LI HUNG CHANG-LINCOLN. 341 the Yellow Jacket and Peacock's Plume, and made a hereditary noble of the third class. In 1865 he was appointed Governor General of the Liang Kiang provinces, and in 1868 made Grand Chancellor. After the massacres at Tien Tsin in 1870 he was degraded and his titles taken away on the charge of not assisting the imperial commander of the troops; but in 1872 he was restored as Grand Chancellor and appointed Governor General of Chihli, the metropolitan province-an office that he still retains (1897). He is also Senior Grand Secretary, the highest distinc tion that can be attained by a Chinese official. When, in 1876, Mr. Margory was killed while endeavoring to explore S.-W. China, Li H. C. was the commissioner for fixing the indemnity. He negotiated important treaties with Peru and Japan. He is a friend to foreigners and to Western civilization and culture. As a member of the Board of Admiralty, he originated the Chinese navy, and was the chief promoter of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company. He is imperial Commissioner of Trade for the northern ports. The emperor intrusted to him supreme charge of the military and naval forces sent to Corea in the late Chino-Japanese war, and, though several times distrusted and disgraced, he has borne nearly the whole burden of the war department, marine department, and financial department of the Chinese government. It is not surprising that he has been called the Chinese Atlas on whom the whole Chinese government rests. During the recent war with Japan the disasters to the Chinese armies and navy were laid to his blame, and he was degraded and punished, but still retained his office of Prime Minister. He was sent to Japan in 1895 to negotiate the peace treaty, where he barely escaped assassination. (See JAPAN.) In 1896 he made a tour of the world, traveling overland and was everywhere received with éclat as a highly distinguished guest. The above figure is a part elevation, with the section, of a catadioptric apparatus of the first class. In plan it is a regular octagon, and it sends out eight beams, which are directed to the horizon, and made to sweep over the sea by its regular rotation, produced by clock-work, contained in the case A. The whole frame is very accurately balanced, and turns on its bearings and the rollers, h h, with great smoothness and steadiness. The moving power is given by the descent of a weight attached to a chain or cord, which is wound round a barrel. One train of wheels is connected with apparatus for regulating the speed, and to this an indicator is attached which registers the number of revolutions made in an hour. There Is also a contrivance of some kind for maintaining the motion while the weight is being wound up. The reader will observe that all the light of the lamp, L, is utilized, except that which is directed toward the base and the top of the apparatus, a quantity less than one fifth of the whole. About 45 per cent, of the light emitted by the lamp falls on the refracting lenses; 25 1-2 on the upper reflecting prisms; and 13 1-2 on the lower reflecting prisms. The brightest part of the flame is placed so that the beams from it are directed toward the sea-horizon, and the space between the horizon and the neighborhood of the light-house receives ample light from the other parts of the flame. Thus a ship on any part of the sea within the range of the light-house will see the light appearing at regular intervals, as one after another of the eight beams passes across it, the intervals being one eighth of the time in which the apparatus completes its revolution. a b is a section of the lens in steps, and the dotted line, c, shows the thickness an ordinary lens of the diameter ab would have. Above and below the lens are the concentric prisms, ee and ff, which by refraction and total reflections send the rays parallel to the axes the other plan desirable. The Ls. of the United Kingdom number, with harbor-lights, upward of 500 stations, and include some of the finest specimens of engineering, such as Smeaton's Eddystone, Robert Stephenson's Beil Rock, Alan Stevenson's Skerryvore, and James Walker's Bishop Rock. Li Hung Chang, a Chinese statesman and diplomatist, b. at Ho Fei, prov. Anhwei, China, in 182. He received a university education taking a degree. In 1850, when the Taiping rebels invaded Anhwei, he joined Tseng Kuo Fan's army as secretary. He was appointed judge of Chekiang prov., and in 1861 Governor of Kiang-Su. In conjunction with Col. (afterward Gen.) Gordon in 1863 he retook Suchow, and drove the rebels entirely out of Kiang-Su. For these services he was decorated with of the lens. Li'ma, a city, cap. of Allen Co., O., on the Ottawa river, 70 m. S.