na, (Gr. melana, "black,") a name given to vomiting of black matter, ordinarily succeeded by evacuations of the same character. It seems to be often a variety of hæmatemesis. The black vomit in yellow fever is owing to a morbid secretion from the lining membrane of the stomach and small intestines mixed with blood. M. also signifies hemorrhage from the intestines. Melas'ma, (Gr.,) a black spot, occurring on the lower extremities of old people especially. Also, a cutaneous affection, M. cutis, analogous to chloasma, differing from it only in the dark color of the morbid pigment. It is also called Pityriasis Nigra. An affection of the kind is seen in Paris in old persons, females especially, who sit over a charcoal fire. It is common, also, in Ireland among the poor where turf fires are used, and is called by them the Trouts. Melbourne, cap. of the British colony of Victoria, in Australia, is situated on the N. bank of the Yarra-Yarra River, about 9 m. (following its windings) from its mouth in the basin of Port Phillip, fat. 37° 49' 5" S., long. 144° 58′ 35′′ E. It was founded in 1887, and extends along the banks of the river. In 1851 it had a pop. of 23,000; but such was the immigration consequent on the discovery of the gold-fields that, including suburbs, it had in 1867 126,536, and in 1880 about 250,000 inhabitants; the present pop. 18 488,999. In commerce, M. ranks as the first port in the British colonies, an importance due to the gold discoveries. Besides gold, the chief exports are wool, tallow, hides, and other kinds of raw produce. The principal trade is with England, and that with the U. S. is not inconsiderable. The M. manufactories of mining machinery and other articles are steadily increasing. Ships drawing 24 ft. of water can come up Port Phillip as far as Hobson's Bay, at the mouth of the Yarra-Yarra; but vessels requiring more than 9 ft. cannot get over the bars. Although the distance to the bay by the course of the river is 9 m., it is not quite 2 m. by land, and a railway with an extensive jetty at its lower terminus has been made, connecting M. with Port Phillip at Sandridge. There is another railway to Williamstown, on the opposite side of Hobson's Bay, which, though considerably longer, has the advantage of better shelter for ships lying at the jetty. A ship large vessels. From the anchorage in Hobson's Bay to the Heads of Port Phillip the distance is about 35 m., and the channels are obstructed part of the way by sand-banks, which render the assistance of experienced pilots necessary. The basin of Port Phillip, which receives the Yarra-Yarra and other rivers, is a large circular bay or inlet of the sea, whence the colony derived its former name. It has a narrow entrance, not more than 12 m. in w., partly occupied with rocks and shoals. The bay is about 40 m. w. from S. to N., and at its greatest extent is about 40 m. 1. from E. to W. It is said to cover an area of above 800 sq. m., and might accommodate all the navies of all the countries in the world. M. contains many A, upper part of the stem and branches, of the natural size; B, a small portion enlarged, showing the structure of the animal; a, terminal bearing polyps; b, polyp bud partially developed ; c, horny cell, contain-railway has been constructed here capable of taking up very ing the expanded polyp; d, e, ovarian capsule, containing medusiform gemmæ in various stages of development; f, fleshy substance extending through the stem and branches, and connecting the different polyp-cells and ovarian capsules; g, annular constrictions at the base of the branches. arrangements of the bands of cilia and the presence of urticating organs on the tentacles, although their affinities would seem to place them elsewhere. The Beroë and Cydippe and Cestum Veneris, or Girdle of Venus, belong to this order. In the latter the sides are prolonged into a ribbon, although the mouth and digestive organs are confined to the middle of the body. In the day-time its waving cilia along the margins of the body glitter with the tints of the rainbow, and at night it appears fine buildings and churches. Perhaps nothing gives stronger testimony to the wealth and enterprise of the inhabitants than the rapidity with which so many noble institutions as adorn the city have sprung up among them. Among these one of the chief is the university, with an annual endowment from the State of £9,000, and possessing valuable scholarships and exhibitions. It is a large building, in the shape of a parallelogram, and is surrounded by extensive grounds. It was opened In 1855, and has a respectable staff of professors, with a considerable attendance of students in arts, law, engineering, etc. The post-office, a magnificent structure, in the Italian style, elaborately ornamented with sculpture, and having one of its façades surmounted by four towers, was built in 1859. The Parliament Houses were erected in 1855, at a cost of £400,000. Mel'ikoff, (LORIS,) a famous Russian general, b. in Armenia 1823, d. at Nice 1888. He was a colonel in the Crimean War, was present at the capture of Kars, and was made commandant