-W. of Toledo and 130 N. of Cincinnati. It has great petroleum and natural-gas wells, making it one of the most important petroleum centres of the country. It has one of the largest oil refineries of the world. Its other industries include the carworks and repair-shops of R.Rs. centering here, the manufacture of strawboard, tools and machines used in the petroleum business, general machinery, and various minor manufactures. It is the seat of a State bank, has daily and weekly papers, and superior county buildings, schools, and churches. It is also a R.R. centre, and a trade centre for a large agricultural region. Pop. (1890) 15,981, (1897) estimated 22,100. Lin'coln, (ABRAHAM,) an Amer. statesman and emancipator, 16th President of the U. S. A brief autobiography, written after his name had become famous, reads as follows: "I was born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin Co., Ky. My parents were both born in Va., of undistinguished families,-second families, perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams Co., and others in Mason Co., Ill. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, emigrated from Rockingham Co., Va., to Ky., about 1781 or 1782, where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians: not in battle, but by stealth, when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest. His ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Va. from Berks Co., Pa. An effort to identify them with the New England family of the same name ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of Christian names in both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and the like. My father, at the death of his father, was but six years of age, and he grew up literally without any education. He removed from Ky. to what is now Spencer Co., Ind., in my eighth year. We reached our new home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up. There were some schools, so called, but no qualification was ever required of a teacher, beyond readin', writin', and cipherin' to the rule of three. understand Latin, happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he If a straggler, supposed to was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age did not know much. Still, somehow, I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of three; but that was all. I have not been to school since. The little advance I now have upon this store of education I have picked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity. I was raised to farm work, at which I continued until I was 22. At 21 I came to Ill., and passed the first year in Macon Co. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in Sangamon, now in Menard Co., where I remained a year as a sort of clerk in a store. Then came the Black Hawk war, and I was elected a captain of volunteers-a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since. I went into the campaign, was elated, ran for the Legislature the same year, (1832,) and was beaten-the only time I ever have been beaten by the people. The next and three succeeding biennial elections I was elected to the Legislature. I was not a candidate afterwards. During the legislative period I had studied law, and removed to Springfield to practice it. In 1846 I was elected to the lower house of Congress. Was not a candidate for re-election. From 1849 to 1854, both inclusive, practiced law more assiduously than ever before. Always a Whig in politics, and generally on the Whig electoral ticket, making active canvasses. I was losing interest in politics, when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused me again. What I have done since then is pretty well known. If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be said I am in height six feet four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, 180 pounds; dark complexion, with coarse, black dote and epigram to point his conversations. He abhorred hair, and gray eyes. No other marks or brands recollected." obscurity in speech, and in his own never became involved or The hardships of his early life, it will be observed, he passes over difficult to comprehend. His type of mind and large sympathy lightly. The books he could obtain were few, but these he read with the masses brought him near to the common people, and his and re-read until they were almost committed to memory. The knowledge of the public temper and disposition enabled him to Bible, Æsop's Fables, Pilgrim's Progress, and the lives of Wash- make his measures timely and therefore popular. The genius of ington, Franklin, and Clay, were favorite reading. The first L. was an inheritance and a prerogative. While destiny gave it money he earned was a dollar for taking two men out to a river opportunity, it was inherent. He was king of the corner grocery barge in a small scow. At 19 yrs. of age he took a cargo of pro- and pleader at the backwoods bar before becoming an accepted duce in a flatboat down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, king of men. The most ambitious of men, his ambition never returning nearly the entire distance on foot. The removal from ran away with him. His early fame was that of a village SocraIndiana to Illinois occupied 15 days, over miry roads, and across tes, telling stories in the market-place. The genius which had swollen streams. An Illinois cabin was built by Abraham and his governed the corner grocery needed but the appointed time to father by the aid only of a drawing-knife, a saw, and an axe. The bring to us and to all the world a realization of that august, merrails used to fence in ten acres of the wilderness were split mostly ciful, wise, and magnanimous soul evolved from the stormy haze by Abraham. When he kept a mill and store in Springfield, on of war to live with Phocion and Marcus Aurelius. This Presitwo occasions he walked long distances at great inconvenience to dent was to be more than a king of men. He was to become rectify trifling mistakes in the weight or change of a customer's their prophet, his merit and authority growing with every trial. purchase. His election as captain in the Black Hawk War was The alembic discovered in L. nothing but the pure innate gold. gratifying, partly because of the mode of it. Kirkpatrick, his He rose to every duty. With wise statesmen about him and capcompetitor, was a man of great influence. The question was tains of renown at his command, L. was sovereign. He taught decided by the company, who being drawn out in the field, with statesmanship to Seward, practical republicanism to Chase, fortithe privilege of choosing, nearly all walked over to L.'s side. tude to Stanton, the true policy of nations to Sumner. Master While practicing law in Springfield he came near being drawn of peace, he was likewise master of war. The Gettysburg adinto a duel for assuming the responsibility of an unfortunate dress, delivered as it was in the presence of Edward Everett, piece of verse, in order to shield the lady who had written it. In marks the high-water mark of American eloquence. The Eman1842 L. married Mary, daughter of Hon. Robert S. Todd of Ky. cipation Proclamation was of the statesmanship which, like that of His first election to Congress in 1846 was a signal triumph, as Cromwell and Chatham, changes the world. His discovery and the district and the whole State were strongly Democratic, while protection of Sherman and Grant showed the military foresight he was a Whig. He opposed the Mexican War, in a speech of which assured the salvation of the Union. Champion of the great ability. Indeed, by this time his legal and forensic suc- mightiest war of the age, L. was the champion of peace. In cesses had marked him as a great man, far beyond the borders that will be found the cause of his unfading renown. The Civil of his own State. He supported Zachary Taylor for the Pres- War was not of his inception. Had he been President rather idency in 1848, and advocated the Wilmot Proviso excluding than poor Pierce or even Buchanan, he would have steered the slavery from the Territories. In October 1854 he met Stephen ship of state from treacherous and engulfing seas. He could A. Douglas in a memorable debate at the Ill. State fair. Douglas govern even the anger of men, as shown when, despite the just was probably the ablest platform speaker of the Democracy. It resentment of his fellow-countrymen, he surrendered Mason and is generally believed that L. proved more than his equal in this Slidell to Great Britain. The faith which sees a determining and other debates. By an unequal apportionment of districts he Providence in the affairs of men is strengthened by the advent was defeated by Douglas in the Legislature in 1858; but the of a leader such as L. It is genius summoned from oblivion to campaign gave him national repute, and prepared the way for his do an appointed work. The art of Shakespeare and Michael nomination to the Presidency in 1860. He was called upon for Angelo, the giving of the law as with Moses and Mohammed, speeches from all parts of the country. The common impression the founding of nations by Charlemagne and Napoleon, the phiof him, which it has taken a generation to undo, was of a man losophy of Bacon, the revelation of nature's profoundest secrets unlearned and boorish, a backwoodsman of the