of that city, with the rank of general. When war and published a narrative of his adventures called Typee, which achieved inmediate success. It was followed by Omoo; White Jacket; or, the World in a Man of War, and Piazza Tales. D. 1891. Memphis, a city of Shelby Co., Tenn., on the Mississippi River, just below the mouth of Wolf River, on an eminence known as the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, 420 m. below St. Louis, the terminus of the Memphis and Charleston and Little Rock and Memphis R.RS.; pop. 64,495. It is the most important city on the Mississippi between St. Louis and New Orleans; it has 16 churches, eight banks, five academies, 60 public schools, a chamber of commerce, a cotton exchange, 12 newspapers, and a public library. The largest ships can ascend the river to M., and navigation is always open. There are important manufactures of machinery, carriages, tobacco, farming tools, etc. The Paducah and Memphis, the Mississippi and Tennessee, and the Louisville and Great Southern R.Rs. also pass through M. The chief article of commerce is cotton. was declared between Russia and Turkey he was appointed adjutant-general to the Grand Duke Michael, Russian Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasus, and it was he who in reality conducted all the military operations in the campaign. To him especially was the credit due for the capture of Ordahan by the Russians in 1877, and the subsequent capture of Kars. In March, 1880, he was shot at by a man named Maladzyetsky, but escaped without injury. He was regarded as one of the most brilliant officers in the Russian service. Mé'linite, a new explosive, discovered 1886-87, and said to possess 10 times the force of nitro-glycerine. The two men who discovered the principles of M. are Capts. Locard and Hirondart, who are attached to the gun-factory at Bourges. The name M. was bestowed because in color it resembles honey, (miel.) The process of manufacture is a jealously guarded secret. To launch the shells charged with M. no special design of mortar is required. Gen. Boulanger, then the French secretary of war, decided on the immediate manufacture of 210,000 M. projectiles. The destructive power of the new explosive is 100 times that of ordinary gunpowder, or 10 times that of nitro-glycerine. An ordinary shell, falling on the roof of a building, bursts, and shatters every thing in its immediate vicinity. The M. shell is intended to strike the ground at the foundations of the building, where it explodes and blows every thing into the air, reducing beams and joists to powder. Since the yellow fever epidemics of 1878 and 1879 the drainage and sewerage works have been entirely reconstructed upon one of the latest and best improved systems. The water supply is from Wolf River, and is made available by works operated on the direct puniping, or Holly system. M. ranks as one of the largest cotton marts in the world. It has many manufacturing establishments, including oil-mills, steam-gins, machine-shops, flouring-mills, etc. M. was founded in 1820, and was made a city in 1831. One of the principal naval battles of the civil war, "The Battle of the Rams," occurred near the town, June 6, 1862. It was then seized by the Union troops. In Aug., 1864, Gen. N. B. Forrest recaptured it, but did not hold it. Menabre'a, (LUIGI FEDERICO, MARQUIS VAL-DORA,) an Ital. statesman, was b. at Chambéry, Sept. 4, 1809. He entered the engineer-corps of the Sardinian army, and was appointed professor in the military academy at Turin. In 1848 he was sent to the Italian duchies to prepare the way for their annexation. He also served in the ministry of war and of the interior. In the war against Austria, in 1859, he was chief of staff, fortified Bologna, and conducted the siege of Gaeta. In 1861 he was made count and appointed minister of the marine. He constructed the arsenal at Spezzia, and introduced many reforms. In 1867 he was called to form a cabinet, and took charge of the foreign affairs of the country, then extremely complicated. Mel'ville, (GEORGE W.,) a famous and an intrepid Amer. Mena'i Strait, which separates the island of Anglesey Arctic explorer, Engineer-in-Chief U.S.N., b. about 1842. IIe from the main-land of Wales, runs E.-N.-E. from its S. exaccompanied the unfortunate and disastrous Jeannette expedi-tremity to Bangor, a distance of 13 m., and there widens out tion in 1878, also that of the Hall relief expedition in the U. S. into Beaumaris Bay. Its w. varies from about 250 yds. to 2 steamer Tigress, also the Greely relief expedition in 1884. In m. The navigation is hazardous, but the strait is nevertheless the Jeannette expedition he underwent the severest sufferings and hardships, but reached Irkutsk in safety. Mel'ville, (HERMAN,) an Amer. traveler and novelist, b. in New York 1819. He made several voyages to the South Seas, much used for the sake of expedition by vessels under 100 tons, and occasionally by some of larger size. At the entrance of the strait the tide sometimes rises to a h. of 30 ft., and the ordinary neap-tide rises from 10 to 12 ft. The strait is spanned |