Andrew Jackson by Franklin and Pasteur, are but different phases of the genius type. In fact, his speeches demonstrated that he was a widely which found so true an emphasis in the character of L. And it read, cultured, and able orator. In 1860 he was nominated may be said with pious gratitude, in reverence for his memory, by the Republican party for President, and elected in No- that we are but revering that Supreme Power which sent him in vember. Before the time came to take his seat, S. C. and our hour of need, even as we revere the illustrious spirits preother Southern States had seceded, and under the vacillating ceding him for the happiness and welfare of mankind. We canpolicy of Buchanan were able to make all their preparations not do better than close this article with the estimate of Lincoln for war. A plot to assassinate L. in Baltimore having been as expressed by President McKinley in a speech at the Lincoln discovered, his journey to Washington, from Harrisburg, Pa., Memorial Services at Albany: “The greatest names in Ameriwas taken secretly, and he was inaugurated March 4, 1861. The can history are Washington and Lincoln. One is forever assowar broke out with the attack on Sumter, Apr. 12. L.'s ad- ciated with the independence of the States and formation of the ministration was largely devoted to the suppression of this Federal Union, the other with universal freedom and the preserformidable rebellion. He at once issued a call for 75,000 volun- vation of the Union. Washington enforced the Declaration of teers, and secured the defense of the capital. There were con- Independence as against England; Lincoln proclaimed its fulfillflicting policies in his cabinet, and on the field the Union armies ment not only to a down-trodden race in America, but to all peomet disheartening defeats. In these dark days the sagacity, pa- ple for all time who may seek the protection of our flag. These tience, and wisdom of L. were proved to the whole country. On illustrious men achieved grander results for mankind within a Jan. 1, 1863, he issued the celebrated Emancipation Proclama- single century-from 1775 to 1865-than other men ever accomtion, by which more than four million slaves were set free. Eng-plished in all the years since first the flight of time began. lish opinion pronounced it the noblest political document known Washington engaged in no ordinary revolution; with him it was to history, and in the verdicts of mankind it has taken its place not who should rule, but what should rule. He drew his sword, with the Magna Charta and the Declaration of Independence. not for a change of rulers upon an established throne, but to His other State papers are among the greatest in the archives of establish a new government which would acknowledge no throne statesmanship. After the battle of Gettysburg, and various but the tribune of the people. Lincoln accepted war to save the brilliant Western victories, the popular confidence in his admin- Union, the safeguard of our liberties, and reestablished it on inistration became limitless, and he was re-elected by increased ma- destructible foundations as forever one and indivisible. To quote joritics in 1864. He had served but little more than a month of his own grand words: 'Now we are contending that this nation the second term when he was assassinated, Apr. 14, 1865. John under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that governWilkes Booth, an actor, entered a box at Ford's Theater in ment of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perWashington, where the President was attending the play, and ish from the earth.' Each lived to accomplish his appointed shot him through the head. Mr. Seward, his Secretary of State, task. Each received the unbounded gratitude of the people of was also attacked and wounded the same night. The mourning his time, and each is held in great and ever-increasing reverence of the nation on this occasion has never been paralleled in history. by posterity. The fame of each will never die; it will grow with During the time his body lay in state it was viewed by vast the ages, because it is based upon imperishable service to humanthrongs in Washington, New York, and other cities through ity; not to the people of a single generation or country, but to which the remains were borne on the way to burial. Funeral the whole human family, wherever scattered, forever." decorations in city and country literally draped the whole land in black. Booth was overtaken in flight and killed, and several of his co-conspirators were hanged. Time has steadily increased the respect and admiration of men for Mr. Lincoln. Only tardily did the world discover that he was the great, moving, master mind in the conduct of the conservative and successful policy of his administration. As the difficulties with which he grappled and which he overcame have been comprehended, as it was slowly understood with what a master grasp both of great principles and of all their details he seized and utilized the opportunities; how subtly and strongly he managed the men who were his advisers, while he made use of all their combined wisdom,more and more his countrymen have appreciated his greatness, and lifted him higher and higher in their estimates. In his personal life he was a man of pure morals, temperate, and chaste. He had a quaint wit, and an endless fund of illustrative anec Lin'coln, cap. of Logan Co., Ill., 28 m. N.-E. of Springfield. It is the seat of Lincoln University, and has a State asylum for feeble-minded children. Its chief business consists of farm implements and coal. Pop. 6,725. Lincoln, the cap. of Lancaster Co., Neb., and of the State, is beautifully situated in the prairie region. It contains State-house, insane asylum, and penitentiary, and is the seat of the University of Nebraska. It is intersected by streets and avenues of great width, the former being 100 ft. and the latter 120 ft. w. Near it are quarries of limestone and salt springs. Of late its increase has been rapid. Pop. 55,154. Lin'coln, a city of England, cap. of the shire of the same name. The cathedral, one of the finest in England, is the principal building; the tower, 53 ft. square, is 300 ft. h. The interior 1. of the cathedral is 482, the w. 80 ft. Pop. 26,766. L. under the Romans was a place of some importance. Little Falls, a village of N. Y., in Herkimer Co., is on held till his death, in 1840. His astronomical investigations both sides of the Mohawk River, 78 m. W.-N.-W. of Albany. covered a very wide range of important subjects, but perhaps It is on the New York Central and the West Shore and Buffalo he will always be best remembered for his classic work on R. Rs. Here the river has a fall of 44 ft., and affords great water-popular astronomy, Die Wunder des Himmels, with its accompower. The town is chiefly built on steep hill-sides and is very panying atlas. attractive in appearance. L. F. is one of the largest cheese Littrow, (KARL LUDWIG,) son of JOSEPH JOHANN VON L., markets in the world, the surrounding country being a fine b. at Kasan 1811; from 1831 he was assistant to his father, and dairy region. The town has an academy and a bank, and in 1842 succeeded him as Prof. of Astronomy and Director of the manufactures cotton goods, axes, knit-goods, woolens, paper, | Vienna Observatory, both of which positions he held till his castings, etc. Pop. 8,783. Little Rock, the cap. of Ark., and seat of justice of Pulaski Co., is on the S. bank of the navigable Arkansas River, in 84° 42′ N. lat., 92° 16′ W. long. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern R. R. passes through the city, and the Little Rock and Fort Smith, the Little Rock, Mississippi River, and Texas, and the Memphis and Little Rock R.Rs. terminate there. The city contains the State capitol, the State library, asylums for the blind and deaf-mutes, St. John's Military Coll., State prison, U. S. arsenal, high-schools, ladies' seminary, convent, national and private banks, the R. C. Cathedral of St. Andrew and many other churches, and daily and weekly newspapers. It is the seat of Episcopalian and R. C. bishops. The principal articles of manufacture are flour, castings, carriages, and wagons. Pop. 25,874. Littré, (MAXIMILIEN PAUL EMILE,) a Fr. scholar, was educated as a physician, but soon turned his attention to study and writing. He published a translation of Hippocrates, in 10 volumes, (1839-61,) and other books of research, but his principal work is his Dictionary of the French Language, (1868-72.) L. was a firm supporter of the philosophy of Comte. B. in Paris 1801, d. 1881. Littrow, von, (JOSEPH JOHANN,) eminent astronomer, b. at Bischof-Teinitz, in Bohemia, March 13, 1781, the same night that Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus; in 1807 appointed Prof. of Astronomy in the University of Krakau; in 1810 to the same position in the University of Kasan, and in 1819 director of the Imperial Observatory at Vienna, a position which he death, in 1877. Liv'er, The, is the largest gland in the body-about 12 in. from side to side, and 6 to 7 in. from its anterior to its posterior border. It is situated in the right hypochondriac region, and reaches over to the left; being thick and indented behind, where it crosses the convex bodies of the vertebra; convex on its upper surface, where it lies in the concavity of the diaphragm; and concave below, where it rests against the stomach, colon, and right kidney. This lower surface presents a fissure divid ing the organ into a right and left lobe. The L. is retained in its position by five ligaments. Besides the right and left lobe there are three smaller lobes. The great bulk of the organ is, however, made up of the right lobe, which is six times as large as the left. The vessels of the L. are the hepatic artery, which comes off from the coeliac axis, and supplies the organ with nutrient blood; the portal vein, which conveys to the L the venous blood of the intestines, spleen, and stomach, and from which (after the vessel has ramified like an artery) the bile is secreted; the hepatic veins, which convey the blood from the L. into the inferior vena cava; the hepatic duct, which carries off the bile from the L.; and the lymphatics. The L., both on its surface and internally, is of a dark reddish tint, which is so well known that the term L.-colored is universally recognized. The substance of the organ is composed of lobules held together by extremely fine areolar tissue, and ramifications of the minute branches of the various hepatic vessels. Each lob ule is composed of a mass of hedatic cells, of a plexus of biliary ducts, of a portal plexus, (from the contents of which the cells obtain the biliary matters that are found in the interior,) of a branch of the hepatic vein, and of minute arteries. The exact mode in which the bile formed in the cells makes its way into the origin of the ducts is not known with certainty. The numberless minute ducts gradually run into one another, until, as Birkenhead. An elevated R.R. was completed in 1893 for 61⁄2 they emerge from the lower surface of the L., they are reduced to two large trunks, which soon unite to form the hepatic duct. Into the hepatic duct the cystic duct from the neck of the gall bladder enters, and the two combine to form the common duct d The Liver. B A, right lobe; B, left lobe; a, depression for colon; b, depression for right kidney and capsule; cc, coronary ligament, inferior layer; dd, sur face uncovered by peritoneum; e, gall-bladder: ff, fissure for gall-bladder: gg, transverse fissure, h, lobulus quadratus; i, umbilical vein; j, he patic duct; k, hepatic artery; 1, ductus venosus: mm, fissure for ductus venosus; n, vena portæ ; o, lobulus caudatus ; p, lobulus Spigelii: q, inferior vena cava; r, fissure for inferior vena cava ; ss, longitudinal fissure. acres, in the Southern part, is elaborately landscaped. The other principal parks are Stanley, Shiel, Newsham, Edgehill, and Wavertree. L. has railways connecting it with all parts of the realm. A tunnel R.R. under the Mersey connects L. with miles along the docks. The docks of L. are among the greatest of the world's engineering works. They are formed for the most part by excavating the river-bed, by dredging inside a sea-wall built in the river. The protecting-wall is 11 ft. thick, and 40 ft. high from its foundations. There are nearly forty of these inclosed docks, with a total water area of 381 acres and 35 m. of quays. The docks communicate with each other, and each has a separate entrance from the river. A great landing-stage for passengers, covering 4 acres, extends along the river, above the docks, over 2,000 ft. It is floated on boiler-plate pontoons having hinged bridges, connecting it with the sea-wall. (See Docks.) The Mersey Docks and Harbor Board has control of the whole estuary, the surplus revenue from the docks being applied to the reduction of dockage charges. The commerce of L. is very extensive, the ocean tonnage amounting in 1893 to over 15,000,000 tons, representing a value of $965,000,000. L. has lines of steamships to all important foreign ports. The construction of large merchant and war vessels is carried on extensively, and there are large engine, cable, and anchor manufactories, brass foundries, sugar refineries, breweries, glass-staining works, and numerous other manufacturing industries. There are about 100 Anglican, and 44 Roman Catholic Churches, with 170 Churches of the various Protestant sects. The Church of St. Peter is the diocesan cathedral. Pop., (1891,) including the whole borough, 860,000. to a considerable size, one species footed worms," and a type thereof. Some of them occur under Lob-worm, a member of order Chatopoda, or "bristlestones on the sea-shore, as the lugbait of fishermen. Others secrete a which opens into th duodenum. This common excretory duct glutinous material from the surface, of the L. and gall-bladder is abo t 8 in. in l., and of the diam- which cements sand and other foreign eter of a goose-quill. The gall-bladder may be regarded as bodies into a tube. Others secrete a diverticulum or off-shoot from the hepatic duct. It has some calcareous matter, which forms a tuwhat the shape of pear, and lies in a depression on the under bular residence, as the common Ser surface of the L. Its use seems to be to serve as a reservoir for pula, whose white, snake-like concrethe accumulation of the bile, when its flow into the intestines tions abound on the stones and shells is interrupted, as it is always found full after a long fast, and of the shore, and the Spirorbis, whose empty when digestion is going on. It was formerly believed minute whorled shells dot the surthat the L. served merely for the separation of the biliary se- face of many sea-weeds. Some of cretion from the blood; but there is now abundant evidence the Nereids, or Sea-centipedes, attain that the blood itself is changed by its means in such a way as to show that this gland possesses an assimilating as well as depurating action. Diseases of the L.-Congestion of the liver is one of the most frequent of its morbid conditions. It is most commonly caused by obstructions of the passage of the blood from the hepatic veins, arising from thoracic disease impeding the circulation through the right side of the heart. The congestion may be relieved at this stage, or may, by its obstructive action, cause congestion of the portal branches, in which case we have the liver much enlarged, the complexion dusky, the urine high-colored, sedimentary, and scanty, and often more or less dropsy of the abdomen or lower extremities. The treatment must be left entirely to the physician. Another important affection of the liver is that which is known by the name of Cirrhosis. It begins as an inflammatory affection in which lymph is effused in the areolar tissue surrounding the branches of the portal vein. The smaller branches become obliterated by the pressure, and as the lymph subsequently contracts, larger branches f the veins and ducts become strangulated, and the surface of the organ assumes the uneven or bossed appearance known as hob-nailed. The ordinary cause of this disease is spirit-drinking, and it is popularly known as the gin-drinker's liver. Among the other affections of this organ is the fatty liver. The liver in this case is much enlarged, of a white color, and rounded at the edges; it is most commonly found associated with phthisis. Closely allied to this is the lardaceous or waxy liver, in which the deposited matter is not fat but something between fat and albumen; it chiefly occurs in scrofulous young persons. Tubercle, different forms of cancer, and hydatids are not unfrequently found in this organ. Serpula Lob-worm, Arenicola piscatorum.) A dorsibranchiate, show. ing the tufts of capillaries, or the external gills, The large head is without eyes or jaws, (Aphrodite) also belongs to this order. The latter is clad with iridescent scales and bristles, or barbed spines. Those who bear the gills along the back have been called DorsiLiverpool, a city and port of England, in the county of branchiates. These gills are found close to the root of the Lancashire, on the estuary of the river Mersey, 202 m. N.-W. dorsal oar, or bristle, and the blood is purified by being exof London, and 31 m. W. of Manchester. It is also a county posed to the oxygen held in solution in the sea-water. Those by itself for some purposes, and a parliamentary and municipal worms which live in tubes (Tubicola) have their gills develborough, sending 9 members to the House of Commons. Among oped only on the foremost segments of the body, and the dor the noteworthy buildings is the Town Hall, rebuilt in 1795, occu- sal and ventral oars of the other joints are rudimentary, but pying one side of the square; the Exchange Buildings, Custom they have branching tentacle-like processes about the head. House, Post-Office, Dock Office, St. George's Hall, (a magnifi- Locke, (DAVID Ross,) editor and publisher successively cent structure of the Corinthian order, covering over three acres,) of the Plymouth (0.) Advertiser, the Toledo Blade, and the Free Public Library and Museum, (having over 100,000 other Western journals. He was best known by the penvolumes,) Walker Art Gallery, Picton Reading and Lecture name of "Petroleum V. Nasby." B. in New York 1833, Rooms, and the Athenæum, containing 40,000 vols. The Uni- d. 1888. versity College, Liverpool College, and Nautical College are the principal educational institutions. There are many charitable establishments and hospitals. A superb new system of waterworks was completed in 1893, by means of which water is conveyed from Lake Vyrnwy, in Wales, to a general reservoir, 8 m. from the city, through an aqueduct 68 m. long. In its course are two tunnels, one under the hills and the other under the Mersey. The capacity is 52,000,000 gallons daily. Public baths and lavatories are provided free for all. Sefton Park of 250 Locke, (JOHN W., D.D.,) educator and minister, b. 1822; entered the ministry of the M. E. Church in the Ohio Conference 1843; Pres. of Brookville Coll. 1853-57; professor in Indiana Asbury University 1860-72; Pres. of McKendree Coll. 1874; later returned to the pastorate; was a member of General Conference 1860, 1868, 1876, 1884, 1888. Lock Haven, a city of Pa., Clinton Co., situated on the S. bank of the W. branch of the Susquehanna, 25, m. W.-S.W. of Williamsport. It is on the Philadelphia and Erie R.R. at the junction of the Bald Eagle Valley branch of the Penn- fault of all its successors, until the competitive trial of Ls. sylvania R.R., and on the West Branch Canal. It stands in a on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829. The Stebeautiful mountain valley. The manufacture and shipment of phensons, father and son, had invented the steam-blast, pine and other lumber is the chief business interest. It has which, by constantly blowing the fire, enabled the "Rocket," churches of all denominations, national banks, newspapers, with a tubular boiler, to make steam fast enough to draw 10 public and private schools, State normal school, hotels, gas-loaded passenger carriages at the speed of 35 m. per hour. works, foundries and tanneries, machine-shops, planing-mills The earlier Ls. were modeled after the "Rocket," weighed and saw-mills. The surrounding landscape is picturesque. A Lock'yer, (JOSEPH NORMAN,) an Eng. astronomer, b. at Rugby 1886; was educated partly on the Continent, and entered the British War Office in 1857. In 1872 he was transferred to the science and art department, which he had assisted five or six tons, and could pull 40 tons on a level. But in the in establishing. In 1860, on account of his labors in astron-U. S. speedy improvements were made, until the L. weighed omy, he had been made a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical 25 tons, drawing 60 loaded freight-cars weighing about 1,200 Society, and in 1869 was elected to the Royal Society. He tons. Nowadays we have Ls. weighing 50 tons, capable of was chief of the expedition sent to Sicily in 1870 to observe drawing 2,500 tons on a level track. Heavier machines have the solar eclipse, and again of that to India in 1871. Among been designed and built, but the limit of the strength of track his works are Elementary Lessons in Astronomy, Contributions James Watt in 1773 attracted the attention of mechanicians and inventors to a possible steam L. The first one of which Early Engine in use on the Baltimore and Ohio R.R. seems to have been reached under present modes of R.R. construction. English and Continental Ls. are to this day, with, of course, vast improvements, built on the lines of the Stephenson type, but the necessities of Amer. R.Rs. have given birth to far-reaching and valuable inventions, such as the swiveling-truck, which, placed under the forward end of a L., enables it to run around curves of almost any radius, and the equalizing beams or levers, by which the weight of the L. is always borne by three out of four or more driving-wheels. we have any certain record was made and operated in London | The flexibility of the Amer. machine increases its adhesion, and on a model circular railway by Richard Trevithick in 1804. enables it to draw greater loads than the English L. The average daily earnings of an Amer. L. is about $100, while the cost of a high-class eight-wheel passenger L. is about $8,500. The principal parts are the truck-frame and wheels, the drivingwheels, the valve-gear, the steam-cylinders, the frame, and the boiler, which e ntains the fire-box within itself. The body of the latter is cylindrical, a rectangular fire-box and driving-wheels being attached to the back. The weight of an engine of this class, without the tender, may be taken at 32 tons when filled with water and ready for work. Of this weight 21 tons rest upon the driving-wheels. The cost of operation and maintenance per mile run is about 19 cents, the proportion due to repairs being 370 cents, to fuel 5 cents, to stores o cent, to miscellaneous 2 cents, and to attendance of all kinds 6 cents. It is certain that the secret of the most successful practice in the designing and construction of Ls. has lain in the observance of rigid simplicity of detail in every part, and also that the improvements of the future will lie chiefly in the adaptation of new materials, rather than new methods of construction. See ENGINE. |